Knowledge is really a very wonderful thing. You just you just shallow, then only feel boring, like dealing with the task of coping with learning. Here I share with you some high school geography knowledge points summarized, I hope to help you, welcome to read!

Knowledge Points for the High School Geography Exam 1

Spatial Structure of Cities and Urbanization

I. Spatial Structure of Cities

1. The urban functional zoning of the same type of urban land use (land use) occurs in the agglomeration of the city (1) business district: located in the center of the city, on both sides of the main traffic arteries -Convenient transportation, developed communications, large flow of people; strong ability to pay rent. ★Central Business District (CBD): densely built, high-rise buildings, convenient transportation - limited area, but high demand (2) Industrial area: generally distributed on the edge of the city, with convenient transportation, most of which have rivers or railroads and highways passing through. (3) Residential area: the most extensive land use in the city. (4) Cultural area: generally requires a beautiful environment, away from industrial and commercial areas. Urban construction should pay attention to the protection of cultural relics and monuments.

2. Reasons for the formation of the geographical and functional zoning of cities: historical factors, economic factors, social factors, administrative factors

3. City size and territorial structure, scope of services ★ Small cities: the territorial structure of the differentiation is not obvious, the provision of fewer types of services, low-level, small service scope. ★Large cities: obvious differentiation of geographical structure, providing a variety of services, high level, and a large scope of services.

Second, the location factors affecting the city

1. Natural aspects (1) topography - urban density in the plains (2) climate - warm and humid climate of the region with high urban density (3) rivers -- The water supply and transportation functions of rivers determine the location of cities.

2. Socio-economic aspects (1) agricultural base (2) transportation conditions: coastal, along the river, along the railroad line, along the highway can form the urban axis. Most of the northern cities are at the confluence of avenues. ★ Changes in transportation routes can have an impact on urban development. (e.g. Yangzhou: when the canal was navigable - boom, after the canal was silted - decline). (3) Politics (e.g. administrative centers), military defense, religion, science and technology, and tourism can also contribute to the formation and growth of cities.

Knowledge Points for High School Geography Exam 2

Urbanization

1. Signs of urbanization ① the increase in urban population ② the proportion of the urban population in the total population rose ③ the expansion of the size of the urban land. The most important indicator is the percentage of urban population in the total population.

2. Characteristics of urbanization after the end of the Second World War ① the development of large cities faster than small cities; ② the number of large cities is increasing; ③ megacities with a population of more than 1 million people are developing fast. --The trend of urbanization

3. Urbanization in developed countries ① Characteristics: early start, high level, slow speed, the phenomenon of reverse urbanization. ② Reasons for the reverse urbanization: increased demand for environmental quality, as well as the gradual improvement of infrastructure in rural areas and small towns."

4. Urbanization in developing countries ① Characteristics: late start, low level, fast speed, the trend of large urbanization is obvious. ② China's urbanization lags behind industrialization. ③ unreasonable urban development: the rapid expansion of large cities, the slow development of small and medium-sized cities, the population is concentrated in a few large cities.

5. The general law of urbanization urbanization - suburban urbanization - reverse urbanization - re-urbanization

The impact of urbanization on the natural environment <

1. Impact of urbanization on the natural environment (1) Impact on climate: heat island effect, serious air pollution (2) Impact on hydrology: on groundwater - reduced infiltration, groundwater funnel area range and depth. On river water - the speed of slope flow water is accelerated, the river catchment time is shortened, and flood peaks are more likely to be formed. To water quality - urban industrial wastewater and domestic sewage cause pollution of urban water sources. (3) Impact on biology: lawns and artificial forests of a single species; destruction of biological habitats, biodiversity reduction.

2. Protect and improve the urban environment - "eco-city" (1) the establishment of satellite towns, the development of new districts, decentralized urban functions. (2) Improve urban transportation and living environment. Widen main roads, build ring roads, build elevated highways, subways, and light rail transit. (3) Protect and manage the urban environment. Vigorously strengthen the greening construction.

Knowledge Points of High School Geography Certificate Exam 3

Human Production Activities and Territorial Linkage

I. Agricultural location factors

1. Natural factors (light and heat, water, topography, soil): transformation - greenhouse agriculture, terracing, fertilization, watering.

2. Socio-economic factors (market, transportation, land rent, policy, labor) ★ The market determines the type and scale of agriculture. ★The development of transportation conditions (especially preservation and refrigeration technology) has led to a geographical expansion of the influence of the market on agricultural location.

3. Technical factors (breeding, machinery, fertilizers, pesticides)

Second, the main types of agricultural geography

1. Commodity grain agriculture (1) distribution: mainly in the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Russia and other countries. (2) Main varieties: wheat, corn (dryland crops, easy to mechanize production). (3) formation conditions ★ natural conditions: flat terrain, vast arable land, sparsely populated. ★Socio-economic conditions: well-developed transportation, high level of technology (high degree of mechanization) (4) features: large-scale production; high degree of mechanization; family farms are dominated

2. rice cultivation industry (monsoon paddy field agriculture) Distribution: East Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, monsoon area Typical geographical area: Asia location conditions: Climate: monsoon climate, rain and heat at the same time, suitable for the growth of rice Terrain: the river downstream of plains or Estuarine delta, flat terrain, deep soil, conducive to farming Labor force: a labor-intensive agriculture, population, labor force is abundant, conducive to intensive cultivation Features: small-scale farming operations to the family unit; high yields, low commodity rates; low mechanization level of low science and technology; water conservancy engineering volume.

3. Mixed agriculture of major livestock and cereals. The Pearl River Delta's base pond production is mainly mixed agriculture of fisheries and forestry.

Knowledge Points for the High School Geography Certificate Exam 4

Traditional Industrial Areas

1. Dominant Factors in Location SelectionTraditional Industrial Areas are mostly formed and developed on the basis of abundant coal and iron resources. ★ China's Anshan Iron and Steel development conditions: rich coal and iron resources, convenient transportation ★ China's Baosteel development conditions: convenient transportation, broad market (iron ore is mainly imported from Australia, India and other countries)

2. Existing Problems (1) heavy industry is the mainstay of a single structure of production; (2) raw materials, energy consumption, transportation, the decline in economic efficiency; (3) serious environmental pollution and so on.

3. Solution Measures (Ruhr Area, Germany, for example) (1) Adjustment of economic structure: the development of new industries and tertiary industries, the transformation of the coal and iron and steel industries, and the promotion of diversification of the economic structure (2) Development of science and technology: the development of science and technology, the promotion of tourism, the prosperity of the economy, and the promotion of sustainable development (3) Optimization of the environment: the elimination of pollution, planting trees, landscaping

Emerging Industrial Areas

Emerging Industrial Areas

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1. The main emerging industrial zones: the United States "Silicon Valley", Japan "Silicon Island" and so on.

2. The dominant factors in location selection: developed science and technology, convenient transportation (highways and airports), beautiful environment

The impact of industrial production activities on the geographic environment

1. The impact on the atmosphere: the arbitrary emission of industrial emissions caused by atmospheric pollution. (1) global warming: massive burning of fossil fuels, massive deforestation, so that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere (2) acid rain: burning coal discharged a large number of SO2 caused. China - sulfuric acid type acid rain, developed countries - nitric acid type acid rain (3) Ozone layer destruction: the use of refrigerators, refrigeration equipment, etc. in factories, mines, households, etc., which discharges a large number of hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). (4) Photochemical smog: Hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, etc. emitted from automobile exhaust will undergo photochemical reactions under the action of ultraviolet light. ★ Governance Ideas: Reduce harmful gas emissions - ① Improve the composition of energy consumption: the development and utilization of clean energy, such as hydroelectric energy; the development and utilization of solar energy, nuclear energy and other new energy. ② Improve the efficiency of energy use: technological transformation and equipment upgrading ③ Reduce the emission of harmful substances: comprehensive utilization, cleaner production, meet the emission standards, looking for substitutes

2. Water pollution: arbitrary discharge of industrial wastewater caused by the pollution of the water body - heavy metal pollution, eutrophication of the water body

3. Solid Waste Pollution

Knowledge Points for High School Geography Exam 5

Territorial Linkages in Productive Activities

Including Transportation, Communication, and Commercial Trade

1. Importance of communicating linkages between different territories and facilitating the flow of people, goods, and information. (1) Political significance - conducive to people's contacts and cultural exchanges, and promote national unity; conducive to the consolidation of national defense and security. (2) Economic significance - to promote the development of resources, resource advantages into economic advantages; to promote commodity production and circulation, and promote economic development.

2. The main modes of transportation are railroads, highways, waterways, airways and pipelines

3. Communications include postal (to transmit letters, articles, etc.) and telecommunications (to transmit sound, image, diagrams, etc., including telegraph, telephone, Internet).

4. Conditions for the formation of commercial centers (1) stable source area for goods (2) stable sales area (3) well-developed transportation

Transportation layout

1. Main location factors economic factors; natural factors (topography, rivers, natural disasters, etc.); technological factors ★ The general direction of the line is determined by economic factors, while the specific direction of a section may depend on the terrain, geology or technical conditions.

2. Changes in location factors In the past, natural factors were the most important influencing factors; with technological advances, economic factors are becoming more and more important.

3. Shanghai Port's main location factors water conditions (navigation conditions, berthing conditions), land conditions (harbor conditions, hinterland conditions, based on the city)

4. Airport construction (1) to have a flat, open, sloped terrain to ensure drainage; (2) to have good geological conditions to ensure the stability of the foundations; (3) to avoid low-wetland points; (4) and the city to maintain an appropriate distance: the site is extensive, the city has a smoke screen, etc.

5. Highway construction (1) plains: avoid swampy areas, deal with the relationship with farmland and water conservancy facilities and town development. (2) mountainous areas: on steep slopes into a "zigzag" shape curved, the road in the valley should avoid steep slopes. Make full use of the natural conditions, avoid the topography, geology, hydrology, complex conditions of the lot.

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