Mongolian New Year's Day is also called "White Festival" or "Bai Yue", which is closely related to the whiteness of milk, and "White" means "Kaiyuan" in Mongolian mind. There are different legends about Mongolian New Year. According to historical records, since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians have accepted the calendar of the Han nationality. Therefore, Bai Yue of Mongolia coincides with the first month of the Spring Festival of Han nationality. This is the origin of Mongolian "Spring Festival". Although the Mongolian New Year is the same as that of the Han nationality, it absorbs some customs of the Han nationality, such as eating jiaozi and setting off firecrackers, but there are also many traditional customs of the Mongolian nationality. On New Year's Eve, Mongolians in agricultural and pastoral areas usually eat braised pork and light bonfires to show family reunion, bid farewell to the old and welcome the new. In the early morning of the first day, the younger generation saluted their elders with "welcome wine", and relatives and friends offered Hada to each other to congratulate them on the auspicious New Year. Throughout Bai Yue (in the first month), herders dressed in festive costumes can often be seen on the grassland, accompanied by horseshoes or cars and motorcycles, with wine songs, visiting relatives and friends together.
Nadam Fair
Mongolian means "game" or "entertainment". Originally refers to the Mongolian traditional "three men's competitions"-wrestling, horse racing and archery. With the development of the times, it has gradually evolved into a grand celebration and material exchange activity that includes various cultural and entertainment contents today. Nadam in history is not limited by time, and is generally held on occasions such as offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, military expeditions, triumphs, the emperor's accession to the throne, the first month, and large-scale celebrations. Nowadays, Nadam is held every year at the turn of summer and autumn. Generally speaking, it depends on the production situation of animal husbandry in that year, with a small harvest and a big harvest. In addition to the traditional "men's triathlon", there are cultural performances, track and field competitions and various economic and cultural exhibitions, as well as order negotiation and material exchange.
Horse milk festival [a custom of Mongolian in Xilinguole grassland]
Mongolian traditional festivals. It is named after praising horses and drinking koumiss. Mainly popular in Xilingol grassland and Erdos pastoral area in Inner Mongolia. Usually held in late August of the lunar calendar, the date is not fixed and lasts for one or two days. In order to celebrate the bumper harvest and bless each other, besides preparing enough kumiss, we also entertain guests with whole sheep seats, hold horse races, invite folk singers to sing greetings, give gifts to old Mongolian doctors, and perform or show movies in Qi Mu, Wulan. It is said that Nadam Festival originated from this.
Jiaobao
There are many traditional Mongolian sacrificial activities, such as offering sacrifices to heaven, fire, ancestors and Aobao. Among them, offering sacrifices to Aobao is a common sacrificial activity in Mongolian residential areas.
"Aobao" is a Mongolian transliteration, also known as "Ebo" and "Naobao", and Chinese means "Gaoduizi". Originally, it refers to stone piles or mounds made of stones or mud on nomadic borders and roads, and is used for marking. As recorded in the Hall of Qinghui, Mongolia "is a place where nomadic people meet, and those who have no mountains and rivers for their ambitions are called Aobao". Later, it was gradually regarded as the residence of the gods, as the object of sacrifice and worship. As a result, the original landmarks and road signs have become places where gods such as mountain gods, road gods and village guards are worshipped. It can also be built on site as needed. In the past, all flags, sumu and temples in Inner Mongolia had their own public oboes, and wealthy families also built several oboes, each with its own name.
Aobao is generally built on high-lying hills. Many stones are piled up, some are surrounded by wicker and filled with sand. Generally speaking, it has a round or domed square base. Insert a number of banners or branches, and hang various prayer flags or ribbons on them. Some grain is put in bags, some bows and arrows, and some are buried in Buddha statues. Aobao varies in size and quantity. Generally, it is a single individual, and 7 or 13 are juxtaposed to form the Aobao group. The main oboe in the middle is bigger than those on both sides (or around). In the past, the activities of offering sacrifices to Aobao were mostly carried out from May to July in the lunar calendar, when the water plants were rich and the cattle and sheep were fat. At that time, people in Bensumu, Benqi and even nearby counties will help the old and bring the young, and bring Hada, whole sheep, milk wine and milk food to Aobao. First, Hada and sacrifices were offered, then the Lama chanted and prayed, and everyone bowed down. Then add stones or repair them with wicker, and hang new prayer flags and five-color ribbons. Finally, people attending the sacrifice should circle Aobao from left to right for three times, praying for God's blessing and the prosperity of people and animals. After the sacrificial ceremony, traditional sports activities such as horse racing, wrestling, archery and basketball throwing are often held.
What are the traditional Mongolian festivals? [National Day-Nadam], the seventh month of the Mongolian lunar calendar 1 1. Nadam means "game" or "entertainment" in Mongolian, which originally refers to Mongolia's long-standing "men's triathlon" (wrestling, horse racing and archery).
White Moon Festival, 1 day of the Mongolian lunar calendar, is equivalent to the Mongolian Spring Festival.
In the four seasons, 99 bowls of white horse milk are sacrificed to heaven on March 2 1 of the Mongolian lunar calendar.
Tesma Festival, Mongolian lunar calendar165438+10.3, processing pimps.
Fire sacrifice, 65438+February 24, Mongolian lunar calendar, sheep milk sacrifice fire.
Black Soulideth Festival, 12 once.
What are the traditional Mongolian festivals? There are many Mongolian festivals, such as the Spring Festival (Baiyue), Nadam, Mare Festival, Aobao Festival and Genghis Khan Mausoleum. Among them, the Spring Festival and Nadam Conference are the most grand.
What festivals do Mongolians have? Traditional festivals include "White Festival", offering sacrifices to Aobao, Nadam, Grassland Brave Games: Bristle Festival and so on.
The biggest festival of the Mongolian people in a year is the annual festival equivalent to the Spring Festival of the Han people, also known as "Baiyue". Legend has it that it is related to the whiteness of milk, which means wishing good luck. The time of the festival is roughly the same as the Spring Festival. On New Year's Eve, every family eats hand-grabbed meat, including jiaozi and pancakes. On the morning of the first day, the younger generation will offer "farewell wine" to their elders.
In Xilin Gol League, people not only celebrate the New Year's Festival, but also celebrate the "Horse Milk Festival" every summer. Before the festival, every household should slaughter sheep to make mutton or all-sheep feast, and also squeeze horse milk to make wine. On the festival day, every herdsman's family will take out the best milk powder, cheese, milk tofu and other dairy products and put them on a plate to entertain guests. Koumiss is considered as a sacred drink, dedicated to distinguished guests.
Nadam convention: held every summer and autumn in leisure time for grazing. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian. The content includes wrestling, horse racing, archery, dancing and material exchange. In addition, many new contents have been added after liberation, such as track and field, ball games, cultural performances, photo exhibitions, film screenings, and exchange of production experience. This has become the favorite activity of the Mongolian people.
Luban Festival is a traditional Mongolian festival in Xicheng, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. It is held every year on the second day of the fourth lunar month for one day. The Mongolians who live here have learned building techniques from other brothers. The houses they built are not only unique and beautiful, but also durable, which is praised by people of all ethnic groups nearby. In order to commemorate and celebrate the achievements of civil architecture, they designated the second day of the fourth lunar month as Luban Festival. On the day of the festival, masons, carpenters and masons who go out for construction, no matter how far or near, will rush home for the festival. Every village has to kill pigs and sheep, and it also has to do operas. People also picked up the Luban statue carved from sandalwood, beat gongs and drums and swam straight to the villages. Then, everyone gathered on the court to sing and dance. Their favorite dance is called "Dance Music". When jumping, the young men are the first to lead. They held the leading ukulele and danced while playing. The crowd behind them is divided into two rows, sometimes in a circle and sometimes interspersed with each other. The formation is changeable and the scene is very active.
Lantern Festival, the annual lunar calendar1October 25th, when night falls, everyone lights butter lamps to celebrate. Today, most Mongolians in Buksaier Mongolian Autonomous County and emin county have not celebrated the Lantern Festival; In Wusu County, Mongolians don't burn lanterns for many days during the Lantern Festival, instead, they use various forms of entertainment.
What special festivals do Mongolians have? Mongolian festivals are mainly Spring Festival, Russian Festival, Nadam Festival, Lantern Festival on October 25th, Genghis Khan Memorial Day and Luban Festival.
New Year's Day (Spring Festival of Han nationality) is the most solemn traditional festival of Mongolian people in Qinghai. Before the festival, men go out to buy new year's goods and women prepare food. Every family is busy. At this time, whoever has difficulties will be helped by the people in the neighborhood and will never sit idly by. On New Year's Eve, people must go home, put on new clothes, worship heaven and earth, and then get together as a family, eat mutton, drink wine and eat jiaozi. On the morning of the first day, men and women were all dressed up. Men go to their parents' homes and the elderly in the neighborhood to pay New Year greetings, and then say hello from door to door. Young people should kowtow to their elders and offer Hada when visiting the New Year. The elders will receive Hada and turn Hada into a gift. When accepting, they must touch Hada's forehead and stand up. People in the same trade hold Hada and congratulate each other. Stay at home on the second day of school. From the third day, men, women and children pay New Year greetings to each other and invite friends and neighbors to eat "New Year tea". Welcome guests to use milk tea, wine, fried cakes, cakes, braised dishes, jiaozi and so on. Don't eat hand-grabbed meat. If the guest is full or deliberately refuses to return his job, the host will give him a spoon. This is called spoon rice. At this time, the guests will send out the bowls. It's interesting for young people or peers to play with each other like this. The New Year's Day on the grassland lasts until the fifteenth day of the first month.
"Sacrifice to Russia" is usually in mid-July. This is the annual grassland festival of Mongolian herders. In addition to inviting living buddhas and lamas to recite scriptures, offering sacrifices to mountain gods and praying for the safety of people and animals, there will also be recreational activities such as horse riding, wrestling, archery, singing and dancing. In the past, the Mongolians around Qinghai Lake also held grand activities of "offering sacrifices to the sea". At that time, three kinds of animals (whole cow, whole sheep and whole pig) were enshrined on the table, and then eulogies were read. After the ceremony, everyone scrambled to cut the sacrificial beef and mutton, and it was lucky to get more first, which was called "grabbing the feast". Horse racing and shooting competitions were also held.
Nadam convention
Mongolian people regard the "Nadam" conference as a grand festival, and hold the traditional Nadam conference every year, usually in the autumn when livestock are fat. This is a cultural and sports entertainment conference held by people to celebrate the harvest. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian.
On this day, Mongolian men, women and children dressed in festive costumes, rode horses, participated in or watched horse racing, wrestling, archery, singing and dancing and other activities. Like the Han nationality, Mongolians in Liaoning usually wear uniforms and casual clothes, but they wear Mongolian robes on Nadam or other festivals. Gong people like red, yellow and blue clothes, with five-color stripes on the shoulder collar and front, red and green silk belts at the waist and high boots on their feet. Sheathed knives, snuff bottles and fire irons are usually hung on the belt. At the "Nadam" conference, songs and dances with rich national style were performed. Mongolians can sing and dance well. Fuxin Mongolian Autonomous County is known as the "hometown of folk songs", with hundreds of singers who can compose and sing. Dances with strong national characteristics, such as Hao, Xiao Ka (crosstalk), Dai Ri (duet), Yan's performance, knife dance and bowl dance, have been handed down. The "Nadam" conference is also an exposition of agricultural and animal husbandry materials. In addition to industrial and agricultural products, there are ethnic diets, such as beef and mutton and their smoked products, cheese, milk powder, cream, milk bumps, milk tofu, yogurt and so on. People can also drink buttered milk tea and eat "whole sheep" in tea stalls and restaurants. On weekdays, the food of Mongolians living in Liaoning is mainly grain and vegetables, and only on festivals like Nadam can we eat rich traditional Mongolian dishes.
Mongolian Genghis Khan Memorial Day
Genghis Khan is a great legend, and there are many historical records and legends about his death, burial place and coffin migration. Although today's Genghis Khan Mausoleum may not be the real place to bury this great man due to secret burial, for hundreds of years, Mongolians still regard it as the resting place of their Lord. On March 17th of the lunar calendar, many Mongolians travel long distances with pious feelings. They came to the mausoleum of Genghis Khan and stood in front of the tall statue of this great man, offering sacrifices such as white and bright candles, fragrant incense, satiny, cream, mellow koumiss and so on, recalling his great talent and pinning their endless thoughts on him. At this time, the whole cemetery is full of cigarettes and festive atmosphere. The mausoleum of Genghis Khan is a sacred place in the hearts of Mongolians, and the annual commemorative activities are also particularly grand.
Luban Festival is a traditional Mongolian festival in Xicheng, Tonghai County, Yunnan Province. It is held every year on the second day of the fourth lunar month for one day. The Mongolians who live here have learned building techniques from other brothers. The houses they built are not only unique and beautiful, but also durable and popular ... >>
What unique festivals do Mongolians have? There are many Mongolian festivals, such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Nadam Festival, Sacrifice/Hubei/Expo Festival, Cheng/Ji/Si/Khan Festival and so on.
I. Nadam
Nadam is a traditional festival with a long history in Mongolia, which plays an important role in the material life of the Mongolian people. The "Nadam" conference is held in July and August every year when livestock are fat. This is a cultural and sports entertainment conference held by people to celebrate the harvest. "Nadam" means entertainment or games in Mongolian. There are thrilling horse racing, wrestling, admirable archery, competitive chess and fascinating songs and dances at the Nadam convention. Before the start of the conference, men, women and children rode horses and dressed in festive costumes, and came to participate in competitions and visits regardless of the distance. The first activity of the conference is generally a wrestling competition. The wrestling hands and feet climb high into the boots, wearing wide satin wrestling pants under them, wearing "Zhao/De/Ge" (a vest) on them, and tying colorful ornaments "Jiang/Ge" around the neck, imitating the ancient knights striding around the field. Horse racing is also one of the important activities of the conference. At the beginning of the race, the riders lined up, each wearing a colored belt and a colored towel, full of youthful vitality. There are all kinds of colorful flags at the beginning and end of the horse race. As soon as the horn sounded, the riders flew into the saddle and whipped the horses, and the red scarf flew around like an arrow/arrow/arrow/hair. The first person to reach the finish line becomes the most praised athlete on the grassland. Archery competitions have also attracted many herders. People with good skills can hit every shot and win applause from the audience. The "Nadam" conference is also an exposition of agricultural and animal husbandry materials. In addition to industrial and agricultural products, there are ethnic diets, such as beef and mutton and their smoked products, cheese, milk powder, cream, milk bumps, milk tofu, yogurt and so on.
Second, the horse milk festival
Mongolian traditional festivals are named after drinking kumiss as the main content. Popular in Xilin Gol League in Inner Mongolia and some pastoral areas in Erdos. Usually held in late August of the lunar calendar, the date is not fixed and lasts for one day. In order to celebrate the bumper harvest and bless each other, besides preparing enough kumiss, we also treat guests with "hand-grilled meat", hold horse racing activities, invite folk singers to sing greetings, and present gifts to the elderly of Mongolian medicine. It is said that Nadam Festival originated from this.
Three. Fuel/lamps/parts
Every year on October 25th of the lunar calendar, when night falls, everyone lights/burns/cooks/cooks/lights to celebrate. Today, most Mongolians in Buhe/Keke/Sai/Er/Mongolian Autonomous County and E/Min/County no longer burn/light/celebrate festivals; The Mongolians in Wusu city don't burn/shine for more than one day during the Lantern Festival, instead, they are all kinds of entertainment. Traditional entertainment activities for the Mongolian people include horse racing, camel racing, wrestling, archery and shooting, tug-of-war, folk singers playing and singing, Ma Touqin playing Jiangge and folk dances. The Mongolian dance in Turhut includes group dance, solo dance, duet between men and women, singing and dancing, which shows the unique characteristics of grassland nationalities.
Fourth, Chinese New Year
Ancient Mongolians regarded the Lunar New Year as a New Year. There are also white festivals or Bai Yue, which are closely related to the whiteness of milk. There are different views on the origin of Mongolian Spring Festival. First, according to the book Q&A in Black and White written in May of Dalai Lama, Genghis Khan took Xixia as the capital in A.D. 1227, and took it as the first year of Mongolian calendar, so the stars and the moon were called the first month. The month of the stars is from 65438+February 16 to 65438+ 10/0/5, which is one month different from the lunar calendar. The Mongolian calendar in Ordos region is based on Bai Yue, May and June. From this point of view, the first year of the Mongolian calendar should be April in agricultural time. According to historical records, since the Yuan Dynasty, Mongolians have accepted the calendar algorithm of the Han nationality, so Baiyue in Mongolian coincides with the first month of the Spring Festival of the Han nationality. This is the origin of Mongolian Spring Festival. Near the end of the year, no matter in agricultural and pastoral areas, every household should set up lantern poles. By the thirtieth, we should clean the courtyard and do a good job in indoor hygiene. A small altar should be set in front of the Buddha, and cooked chunks should be placed ... >>
What are the traditional festivals and customs of Mongolians? Traffic habits
The traditional means of transportation of Mongolians are mainly farm animals and vehicles. The draft animals are mainly horses and camels, and the means of transportation is Che Le.
Grazing horses
Mongols are called a people on horseback. In ancient times, children used horses instead of walking. Horses are not only a means of transportation for Mongolians, but also an important part of Mongolian national culture. Mongolians are familiar with the nature of horses and usually adopt extensive ways of raising horses. Mongolian horses are divided into several series, including Wuzhu Muqin Horse, Shangdu Hippo, Wushen Horse, Sanhe Horse, Horqin Horse and so on. [23]
Kublai Khan hunting map [23]
Inner Mongolia has a vast grassland and rich pasture, which is very suitable for raising horses. Horses are good at sports, so they eat a lot. When eating and defecating, their stomachs digest quickly, and they have to keep eating grass most of the day. In summer, there are many mosquitoes. Horses avoid mosquitoes and heat during the day, and mainly eat grass and catch fat at night. [23]
Mongolians grew up on horseback, and horses are the cradle of Mongolians. Mongolians believe that horses are the most perfect and considerate domestic animals in the world. Mongolian horses are fierce, but they are loyal to their owners. Mongolians regard horses as friends of shepherds, and horses regard their heads as nobles. Mongolians are forbidden to lead and abuse horses, and two people are not allowed to ride a horse. In autumn, they are not allowed to ride wild horses and make them sweat. Flight attendants and riders should carry horse sweat scraping boards and horse brushes with them, wash their bodies at any time, scrape off horse sweat, promote blood circulation, relax muscles and eliminate fatigue for Ma Shu. At the same time, it is also a way for the owner to get close to the horse and enhance his feelings. [23]
Horses have been deeply integrated into the spiritual world of Mongolians. There are countless hymns, fables, aphorisms, folklore, folk songs, music, art and sculptures with Mongolian horses as the theme. There are also many horse-related festivals in Mongolia, such as horse racing festival, pony festival, horse milk festival, god horse festival and so on. The mausoleum of Genghis Khan on the Ordos Plateau has a god horse named Wendugan Chagan and two white horses of Genghis Khan. [23]
In modern times, Mongolian horses in China have gradually lost their functions of production, living and riding, and the number of Mongolian horses is also rapidly decreasing. Mongolians have realized that there are fewer and fewer Mongolian horses, and people of insight in society have begun to establish various organizations about Mongolian horses. Research and rescue of Mongolian horses are being carried out on the grassland in Inner Mongolia. [23]
camel
Camel, docile, easy to tame, hunger and thirst-resistant, cold and heat-resistant, good at trekking and able to bear loads. It not only produces milk, meat and fluff, but also can be used for service. It has four uses, which are beyond the reach of other domestic animals. There are many camels in the west of Inner Mongolia, known as "Temo" in Mongolian, which is an indispensable means of transportation for herders. Able to ride and carry goods. It is two or three meters high and has long legs. It can reach more than one meter in one step and can walk for one or two hundred days. It's a long journey and a heavy load. It can carry 200 kilograms of goods, which is equivalent to the negative weight of a good horse and two cows. Since ancient times, it has the reputation of "the boat in the desert" and is the main freight carrier in the desert area. In the desert area of western Inner Mongolia, groups of camels often travel long distances with heavy loads. The expedition team visited the desert, the sand control team afforested the desert, and the tourist team roamed the desert. Only camels are their faithful companions.
Le Che Le
Le Che Le
Le Che Le, known as "Pulley Car", "Rollo Car" and "Ox Car" in ancient times, is an ancient means of transportation on the northern grassland. This kind of car has a small body, but its two wheels are very high, with a diameter of about one meter. It can be completely made of birch or elm wood, with no iron parts, simple structure and easy manufacture and maintenance. The whole car is generally divided into two parts: the lower foot and the upper foot. These wastes include wheels, spokes and axles. Wheels generally adopt hardwood cutting 12 rims, and the 12 rims are connected and fixed together to form a round wheel. Generally, there are about 36 spokes supporting the wheels. The upper leg consists of two shafts and a 10 automobile bracket. The shaft is about 4 meters long, and the 10 car bracket can be fixed in the middle. A Lele weighs about 100 kilograms, and can carry five or six hundred kilograms to more than one thousand kilograms.
traditional festival
the Spring Festival; Chinese New Year
Like the Han nationality, the Mongolians in China also celebrate the Spring Festival. They celebrate the Spring Festival, which is very grand. Years ago, I slaughtered pigs and sheep, bought sugar and wine, and made all kinds of milk food. In the new year, we will clean the house, put up New Year pictures, set off firecrackers, burn incense, wear new clothes, pay New Year greetings to each other, offer gifts, and organize cultural and sports activities collectively. In some agricultural areas, Lantern Festival shows such as playing with lights, swinging and walking on stilts. [24]
aobao festival
Erdun shisan' aobao
This is a grand festival for the Mongolian people. It comes from Tibetans. Tibetans often carve the six-character mantra on stones and put it in Shan Ye. Passers-by threw stones at them or piled them up into stone platforms, which gradually grew taller and inserted into them ... >>
What festivals do Mongolians have? There are many Mongolian festivals, including Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Nadam Festival, Sacrifice/Hubei/Expo Festival, Cheng/Ji/Si/Khan Festival and so on.
What festivals do Mongolians have? There are many festivals in Mongolia, such as Spring Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, Nadam Festival, Aobao Festival and offering sacrifices to the mausoleum of Genghis Khan. Among them, the festivals with unique national characteristics are Luban Festival, Nadam Festival and ancestor worship Festival.
What are the traditional Mongolian festivals [National Day-Nadam]? Mongolian Lunar July 1 1. Nadam means "game" or "entertainment" in Mongolian, which originally refers to Mongolia's long-standing "men's triathlon" (wrestling, horse racing and archery).
White Moon Festival, 1 day of the Mongolian lunar calendar, is equivalent to the Mongolian Spring Festival.
In the four seasons, 99 bowls of white horse milk are sacrificed to heaven on March 2 1 of the Mongolian lunar calendar.
Tesma Festival, Mongolian lunar calendar165438+10.3, processing pimps.
Fire sacrifice, 65438+February 24, Mongolian lunar calendar, sheep milk sacrifice fire.
Black Soulideth Festival, 12 once.