The Rubik's Cube, known in English as Rubik's Cube, is also known as the Magic Cube, or Rubik's Cube. The Rubik's Cube was invented in 1974 by Prof. Erno Rubik of the Architectural Institute of Budapest, Hungary. The third-order Rubik's Cube is a 6-sided square made of flexible hard plastic, with 26 small cubes.
The Rubik's Cube, along with the Chinese invention of "Huarong Dao" and the French invention of "independent diamonds", are known as the three most incredible intellectual games. The popularity of the Rubik's Cube is a miracle in the world of intellectual games.
Which country invented the Rubik's Cube?
Do you know the three wonders of the intellectual game world? It refers to the Chinese invention of "Hualong Dao", the French invention of "independent diamonds" and the Hungarian invention of "Rubik's Cube". The popularity of the Rubik's Cube is a miracle in the world of intellectual games.
The Rubik's Cube, also known as the Magic Cube, was invented in 1974 by Prof. Rubik of the School of Architecture in Budapest, Hungary. When he first invented the Rubik's cube, it was only as a teaching tool to help students enhance their spatial thinking skills. But to make those little cubes that can be turned at will without falling apart is not only a mechanical challenge, it involves wooden shafts, seats and tenons. It wasn't until he had the cube in his hand and turned it around a few times that he realized how to recover the chaotic color squares was an interesting and difficult problem. Rubik was determined to mass-produce the toy. Soon after the invention of the Rubik's Cube, it became popular all over the world, and people realized that this little cube is really a wonderful thing.
The Rubik's Cube is an intellectually stimulating toy with many variations. Also known as the Rubik's cube, it was invented in 1974 by Hungarian architecture professor Rubik, and became popular in Europe, the United States, and the world in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The Rubik's Cube is a 6-sided square made of flexible hard plastic. The core is a shaft and consists of 26 small squares. It consists of 6 center squares, which are fixed and have color on one side only. 8 edge squares (3 sides colored) are rotatable. The 12 edge cubes (2 sides colored) can also be turned. When the toy is sold, the small cubes are arranged so that each side of the large cube has the same color. When one side of the large cube is rotated in a flat motion, its adjacent sides of a single color will be destroyed, and the composition of a new pattern cube, and then turn and change, the formation of each side of a different color of the small cubes are put together. According to expert estimates, all possible patterns are about 4.3×10. The way to play is to restore the disrupted cube to a single color on all six sides as soon as possible by rotating it
There are many different kinds of Rubik's Cubes, and the ones that we usually talk about are the most common ones: the third-order cubic Rubik's Cubes. In fact, there are also various kinds of cubic Rubik's Cubes such as second-order, fourth-order, and fifth-order cubic Rubik's Cubes. There are also other polyhedral Rubik's Cubes where the faces can be other polygons.
The third-order cube consists of 26 small cubes and a three-dimensional cross-linked axes, six of which are in the center of the face, eight in the corners, and twelve in the prongs, making the physical structure very clever. Each face is divided into three layers vertically and horizontally, and each layer is free to rotate, changing the position of the cubes on the cube through the rotation of the layer, and there is a constraint relationship between the parts, so that no two cubes are exactly the same. There are colors on each face of the cube, and each square on the same face has the same color, and the colors are different from face to face. This initial state is the original state of the Rubik's Cube. Recovering a Rubik's Cube means turning it according to certain rules to return it to its original state. Recovering a Rubik's Cube requires a good Rubik's Cube, a pair of dexterous hands, a keen spatial imagination and an efficient and practical turning program. There are many ways to restore it, and the specific steps are very different, but there are also similarities, the most common is to put it together one layer at a time.
Invented in 1974 and first available in Hungary in 1977, it was a worldwide sensation for a time in the 1980s.
While it can still be found today, many of these Rubik's Cube makers have gone through heavy changes with history.
In Japan, you can still buy Rubik's Cubes from Tsukuda Original today. Early products were made by Ideal Toy and had the manufacturer's logo on the bottom of the clear packaging.
Nowadays, they are all packaged in Seven Towns paper packaging, and the boxes are even larger than the early ones. 2000 saw the start of a new customized logo.
Size of the Rubik's Cube
The original actually measured about 57mm.
If you try to read foreign sources, you'll see that the world's first Rubik's Cube was recorded as being two and a quarter inches (57.15mm).
The Rubik's Cube, also known as the Magic Cube, was invented in 1974 by Professor Rubik of the Faculty of Architecture in Budapest, Hungary. When he invented the Rubik's cube, it was only as a teaching tool to help students enhance their spatial thinking skills. But to make those little cubes that can be turned at will without falling apart is not only a mechanical challenge, it involves wooden shafts, seats and tenons. It was not until he had the Rubik's Cube in his hand, and had turned it a few times, that he realized that the problem of how to recover the chaotic color squares was an interesting and difficult one. Rubik was determined to mass-produce the toy. Soon after the invention of the Rubik's Cube, it became popular all over the world, and people realized that this little cube is really a wonderful thing.
The Rubik's Cube is an intellectually stimulating toy with many variations. Also known as the Rubik's cube, it was invented in 1974 by Hungarian architecture professor Rubik, and became popular in Europe, the United States, and the world in the late 1970s and early 1980s.
The Rubik's Cube is a 6-sided square made of flexible hard plastic. The core is a shaft and consists of 26 small squares. It consists of 6 center squares, which are fixed and have color on one side only. 8 edge squares (3 sides colored) are rotatable. The 12 edge cubes (2 sides colored) can also be turned. When the toy is sold, the small cubes are arranged so that each side of the large cube has the same color. When one side of the large cube is rotated in a flat motion, its adjacent sides of a single color will be destroyed, and the composition of a new pattern cube, and then turn and change, the formation of each side of a different color of the small cubes put together. According to expert estimates, all possible patterns are about 4.3×10. The way to play is to restore the disrupted cube to a single color on all six sides as soon as possible by rotating it
There are many different kinds of Rubik's Cubes, and the ones that we usually talk about are the most common ones: the third-order cubic Rubik's Cubes. In fact, there are also various kinds of cubic Rubik's Cubes such as second-order, fourth-order, and fifth-order cubic Rubik's Cubes. There are also other polyhedral Rubik's Cubes where the faces can be other polygons.
The third-order cube consists of 26 small cubes and a three-dimensional cross-linked axes, six of which are in the center of the face, eight in the corners, and twelve in the prongs, making the physical structure very clever. Each face is divided into three layers vertically and horizontally, and each layer is free to rotate, changing the position of the cubes on the cube through the rotation of the layer, and there is a constraint relationship between the parts, so that no two cubes are exactly the same. There are colors on each face of the cube, and each square on the same face has the same color, and the colors are different from face to face. This initial state is the original state of the Rubik's Cube. Recovering a Rubik's Cube means turning it according to certain rules to return it to its original state. Recovering a Rubik's Cube requires a good Rubik's Cube, a pair of dexterous hands, a keen spatial imagination and an efficient and practical turning program. There are many ways to restore it, and the specific steps are very different, but there are also similarities, the most common is to put it together one layer at a time.
Invented in 1974 and made available in Hungary in 1977, it was a worldwide sensation for a time in the 1980s.
While it can still be found today, many of these Rubik's Cube makers have gone through heavy changes with history.
In Japan, you can still buy Rubik's Cubes from Tsukuda Original today. Early products were made by Ideal Toy and had the manufacturer's logo on the bottom of the clear packaging.
Nowadays, they come in Seven Towns paper packaging, and the boxes are even larger than they were in the early days, with a new, customized logo that was introduced in 2000.
But after all, that's the metric system of European countries like Hungary, so is it really accurate? Please don't doubt any set of information.
The dimensions of the Clone Tesseracts we have now are pretty close to the originals. Most are in the 55mm to 60mm range.
Origins of the Rubik's Cube
As mentioned at the beginning of this entry, the first Rubik's Cubes were invented by Prof. Rubik, but not for production or entertainment. Because he was a professor of architecture and sculpture, he took it upon himself to make the first prototype of the Rubik's Cube to help his students recognize the composition and structure of the space cube. After completing his first piece, he turned it a few times and found it surprisingly difficult to recover the originally flush Rubik's Cube, and realized that this new invention was going to be quite something. But what he couldn't have imagined was that this toy with a side length of less than 6 centimeters would become popular all over the world in the future, and that there would even be a movement to use the Rubik's Cube as a prop.
The popularity of the Rubik's Cube
The Rubik's Cube became widely popular in the 1980s. From 1980 to 1982 a total of nearly 2 million Rubik's Cubes were sold.In 1981, a young boy from England, Patrick Bossert, wrote a book called You Too Can Recover the Rubik's Cube (ISBN 0140314830), which sold a total of nearly 1.5 million copies***. Due to the great business opportunity of the Rubik's Cube, Prof. Rubik and his partners developed the 2nd and 4th order Rubik's Cubes, which were equally successful. In China, the Rubik's Cube was the most sought-after toy in the 80's, just like the handheld game consoles in the hands of today's children, and it became the favorite toy of teenagers. But with the reform and opening up, more and more novelty toys entered China, and the Chinese Rubik's Cube craze is fading.
But in the last few years, China's informal Rubik's Cube community, Rubik's Cube Bar, has been working hard to change the public's perception of the Rubik's Cube. The Rubik's Cube is not just a child's toy, it is a way to relax and unwind. Coupled with more exciting and challenging ways to play the Rubik's Cube, such as racing, one-handed, and blind-screwing the Rubik's Cube, more and more people are re-focusing on the Rubik's Cube.
Basic Terminology
Steps: The number of steps refers to the number of blocks on each side of the Rubik's Cube, e.g., a three-step Rubik's Cube has three small blocks on each side.
Recovery: The process of taking a Rubik's Cube from a non-primitive state to a primitive state.
POP: A recovery in which some part of the cube is detached from the top of the cube, which is an invalid recovery if it occurs in a tournament.
DNF: Did Not Finished refers to a situation in which the recoverer feels unable to complete the cube in a satisfactory amount of time and forfeits the game, and is allowed one DNF during the game.
Composition of the Rubik's Cube
The third-order Rubik's Cube is made up of a central axle with six central blocks in a single line, and 20 squares of varying structure, which form a single unit when linked together and which are not in the same shape as the cube itself. When wired together, they form a single unit, and any side can be rotated horizontally without affecting the other squares.
The fourth-order cube is much more complex than the third-order cube, and is divided into two categories: one with a sphere in the center, and each of the peripheral blocks is connected to the slide of the center sphere, which slides along the slide in the direction of the force when it is in motion. The second type is the fourth-order Rubik's Cube, which has a shaft as its core. The composition of this type of Rubik's Cube is very complicated, and there are many additional parts besides the center ball and the peripheral blocks. As a racing sport, the second type of composition of the fourth-order Rubik's Cube is fast and not easy to get stuck in the high-speed rotation.
The fifth-order cube is even more complex than the fourth-order cube. It takes a long time to invent a new higher-order Rubik's Cube, because not only do you have to think about the feasibility of the project, but you also have to think about whether the cube will be stable enough to be used for spinning if you make it. It is for this reason that the Fifth Order Cube is officially the highest-order Rubik's Cube, and its structure is beyond the imagination of the average hobbyist.
There is no official version of the Rubik's Cube for the Sixth Order and above. However, rumor has it that a Japanese person has already made a sample and sent it to a French company to try to produce it. The reason why higher-order tesseracts are so difficult to make is that if you increase and expand the number of tesseracts from the third-order tesseracts, the corners may fall out of the air as they rotate without support. The so-called eighth-order Rubik's Cubes that I've seen on the Internet have since been shown to be made from ordinary third-order cubes.
Stickers on the Rubik's Cube
The six sides of the Rubik's Cube are usually made up of six colors: red, yellow, blue, green, white, and orange. There are differences in the method of stickers in different periods and places, but basically it is red and orange relative, yellow and white relative, blue and green relative, in fact, as long as you meet these three no matter how you want to stick the final result is only two ways to stick.
If there is no such restriction, how many kinds of Rubik's Cube stickers are there? The answer is 30. Because of the symmetry of the Rubik's cube, without loss of generality, we may wish to designate the blue color as the top surface when we sticker. There are then 5 ways to paste his opposite side, and the remaining 4 sides form a ring. The 4 colors of this ring have 3*2 ways of sticking the same after removing the rotations. This is because, for this ring, we can also specify without loss of generality one of the 4 colors as the front, his opposite side has 3 kinds of stickers, the remaining two sides correspond to 2 kinds of stickers, so the Rubik's Cube stickers have 5 * 3 * 2 = 30 kinds of stickers.
How many variations of the Rubik's Cube are there?
Don't look at the Rubik's Cube, there are only 26 small pieces, and only 20 pieces that can be changed relative to each other, but there are a lot of variations. There was a company that advertised 3 billion variations of the Rubik's Cube, and some people commented that this was the equivalent of McDonald's announcing that they had sold 100 hamburgers in the world.
The total number of variations of the Rubik's Cube is (8!*3^8*12!*2^12)/(3*2*2)=43,252,003,274,489,856,000, which is about 4.3*10^19 or 4,325,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000, which is about 4.3*10^19 or 4,325 billion billion variations. So it is 8!*3^8, 12 prismatic color blocks all arranged each with 2 kinds of orientation is 12!*2^12, so multiply it is the numerator, and the meaning of 3*2*2 on the denominator is to keep the other color blocks unchanged, you can not change the orientation of a character block alone, change the orientation of a prismatic color block, and exchange the position of a pair of color blocks alone.
The pedigree of the Rubik's Cube
The Rubik's Cube doesn't have just one color scheme, but the original version that is popular now, and in fact there are other versions of the Rubik's Cube as well.
The first is the original color scheme made in Hong Kong, which was first sold in the 1980s, and most of the ones sold now differ from it in that the teal color has been replaced with orange.
The second, also made in Hong Kong, is the same series of Rubik's Cubes as the first, but with a slightly different color scheme.
The third is made in the USA, and the color scheme is completely changed, from white to yellow, blue to green, and red to teal.
The fourth is of Hungarian origin, with a color scheme close to that of the Rubik's Cubes made in the USA.
Rubik's Cube Patterns
1. Color Heart RsUsFsRs'Us2 (see title left)
2. Donkey Bridge (RsFs)3 (see title right)
3. Dragon (FaRa)3
4. Twelve Curved Bridges (FaRa)3Us2
5. Giant Meson BL'D2LDF'D2FD' B'F'RU2R'U'BU2B'UF
6. double ring BRsD'R2DRs'B'R2UB2U'DB2RaU2Ra'B2D'
7. 6U L'R2F'L'B'UBLFRU'RLRsFsUsRs
8. snake BRsD'R2DRs'B'R2UB2U 'DR2D'
9. Worm RUF2D'RsFsD'F'R'F2RU2FR2F'R'U'F'U2FR
10. Colorful cross
11. Double meson BL'D2LDF'D2FD'B'F'RU2R'U'BU2B'UF (R'D2RB'U2B)2
p> 12. Cross (R2D2)2Rs2(D2L2)2UFsUs2FsD2Fs2U
Note: The above representations are all based on American Rubik's Cube master, Sin Maestro's operator representations:
The first letter of the letters of the English Up, Down, Front, Back, Left and Right are used to represent the first letter of the Rubik's Cube. The first letter of the alphabet represents the six sides of the Rubik's Cube, i.e., U (top), D (bottom), F (front), B (back), L (left), and R (right), respectively. When rotating the right layer of the Rubik's Cube, as viewed from the right side, this rotational movement is represented by R if it is turned 90° in the clockwise direction, R' if it is turned 90° in the counterclockwise direction, and R2 if it is turned 180° in the clockwise direction. In addition, the motion RL' of the sandwich is simply notated as Rs (indicating that both the left and right layers are simultaneously rotated by 90° in the clockwise direction with the right layer as the reference), and the motion RL of the sandwich is simply notated as Ra (i.e., the right layer is rotated by 90° in the clockwise direction, and the left layer is rotated by 90° in the opposite direction to that), and (RsFs)3 indicates that the motion of RsFs is repeated three times.
Rubik's Cube Play
The basic way to play the Rubik's Cube is to restore the faces whose colors have been messed up until each face is a color.
Method 1: Solve the top (or top, or bottom if you put it upside down), then the bottom, and finally the middle.
Method 2: Solve the bottom layer first, then the middle layer, and finally the top layer.
Which country invented the first Rubik's Cube?
It was invented in 1974 by Prof. Erno Rubik at the Faculty of Architecture in Budapest, Hungary
I hope it will be adopted
The steam engine was invented by a person from which country?
James Watt Scottish inventor James Watt is often referred to as the inventor of the steam engine and was a key figure in the Industrial Revolution. In fact Watt was not the first person to invent the steam engine. Alexander Hiero had designed a similar machine in the first century A.D. In 1698, Thomas Savery patented a steam engine for pumping water, and in 1712 Englishman Thomas Newcomen patented a slightly improved steam engine. The Newcomen steam engine was very inefficient and could only be used to drain coal mines. Watt became interested in this type of machine himself in 1764 while repairing a Newcomen steam engine. Although Watt had only one year's training in mechanical engineering, he had a remarkable inventive genius. The improvements he made to the Cowcorman were so important that he is credited with inventing the first practical steam engine. One of Watt's first major innovations was the addition of a separate condensation chamber, patented in 1769. He also insulated the steam cylinder from the outside world and invented the double-acting engine in 1782. Together with a number of smaller innovations, these inventions made the steam engine at least four times more efficient. In practice this increase in efficiency meant the difference between a flashy device and a machine of great industrial value. In 1781, Watt also invented a set of gears that transformed the reciprocating motion of the steam engine into a rotary motion. This set of gears increased the uses of the steam engine. Watt also invented the centrifugal governor (1788), which automatically adjusted the speed of a steam engine, the manometer (1790), the counter, the dynamometer, the throttle, and many other instruments. Watt himself was not a good businessman. But in 1775 he formed a joint venture with a very capable businessman and engineer, Marlowe Brinton, to form the Watt-Brinton Company. The company produced a large number of steam engines, and both shareholders became rich. The importance of the steam engine cannot be overestimated. Of course there were many other inventions in the Industrial Revolution, such as those in mining, smelting and many industrial machines. Several of these inventions, such as the pulley bobbin (John Kay, 1733) and the Rennie spinning machine (James Hargraves, 1764), preceded Watt's work. Most of the other inventions represented minor changes, and none of them individually played a significant role in the Industrial Revolution. The steam engine, however, played a crucial role, and without it, the Industrial Revolution would have been a different story. Before it, although windmills and water wheels had some use, the main source of power had always been the human muscle, a factor that severely limited industrial productivity. With the invention of the steam engine this limitation was removed. Now that there was a tremendous amount of energy available for productive use, there was a tremendous increase in production. the 1973 oil embargo made us realize how severely a lack of energy could hinder industrial development, and this experience will give us a rough idea of the importance of Watt's invention to the industrial revolution. The steam engine had many other important applications besides being a source of power for factories. 1783 saw the successful use of a steam engine to power a ship by Marguise Jouffroy D'Albans. 1804 saw the first steam locomotive built by Richard Trevithick. Neither model was economically successful, however. Within a few decades, however, ships and railroads revolutionized both land and water transportation. Historically, the Industrial Revolution occurred at almost the same time as the American and French Revolutions. Although it seemed to be poorly understood at the time, today we can see that its role in the daily life of mankind was clearly much more important than either of those two great political revolutions. As a result, James Watt is one of the most influential figures in history.
What country invented the sandwich?
2. British
Origin of Sandwich
It is said that the word Sandwich (sandwich bread) was invented by a gambler. At the end of the 18th century, there was a British Sir named Sandwich, he was very good at gambling, once on the card table, do not want to come down, even do not want to eat, to the point of "sleep and food".
Once the servant invited him to eat, he not only said he had no time to eat, but also scolded the servant. The servant was very sorry for his master, and thought of an idea to send the bread separately to the master's hands, so that Sandwich continued to gamble while chewing the bread. Later, he felt that eating bread without food is not good, but with a knife and fork to eat up a lot of trouble, it would be better to put the food inside the bread, so that it does not affect the gambling, but also do not starve, but also can eat a delicious dish, is not it not a win-win situation! People feel that this way to save time and effort, have followed suit, and soon spread, and with his last name (Sandwich) named this food. The earliest bread was filled with ham, cold meats and other foods. Today sandwich roast beef, chicken, eggs, fish, vegetables and so on. In our country also appeared to Sandwich named food, such as "ham sandwich", sandwich cookies (i.e., sandwich cookies) "and so on.
"Sandwich" The origin of the name
Sandwich is a delicious convenience food named after a place. Sandwich is a little-known town in the southeast of England. 1700 because of the fourth Earl of Sandwich in the United Kingdom, the cause of fame, the Earl's name is John Montague, he is addicted to gambling as life, playing bridge, almost all the sleep and food. His chef in order to cater to its master brain, came up with a way to use slices of bread sandwiched between meat, eggs, vegetables, etc., for the Earl to eat while playing cards, and won the appreciation.
Because this food is simple to make, the flavor is beautiful and delicious, nutritious, portable and very convenient, universally welcomed, and later spread to the world by the seafarers.
Because this food first originated in that place, people named it "sandwich". It has since evolved into a popular fast food around the world.
The hot air balloon was invented by which country
It was the French who invented it. On the afternoon of November 21, 1783, the Montgolfier brothers made the world's first manned aerial voyage to the Chateau de la Mou?tre in Paris, where the balloon flew for twenty-five minutes, and landed near the Place de la Plaza Italienne after flying halfway across Paris. This flight preceded the Wright Brothers' airplane flight by a full 120 years.
Which country invented the solar and lunar calendars
Many peoples of the world have developed their own solar and lunar calendars based on the movements of the Sun and Moon, and many of these calendars are independent and unaffected by other systems, so it is not possible to say which country "invented" the solar and lunar calendars. We can only say "first invented".
The earliest known lunisolar calendar was found in what is now Scotland, dating back to around 8000 BC. Britain was not even a country at that time, so it doesn't matter "which country invented it";
The earliest known solar calendar is controversial, and is generally believed to have been developed by the ancient Egyptians, dating back to around 3000 BC.
In addition, the Chinese now say "lunar calendar" and "solar calendar" are specific. The lunar calendar refers to the Chinese calendar, which was established by the ancient Chinese; the solar calendar refers to the Gregorian calendar, which is the internationally recognized Grecian calendar, based on the ancient Egyptian calendar, modified by the Roman dictator Julius Caesar, the Emperor Octavian and others, and finally established by Pope Gregory XIII.
Which country and which person invented the airplane?
The Wright brothers refer to two Americans, Orville (August 19, 1871 - January 30, 1948) and Wilbur (April 16, 1867 - May 30, 1912), who were born in the United States. The world generally credits them with the first fully controlled, on-board externally powered, heavier-than-air, sustained stalled flight without landing on December 17, 1903, and therefore credits them with the invention of the world's first practical airplane.
The fountain pen was invented by which person in which country
waterman, which is said to be the man
And the man is French ......
Please adopt
The USB flash drive was invented by which person in which country?
From 1998 to 2000, a number of companies claimed to be the first to invent the USB flash drive. These included China's Lanco Technology, Israel's M-Systems, and Singapore's Trek. But it was China's Lanxess that actually obtained the patent for the fundamental invention of the USB flash drive. In July 2002, Lonco's "flash electronic external storage method for data processing system and its device" (Patent No.: ZL 99 1 17225.6) was formally authorized by the State Intellectual Property Office of the People's Republic of China. This patent fills the gap of invention patents in China's computer storage field in the past 20 years. The acquisition of the patent caused a great shock to the whole storage industry. Including Israel M-Systems immediately filed an invalidation review with the State Intellectual Property Office of China, which once became a shocking patent right dispute in the field of flash memory in the world. However, on December 7, 2004, Lonco was officially authorized by the U.S. National Patent Office to obtain a patent for the invention of the flash memory disk, U.S. Patent No. US6829672, which finally ended the dispute. China's Lanxess is the world's first inventor of the USB flash drive. On February 10, 2006, Lonco commissioned Morgan Lewis to file a complaint with the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against PNY for infringement of Lonco's U.S. patent (U.S. Patent No. US6829672.) In February 2008, Lonco and PNY reached an out-of-court settlement. Lonco signed a patent license agreement with PNY, and PNY paid patent license fee of 10 million US dollars to Lonco. This is the first time that a Chinese company receives a large amount of patent license fee on US soil. It also further proves that Lonco is the global inventor of the USB flash drive. Today's flash drives support the USB 2.0 standard; however, due to technical limitations of NAND flash memory, their read and write speeds are not yet able to reach the maximum transfer rate of 480 Mbit/s supported by the standard. The fastest flash drives now use dual-channel controllers, but they still fall short of the maximum transfer rate offered by current-generation hard drives or USB 2.0. However, it is still far behind the current generation of hard disks or the maximum transfer rate that USB 2.0 can provide. Currently, the highest transfer rate is about 20-40MB/s, while the general file transfer rate is about 10MB/s. Older "fullspeed" 12Mbit/s devices have a maximum transfer rate of only 1MB/s. Some of the industry's leaders include Shenzhen Lanxess, M-Systems, and Singapore's Trek
Data Ready.