Fig planting methods
Temperature and humidity control
Night cover curtain insulation. Pay attention to the appropriate amount of water (drip irrigation) to maintain soil moisture. After the exhibition of leaves, so that the greenhouse temperature is maintained at 25?30 ℃, later, if the outside air temperature reaches the appropriate temperature for growth, then partially uncovered. And in the fig's flower bud differentiation period to use the flower king 2, promote flower bud differentiation, regulate the nutrient conversion rate, completely equalize the size of the year.
Fertilizer management
The use of high-quality stable fertilizer, calcium superphosphate. The new growth period, foliar spraying potassium dihydrogen phosphate, urea, potassium nitrate, compound fertilizer, etc. September fruit ripening season spray 0.3% calcium nitrate to increase fruit hardness. And in the fig before the flowering, young fruit period, fruit expansion period each spraying a strong fruit spirit, thickening the fruit, improve nutritional delivery, and with the spraying? Fruit and vegetable health care transparent coat? (Demonstrators are being recruited, details on China Plant Protection Network query) can play a role in liquid film bagging, will not affect the fruit respiration, prevent fruit rust, anti-cracking fruit, improve fruit coloring and brightness, reduce the residual toxins to improve quality.
Plastic pruning
When the two branches cross, short cut at the cross, promote the development of secondary branches. Winter pruning, the main branch of the secondary branches at the base of the 2?3 buds for heavy truncation, the rest of the branches are all thinned out. Later winter pruning, are in the fruit at the base of the parent branch 2?3 buds for heavy short cut, pay attention to the local update, to prevent the fruit part of the outward movement. And in the pruning mouth with a healing antiseptic film coating, anti-bacterial infection invasion, to protect the wound healthy healing.
Fig cultivation methods
Pot cut figs, every year in early spring before budding to change the pot once, potting soil can be used for 8 parts of the garden soil, 1 part of sand, 1 part of dung dry and mixed, and add hoof pieces and so on for the base fertilizer.
During the growth period, you can apply cake fertilizer every half a month; once a month to apply rotted jaggery or cake residue. Watering to keep the potting soil moist is good, to see dry and wet.
Winter After the frost into the room maintenance, throughout the winter watering l a 2 times can be, room temperature is maintained at 3-5 degrees. Potted figs, the plant should not be too high, to 30 cm high is appropriate; this will have to make careful pruning. Pruning should be carried out in March in the spring. When the seedlings grow to 40-50 centimeters high, cut off the top at 30 centimeters high, when the following axillary buds grow to 3 centimeters, only the top 3-5 buds, as the main branch, the rest are cut off. In July of that year, a picking heart, to prevent the branches from growing. The next spring, in the main technique 12-15 cm and then cut short. When the new buds sprouted 3 cm, each main branch to stay 2-3 buds, the rest of the buds removed, and then centering once in July. After such two pruning. Tree shape on the ground is shorter and stronger, fluffy, and much more beautiful.
Figs are mostly propagated by cuttings, usually in summer. Selected annual strong branch, cut into 15-20 cm long section for the spike, cuttings can be rooted in about a month, and then transplanted to cultivate.
Fertilization techniques for figs
I. Fertilizer characteristics of figs
(a) Nutritional growth characteristics of figs
1. Nutritional growth characteristics of the root system The root system of figs consists of adventitious roots, lateral roots, and fibrous roots, and there is no main root. Its root system is shallowly distributed in the soil, vertically distributed in the soil layer of 15~60 centimeters. The horizontal root group extends horizontally about 10 meters. With the age of the tree and the expansion of the tree crown, the root system is deepening, and in areas with deep soil layers, the root system can be rooted down 1~2 meters. The soil is well ventilated, the oxygen supply is sufficient, the root system is thick, the root hairs are many, and the absorption capacity is also strong.
The elongation, fullness and respiratory strength of the fig root system is related. Soil temperature around 10 ℃ root system began to activity. In Jiangsu, mid-May for the activity of the peak period, mid-June for the growth of the peak; mid-May and late June is the fastest growing period of spring root. in August, mid-summer drought, the root system to suspend growth, late August to 10 again to grow, produce autumn roots. late November to early December, the ground temperature is lower than 10 ℃ below the root system to stop growing.
2. Leaf nutrient growth characteristics of fig leaf surface is large, thick leaf flesh. Leaf structure, size in addition to the constraints of the variety itself, but also by the environmental conditions, the impact of management measures. Planted in the back of the shade, poor lighting conditions or nitrogen fertilizer application is too much, too late, the book is not full of trees, leaf blade thin and large; planted in the sun, light, nutritional conditions, branch full, leaf blade thick, size normal, leaf blade fence organization developed.
Normal fig plants, in the process of continuous elongation of the new shoots, each internode of the new shoots on the node can grow a leaf, while in the leaf axil of the leaf to grow a fruit. Therefore, in terms of the whole plant, the number of leaves grown should be roughly equal to the number of fruits, the ratio of leaves to fruits is 1:1. When the temperature rises above 20 ℃, it will take about 15 days for a leaf to grow from germination to completion. However, when growing in the shade or at low temperatures, the number of days it takes to grow a leaf increases, and the photosynthetic capacity of the leaf decreases significantly. Therefore, the temperature is too high or too low will seriously affect the photosynthetic function of the leaves and the accumulation of assimilated nutrients, affecting the yield and quality.
(B) fig fertilizer characteristics
1. Figs on the soil environment requirements Figs are perennial fruit trees, native to the subtropical dry semi-desert zone. In the soil layer deep soil, can grow into a tall tree body. Tree height up to 18 meters, trunk circumference of 3 meters, making the age of 100 years or more. Therefore, it is crucial to create a good ecological environment for the growth and development of figs.
The fig root system is developed, branching and leafy, the choice of soil is not strict, adaptability is wider. But the most suitable soil conditions for deep loam or sandy loam. The soil is sticky and heavy, the root distribution is shallow, the drought resistance decreases, the water table is too high, poor drainage, will inhibit the respiration of the root system tree weak, low yield.
Figs like weakly alkaline or neutral soil, the most suitable soil pH 7.2 ~ 7.5. belong to the more saline tolerant fruit trees, the demand for calcium is large, so in the acidic soil will affect the root system vitality, you must increase the application of lime to improve the soil.
The phenomenon of figs avoiding the ground is more serious. Years of continuous cropping, new growth and root development are significantly inhibited. As the old root secretion of toxic substances will inhibit the root development of newly planted figs, while the old garden root knot nematode is more, easy to cause root rot. For the garden that must be planted continuously, it is best to rotate dry and water, and then plant figs at an interval of 2~3 years. Replanted continuous garden, must dig out all the old roots, and then the planting hole dug large, filled with new guest soil not planted figs, sprayed nematicide, soil disinfection.
2. Fig fertilizer characteristics
(1) Fig fertilizer characteristics
① the absorption of various fertilizer components: the results show (Table 7-5), fig plants to the absorption of calcium for the most, the nitrogen, potash requirements are also high, the phosphorus needs are not high. If the amount of nitrogen absorption for 1, then the amount of calcium absorption for 1.43, the amount of potassium absorption for 0.9, while the amount of phosphorus absorption and magnesium absorption is only 0.3. After the absorption and utilization of a variety of fertilizer components, nitrogen and potash components are mainly distributed in the fruit and leaves. Phosphorus was distributed proportionally less in the leaves than nitrogen and more in the root system than nitrogen. Calcium and magnesium are mostly distributed in the leaves, accounting for 80% and 60%.
Table 7-5 Determination of the content of inorganic constituents in fig branches and leaves*(Jiangsu, 1991)
Name Full nitrogen
(%) Phosphorus
(mg) Potassium
(mg) Calcium
(mg) Magnesium
(mg) Iron
(mg) Zinc
(mg)
Leaf 0.971 97.85 759.74 1391.60 210.10 9.52 1.385
Branches 0.380 91.30 355.53 268.91 113.52 1.04 0.323
* is the content per hundred grams of fresh weight.
② Seasonal changes in nutrient uptake: Seasonal changes in nutrient uptake can be used as a reference basis for deciding the period of fertilization. Figs of nitrogen, potassium, calcium absorption with the germination, rooting after the rise in temperature, tree growth and increasing. To July for the nitrogen absorption peak, after the slow growth of new shoots, nitrogen nutrient absorption will gradually decline until the leaf drop period. Potassium and calcium, on the other hand, from the beginning of fruit harvest to the end of the harvest, basically maintained in the peak absorption of 30% to 50% level. After entering October, it decreased rapidly with the drop of temperature. Phosphorus uptake was stable from early spring to August, and gradually decreased after August. Nitrogen and potassium content in the fruit increased gradually with fruit development, and the rate of increase accelerated significantly after mid-August when the fruit entered the ripening stage. Especially the content of potassium, from mid-August to mid-October can increase 1.5 times. Fruit phosphorus, calcium and beauty content content also all increase significantly from mid-August. The various components within the leaves of the branches continue to increase with new growth. However, except for calcium, the content gradually declined slightly after the fruit matured. The fruiting branches of various nutrient content are lower than the non-fruiting branches.
③ fertilizer on the plant's fertility, yield and quality of the impact: fig fruit habit is not the same as other fruit trees. Fruit with the new shoots elongation, in the leaf axils of the sections continue to grow thick, as long as the phenomenon of futility does not occur, the longer the new shoots, the more internodes, the more bearing leaves, the more the results, the higher the yield.
The elongation of the new shoots is most affected by the amount of nitrogen fertilizer applied, in the appropriate range with the increase in the amount of nitrogen applied, the better the fertility status, the increase in fruit yield. But excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer will, in turn, inhibit fertility, yield decline, not only affect the fruit quality, but also incur cracked and rotted fruit increased. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer, fruiting branches are long and weak, and the leaves are very large. Excessive bushiness in the canopy, insufficient light, poor fruit coloring. Fruit shape becomes small, quality decline, also vulnerable to drought, causing early defoliation.
(2) Fig nutritional diagnosis and fertilization During the growth of figs, due to insufficient fertilizer elements, often in the leaves, branches, trunks and fruits show a variety of abnormal symptoms.
① Nitrogen deficiency symptoms: Nitrogen deficiency from the overall view of the tree growth is poor, the leaf color becomes pale, leaf cleavage becomes shallow tends to the entire leaf shape, leaf edge to the upper curl, hand molded leaves have a rough and brittle feeling. Nitrogen deficiency has little effect on root elongation in the early stage. However, with the intensification of nitrogen deficiency, root development is inhibited. The root system is easy to rot or harmed by root aphids, and the branches stop growing and aging earlier. Nitrogen deficiency will reduce the number of inflorescence differentiation, pre-fruit shape is still normal, but the cross diameter of the fruit becomes smaller, the ripening time will be earlier and good quality. However, due to nitrogen deficiency, many nutrients in the leaves are transferred to the fruits, the color of the leaves fades significantly, and the fruit drop on the upper fruiting branches is serious, and the harvest quantity is reduced. When fertilizer was applied after severe N deficiency, branch growth was restored, but the fruits were easily browned and dropped. This is somewhat similar to the case of organic acid damage, except that organic acid damage leaves do not fade, the leaf veins on the leaves will be raised, and the whole process of damage is much faster than the nitrogen deficiency symptoms. Therefore, the fig garden cultivate fertilizer to change the soil, the application of decomposed compost, improve soil fertility, is to solve the fundamental measures of nitrogen deficiency. At the same time, reasonable supplemental fertilizer, to avoid long-term nitrogen deficiency, to meet the normal growth of the tree.
② Phosphorus deficiency symptoms: the process is relatively slow, the appearance is not easy to recognize. First from the deepening of the leaf color, then the lower leaves of the leaf color fade, the new leaves in the unfolding will wither and fall, so that the number of leaves no longer increase, the emergence of fruit at the apex of the fruiting branch aggregation phenomenon. The fruit is deformed and irregularly rounded in cross section. The sunny side of the unripe fruit has more anthocyanins showing a slight ruddy purple color. The growth of branch tips after phosphorus fertilizer can be restored to turn prosperous, fruit ripening accelerated and not easy to drop fruit, and nitrogen deficiency after nitrogen response is completely different. The root system of phosphorus deficiency is obviously elongated, and the occurrence of lateral roots is inhibited.
For phosphorus-deficient soil, apply base fertilizer, 80 kg of calcium-magnesium phosphate fertilizer per 667 m2 mixed with well-rotted compost to improve soil physical properties, enhance root vigor, and facilitate phosphorus absorption.
③ Potassium deficiency symptoms: plant potassium deficiency is not easy to find, when found after the symptoms of the process has been significantly accelerated. Potassium deficiency can promote the growth of branches and leaves at the beginning, the performance is similar to the situation after excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer, and then the back of the lower leaves will appear irregular brown infiltration spots, but the surface of the leaves can not be seen. When the situation develops further, the leaves appear to be burned, fall off quickly, and branch tip elongation stops, which is a typical symptom of potassium deficiency. Potassium-deficient branch tips do not age, but are susceptible to frost damage, and ladyfingers are common. Root growth is poor, blackened and peeling rot phenomenon.
Because potassium is easy to lose in the soil, it is very important to make up for the accumulation of fertilizer during fruit development. Every 667 m 215 ~ 20 kg of potassium sulfate, applied in 2 ~ 3 times, is conducive to tree nutrient growth and enhance the fruit color and sugar content.
④ Magnesium deficiency symptoms: magnesium deficiency symptoms are relatively easy to detect, first in the vigorous growth of the leaves appear yellow symptoms. Often occurs in the branch tips of the central leaves, and the upper and lower leaves appear less, with the aggravation of the symptoms, leaves in addition to the petiole parts are yellowish white, brown large-shaped spots, early fruit drop, the number of mature fruit to reduce. Magnesium deficiency has little effect on root growth before, but as magnesium deficiency symptoms intensify root growth is inhibited. When the content of replacement magnesium in the soil, per 100 grams of dry soil is less than 10 milligrams, 50 kg of magnesium sulfate is applied per 667 meters 2. It can also be combined with phosphorus deficiency, calcium deficiency, etc., and appropriately increase the application of calcium-magnesium-phosphorus fertilizer.
⑤ Calcium deficiency symptoms: calcium deficiency symptoms are not easy to find, the uppermost unfolding leaves suddenly whitened and brown spots, resulting in defoliation. The lower leaves grow normally, and the branches and trunks become dark brown and shriveled. Fruits become black and fall off, root elongation is obviously hindered, easy to rot and have a special strong organic acid odor.
Calcium is an element that is not easy to move and cannot be reused. Fig trees need calcium especially, in addition to the application of calcium and magnesium phosphate fertilizer, calcium superphosphate, every 667 meters 2 additional 50 ~ 100 kg of slaked lime.
⑥ iron deficiency symptoms: with calcium deficiency first in the new leaves, but the symptoms and magnesium deficiency is difficult to distinguish, often to the occurrence of differences in the parts of the leaf to judge. When it happens, the new shoots elongate slowly, and the new shoots whiten and die. Occurring in the pre-reproductive period, all the young fruits are albino and fall off, such as symptoms occurring in the later stages of development, before the mid-stage fruit can still mature normally.
When iron deficiency occurs, 0.05%~0.1% ferrous sulfate solution can be used for foliar spraying.
⑦ Sulfur deficiency symptoms: figs of sulfur deficiency symptoms and nitrogen deficiency symptoms are similar. The color of the leaves of the whole plant becomes pale, and the lower leaves have brown spots, but they don't drop leaves easily. Fruit development is slow or even stop, hanging on the fruiting branch for a long time is not easy to mature, branch tips faster aging hardening. Root system in the early stage of sulfur deficiency can still be good elongation, but brittle and easy to break. However, the sulfur deficiency phenomenon, the use of cotton stalks, straw and other organic matter to return to the field, is conducive to replenish the lack of sulfur.
After taking the above corrective measures, the deficiency symptoms of fig trees gradually disappeared and returned to normal, and the content of leaf nutrients increased significantly.
Second, fig fertilization technology
(a) fig nursery fertilization fig seedling period fertilizer needs, must be applied early fertilizer, supplement nutrients, and promote the healthy growth of seedlings. Fertilizer 2 ~ 3 times, the first time in May, mid, seedling rooting and leaf spreading, every 667 m 2 urea 20 kg; second in early June, every 667 m 2 fertilizer 40 kg, the third in early July, depending on the seedling growth potential appropriate supplemental, every 667 m 2 fertilizer 10 ~ 20 kg, thin soil can be moderately more, to prevent stagnation of the seedling does not send. The growth potential of the seedlings, should be appropriate to control the amount of nitrogen fertilizer. When applying too much nitrogen fertilizer, too late, it is easy to cause autumn growth, reduce the ability to resist cold, easy to freeze.
When applying fertilizer, try not to touch the root system to prevent burning roots. Watering or sprinkling combined with watering. One-year-old seedlings, plant height of more than 1 meter, branch tips full, buds full of grains, developed root system, more lateral roots, the base diameter of 1.5 ~ 2 cm for the strong seedling standard.
(ii) annual seedlings planting fertilization
1. Fertilization before planting Figs grow well in loose soil with good ventilation. Tillage layer of shallow soil, the lower layer of clay layer, planting must be deep turning, expand the effective soil layer, generally in winter (November to December) deep turning 50 ~ 60 cm, the lower layer of soil turned to the surface, tilling every 667 m2 of rotted organic fertilizer 2,000 kg, calcium magnesium phosphorus fertilizer 50 kg, acidic soil must be applied 100 kg of lime.
2. planting hole base fertilizer 1 month before planting the whole bed dug planting hole depth 40 ~ 60 cm, diameter 60 ~ 80 cm. According to each plant with 20 kg of rotting heap stable fertilizer, cake fertilizer 1.0 kg, 0.5 kg of phosphate fertilizer, acidic soil plus lime 1.0 kg.
Fertilizing method: in the planting hole in the lower 10~30 cm put straw, straw and other coarse organic matter and rotting heap stable fertilizer 10 kg, the rest of the fertilizer and the topsoil is fully mixed in the middle 20 cm, and then covered with 10 cm of topsoil, fill in the flat and step on the solid. Half a month after transplanting, frequent watering or dilute feces and urine, to keep the soil moist, to promote the live seedlings. the first and middle of June, a compound fertilizer or urea, 50 to 60 grams per plant, combined with loosening the soil, weeding, watering.
(C) fig garden fertilizer technology
1. Fertilizer period, divided into basal fertilizer and fertilizer
(1) basal fertilizer Fig basal fertilizer application period, can be carried out in November to December after the end of the pruning , but to the late February to the first half of March application is appropriate. Figs are not as deep as other fruit trees for plowing, fertilizer early, spread on the surface of the dead leaves, will be lost with the wind and rain, snow and water more. But should not be applied too late. March after the base fertilizer, fertilizer decomposition, decomposition and infiltration, it takes some time, the plant pre-absorption will be affected. Base fertilizer to organic fertilizer, such as livestock and poultry manure, compost, rapeseed cake, etc., and combined with the use of compound fertilizer. It can supply the nutrients needed by the plant for a longer period of time, constantly replenish the nutrition and restore the tree's strength. Also for the next year's growth and results to prepare for the material conditions.
(2) fertilizer Fig fertilizer application period, in fig cultivation, is divided into pre-fertilization (summer fertilizer) and late fertilizer (autumn fertilizer). That is, in the base fertilizer on the basis of the foundation of the fertilizer characteristics of each period of supplemental fertilizer to regulate the growth of the tree and the results of the contradiction, to ensure high-yield, stable yield, high quality.
The specific period and number of fertilizer, should be based on plant growth and soil fertility. Generally divided into 3~6 times. High temperature and rainy areas, nutrients are easy to lose, the number of fertilizer should be more, the amount of fertilizer should be less; tree weakness, poor root growth, must increase the number of times of fertilizer; young trees to grasp the pre-multiple and early application of fertilizers, late less, so as to promote the growth of new growth and enhance the ability to resist the cold.
The fig plant pre-growth, need more fertilizer. With the elongation of the new shoots of continuous inflorescence differentiation, late May to mid-July for the peak of fertilizer needs, this time fertilizer on the whole growth period plays a key role. The main thing is to solve the contradiction between nutrient supply and demand during the new growth, fruit development and tree storage nutrient conversion.
The fruit began to mature in late July, and has been harvested until late October. The harvest period is up to 3 months. During this period, the tree is strong, nutrient-rich, mature fruit is large, high yield. If you ignore the timely fertilization, nutrient deficiency, weak new shoots, fruit expansion is poor, early decline. Therefore, the right amount of fertilizer at the right time, not only can promote fruit expansion, increase late yield, improve quality, but also conducive to the growth of new growth and tree nutrient accumulation. According to the hilly areas of Jiangsu Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Research fertilizer test results show that in mid-July and mid-August fertilizer, fruiting branch growth than the non-fertilizer 4.2 ~ 7.6 cm, per plant fresh fruit production increased by 0.97 ~ 1.65 kg, an increase of 12.3% ~ 21%. And the fertilizer period is earlier, the effect of yield increase is more significant.
In early September, the autumn root began to grow, October fruit harvest is reduced, into the storage nutrient accumulation period. late October fertilizer (autumn fertilizer) is also very important, this time for the autumn root of the growth and development of the peak period, fertilizer is conducive to the recovery of the tree, to improve the function of leaf assimilation, increase the storage nutrients. The accumulation of storage nutrients, the next year's growth plays a decisive role. However, the application period should not be too early to prevent the second elongation caused by the fall, but instead of consuming nutrients; can not be too late, applying late, slow growth of autumn roots, storage nutrient accumulation is also less. It is worth noting that the new growth of strong, vice a little more trees and young trees and one year old, cold resistance is weak, prone to freezing, later do not need fertilizer.
2. Fertilizer quantity The determination of fig fertilizer quantity must be based on a comprehensive analysis of soil fertility, tree age and yield targets. And through the fertilization test, constantly adjusted in production practice, so that the amount of fertilizer more in line with the needs of fig growth.
Fertile soil, organic matter, tree strong garden, the amount of fertilizer than the standard amount of 10% to 15% less. The same garden tree strong plant less; tree weak should be appropriate to apply more, to meet the nutrient supply, to promote strong tree. But not too much fertilizer at one time, as far as possible in stages, to prevent the roots of fertilizer concentration is too high and fertilizer damage. The amount of fertilizer applied to young trees, generally 60% to 70% of the adult tree use. Too much fertilizer in the young tree period, easy to cause the branch tip is not full, sprouting many ineffective side tips, cold tolerance is reduced, resulting in winter frost damage. Should be avoided to increase the amount of fertilizer to accelerate the speed of gardening, the desire for speed is not enough, often leading to failure.