Review outline of geography knowledge in grade one of junior high school
1, the shape and size of the earth The earth is an irregular sphere with slightly flattened poles, with an average diameter of 637 1 meter.
2. Latitude and Latitude On the globe, the area around the globe in the east-west direction is called latitude. All latitudes are circles, which can be called latitude circles; The length of latitude circle is long or short, the equator is the longest, it gradually shortens to the poles and finally reaches a point. The latitude represents the east and west directions.
The equator is the longest latitude, about 40 thousand kilometers long. It is equal to the distance between the two poles and divides the earth into two hemispheres. The equator is zero latitude on the earth. The latitude north of the equator is called north latitude, and it is customary to use "n" as the code name; The latitude south of the equator, called south latitude, is customarily represented by "S".
3. Meridian and Longitude On the globe, the line connecting the north and south poles and perpendicular to the latitude is called meridian, also called meridian. All meridians are semicircular; They are all of the same length, indicating the north-south direction.
The zero meridian on the earth is called the prime meridian. It is divided into 1800 from the prime meridian to the east and west. 1800 in the east belongs to east longitude, so it is customary to use "e" as the code, and 1800 in the west belongs to west longitude, so it is customary to use "w" as the code.
It is customary in the world to use warp circles of 200W and 1600E as the dividing line between the eastern and western hemispheres.
4. the rotation of the earth and the alternation of day and night. the earth keeps rotating around its axis, which is called the rotation of the earth. The direction of the earth's rotation is from west to east. It takes about 24 hours to turn around, which is one day. In this way, the phenomenon of alternating day and night is produced.
5. The revolution of the earth and seasonal changes The earth revolves around the sun while rotating. The direction of the earth's revolution is also from west to east, and the time of revolution is one year. The orbital plane always keeps an angle of 66.5 with the earth axis. Because of the revolution of the earth, there are seasonal changes.
6. The division of five zones The tropics are between the Tropic of Cancer, with direct sunlight in a year, and the ground gets the most sunlight and heat, and the climate is hot all year round. The Tropic of Cancer is the dividing line between tropical and temperate zones.
The cold zone is located in the area north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, and it is extreme day and night. Polar circle is the dividing line between cold zone and temperate zone. In temperate regions between the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle, and between the Tropic of Cancer and the Antarctic Circle, there are no extreme days and nights in a year, and the solar light and heat obtained on the ground are less than those in tropical regions and more than those in cold regions, and the climate changes obviously in the four seasons.
7. Scale, legend and notes of the three elements of the map. The smaller the area drawn on the map, the more detailed the content to be represented and the larger the scale to be selected; On the contrary, the smaller the scale. On the map, it is usually "up north and down south, left west and right east"
8. Calculation method of ground height The vertical distance above sea level in a certain place on the ground is called altitude. The vertical distance from one place to another is called relative height.
9. Contour lines connect points with the same altitude, which is the contour line. Each contour line has a corresponding height value. Where the slope is steep, the contour lines are dense; Where the slope is gentle, the contour lines are sparse.
10, land and sea distribution in the world. The ocean area accounts for 7 1% of the earth, and the land area only accounts for 29%. The mainland and its nearby islands are called the mainland. The northern hemisphere is Europe and North America. most
People used to regard the Urals, ural river and the Great Caucasus as the dividing lines between Europe and Asia. The Suez Canal separates Asia from Africa. North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, called America. The Panama Canal is the dividing line between North America and South America. Antarctica is mainly located in the Antarctic circle, surrounded by the ocean.
1 1. land topography people divide the terrain into five basic types: mountains, plains, plateaus, basins and hills.
The altitude of mountainous areas is relatively high, generally more than 500 meters, with undulating peaks and steep slopes, and some mountainous areas are distributed in strips. Among them, the most prominent are two huge mountain systems composed of several tall mountains: one is the Alps-Himalayas mountain system across the south-central part of the Eurasian continent; The other is the Cordillera mountain system, which runs through North and South America, and consists of Rocky Mountain, Andes Mountain and other mountains.
The altitude of the plain is low, generally below 200 meters, and the ground is flat or undulating. It is often used to describe the "endless" elegance of the plain. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain in South America.
The terrain in Europe and Africa is relatively simple, mainly plains and plateaus; The terrain in Asia is complex, with high terrain in the middle and low periphery, wide plateaus and mountains, and plains distributed around the mainland.
12. The forces that push the terrain change are called internal forces, such as crustal movement, volcano, earthquake, etc., which are all manifestations of the internal forces of the earth. Volcanoes and earthquakes in the world are mostly distributed in areas with active crustal activity, mainly concentrated in the Pacific Rim and the Mediterranean-Himalayan Mountains. Forces from outside the earth are called external forces, such as running water, wind, waves and glaciers.
13, weather climate weather is the atmospheric condition of a place in a short time, such as sunny, rainy, hot and cold. It is always changing. Climate is the average weather condition of a place for many years, which generally changes little.
14, the temperature changes during the day, and the temperature is sometimes high and sometimes low. The highest temperature on land usually appears in the afternoon (about14); The lowest temperature appears around sunrise. In a year, the monthly average maximum temperature in most parts of the world appears in July in the northern hemisphere and 65438+ 10 in the southern hemisphere. The monthly average minimum temperature appears in 1 in the northern hemisphere and in July in the southern hemisphere. The difference between the highest monthly average temperature and the lowest monthly average temperature in a place is called annual range.
15, the world temperature distribution, the world temperature gradually decreases from low latitude to polar regions; At the same latitude, the temperatures of the ocean and the land are different. In summer, the land temperature is high and the ocean temperature is low. Winter is the opposite. The temperature is also affected by the terrain. As the altitude increases in mountainous areas, the temperature will gradually decrease. About every increase of 100 m, the temperature will drop by 0.6℃.
16, the general law of global precipitation distribution: there is more precipitation near the equator; Less precipitation in polar regions; On both sides of the Tropic of Cancer, there is less precipitation on the west coast of the mainland and more precipitation on the east coast of the mainland; There is more precipitation in mid-latitude coastal areas and less precipitation in inland areas.
17, seasonal variation of precipitation: rainy areas throughout the year: there is more precipitation near the equator, such as Singapore; There is no rain all year round: there is little monthly precipitation in inland areas and polar regions, such as Cairo, Egypt; Rainy areas in summer: the east coast of the mainland near 300 ~ 400 north latitude, rainy in summer and rainy in winter, such as China; Rainy areas in winter: the west coast of the mainland near 300 ~ 400 north latitude, rainy in winter and rainy in summer, such as Rome, Italy; Perennial humid area: on the west coast of the mainland at 400 ~ 600 north latitude, the area affected by the westerly wind from the ocean all the year round is humid every month with moderate rainfall, such as London, England.
18, main climate types and distribution in the world
I. Main tropical climate types
1. The tropical rain forest climate is mainly distributed near the equator, with high temperature and rainy all year round.
2. The tropical grassland climate is mainly distributed in the north and south sides of the equatorial rainforest climate in Africa and South America. It is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season.
3. The tropical monsoon climate is most obvious in the Indian Peninsula and Indochina Peninsula in the south and southeast of Asia. This climate is hot all year round, and a year can also be divided into dry season and rainy season, and the wind direction changes with the seasons. In dry season, the wind blows from land to sea, and there is little rain; In the rainy season, the wind blows from the ocean to the land, and the precipitation is concentrated.
4. The tropical desert climate is mainly distributed in the west coast and inland areas of the mainland near the Tropic of Cancer. This climate is characterized by scarce precipitation, hot and dry all year round, and a large desert on the ground.
Second, the main climate types in temperate zone
1, temperate and subtropical monsoon climate, distributed in eastern Asia. Summer is hot and rainy, and winter is cold and dry. Roughly bounded by the isotherm of 65438+ 10, the average temperature in June is 0℃, with temperate monsoon climate in the north and subtropical monsoon climate in the south.
2. The Mediterranean climate is mainly located in the middle and low latitudes on the west coast of the mainland, with the most distribution along the Mediterranean coast, hot and dry in summer and mild and rainy in winter.
3. Temperate continental climate is mainly distributed in mid-latitude inland areas, with intense heat in winter, great temperature change, less precipitation and concentrated in summer.
4. The temperate maritime climate is located on the west coast of the mid-latitude continent, with the widest distribution in Western Europe, mild and rainy, and the annual changes of temperature and precipitation are relatively small 19. Land, sunshine, water, minerals, forests, etc. Resources that are valuable to human beings are all natural resources. According to the characteristics of its formation, it can be divided into two categories: one is renewable resources; First, non-renewable resources. Renewable resources refer to resources that can be regenerated or recovered in a short time; Non-renewable resources refer to resources that cannot be produced after being used up in human history.
20. Land use types Land use types can be divided into cultivated land, woodland, grassland and construction land.
2 1, the distribution of land resources is flat and warm in the temperate humid plain, which is suitable for developing agriculture and is the main distribution area of cultivated land in the world. Large areas of coniferous forests and rainforests are preserved in the cold and humid sub-frigid zone and the hot and rainy tropical zone. Tropical and temperate semi-arid areas have vast grasslands, which are the main distribution areas of animal husbandry in the world.
22. The distribution of water resources on the earth There are three main forms of water on the earth: sea water, land water and atmospheric water. There are many forms of land water, such as glacier water, groundwater, lake water, swamp water, river water and biological water. There is a lot of water on the earth, but more than 96% is seawater. Among the fresh water resources, glaciers store the most water, and now people use a lot of fresh water resources, mainly river water, lake water (fresh water lake water) and part of groundwater. The main ways to protect water resources are: saving and rational use of water and reducing the waste of water resources; Preventing and controlling water pollution; Afforestation to prevent soil erosion; Desalinate seawater and expand fresh water sources.
23. The forest in Nature's General Dispatching Room has the functions of regulating atmospheric composition, purifying air, implicating water sources, increasing air humidity, protecting fields from wind and maintaining soil and water. Therefore, people call the forest "the general adjustment room of nature". There are 4 billion hectares of forests in the world, mainly coniferous forests and broad-leaved forests. Most of the global forest resources are distributed in the northern hemisphere.
The largest continent in the world is Asia, with an area of 44 million square kilometers. It is also the continent with the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to west in the world.
2. Australia is called "a country riding on the back of a sheep" and "a country sitting on a mine car".
3. Japan has a land area of 378,000 square kilometers and a population of 65.438+270 million (in 2000), and its capital is Tokyo. Economy: Due to the lack of mineral resources, Japan needs to import a large number of industrial raw materials and fuels and export a large number of manufactured goods, which has developed into a processing trade economy.
The largest plain in Japan is Kanto Plain. The residents are mainly Yamato ethnic groups. General Japanese.
5. The three major topographical regions in Western Europe are Scandinavian Mountains in the north, Western Europe Plain and Bode Plain in the middle, and Alps in the south extending to three peninsulas.
6. The traditional festival in Brazil is Carnival, during which people sing and dance all night.
7. There are two main climates in Southeast Asia: tropical rain forest climate, which is distributed in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula and most parts of the Malay Archipelago; Tropical monsoon climate, distributed in Indian zhina Peninsula and northern Philippine Islands.
8. The United States has 50 states and the District of Columbia, where the capital is located. The two overseas states are Alaska and Hawaii. The population is 282 million (2000), covering an area of 9.37 million square kilometers. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain.
9. World-famous industrial clusters range from Britain to Poland, from Scandinavia to Italy.
10. Brazil has the world's largest hydropower station, Itaipu Hydropower Station, which was jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay.
1 1. Australia is a flat continent with an average elevation of only 300 meters, making it the most gentle continent in the world. It is divided into three terrain areas: the east: the mountainous area dominated by the great watershed; Central: the plain dominated by great basin; West: a vast and flat plateau.
12. The transportation in Russia is mainly railway transportation. The common language of North American countries is English. Latin America is mainly of mixed race. The deepest lake in the world is Lake Baikal. It belongs to a freshwater lake.
13. The unique bird in Antarctica is penguin. The organism with the largest number of individuals is krill. The main animal in the Arctic is the polar bear. Russia's climate is mainly temperate continental climate, with long and cold winters and short and cool summers. The arctic ocean coast has a polar climate, which is cold all year round, and the Pacific coast has a temperate monsoon climate. Among them, some railway networks in Europe are very dense, with Moscow as the radiation point, and the Volga River is the main river that undertakes inland navigation.
14. The characteristic of American agriculture is the specialization of agricultural areas and agricultural production.
15. The largest basin in the world is Congo Basin. The continent where the basin is located is called "plateau continent" and "tropical continent". The climate type in the basin belongs to tropical rainforest climate. The main targets of Russian pipeline transportation are oil and natural gas.
16. Brazil's population and cities are mainly distributed in the eastern coast, and the southeast coast is the most dense. The population is 654.38+70 million (2000). The urbanization level in Brazil is over 70%.
17. Main products in Southeast Asia: rice: Myanmar (Yunnan), Vietnam (South) and Thailand (Middle). Rubber (rubber) oil (brown): Thailand (China), Malaysia (Malaysia), India (Indonesia). Coconut: Philippines (Philippines), Malaysia (Malaysia) and India (Indonesia).
18. There are two rivers in South Asia, the Ganges in India and the Indus in Pakistan. The climate of South Asia belongs to tropical monsoon climate, which is divided into three seasons: March-May is a hot season, and the southwest monsoon has not yet arrived, with high temperature and little rain; June ~ 10 is the rainy season, and the southwest monsoon brings a lot of precipitation, accounting for 80%~90% of the total annual precipitation, which is hot and humid and rainy; The cool season is 165438+ 10 to February of the following year. The dry northeast monsoon prevails and the climate is cool and pleasant.
19. India is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of10 billion in 2000. The three major religions in South Asia are Buddhism, Hinduism and Islam. 80% people in India believe in Hinduism, Pakistan regards Islam as the state religion, and more than 97% people are Muslims.
20. The largest landlocked country in the world is Kazakhstan. The country known as the "Platinum Country" is Uzbekistan.
2 1. Malaysia ranks first in tin mine production in the world. The country called "Garden City" is Singapore.
22. The region with the largest oil reserves, oil production and export volume in the world is the Middle East. Mainly distributed in the Persian Gulf and coastal areas. The Middle East is the birthplace of the three world-famous religions Islam, Judaism and Christianity, and the "holy city" of the three religions is Jerusalem.
23. The largest plain in Southeast Asia is the Mekong Delta. The topography of Indochina Peninsula is characterized by alternating mountains and rivers and vertical distribution. The scope of Southeast Asia consists of Indian zhina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago.
24. Danube is the most international river in Europe, and Volga is the longest river in Europe. The climate in Antarctica is characterized by dryness, severe cold and strong winds.
The largest and most populous country in Latin America is Brazil. The capital of the country is Brasilia. The smallest continent in the world is Oceania. Endemic animals in Australia are emu, kangaroo, platypus, koala and echidna.
The highest plateau in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The countries that "ride on a sheep's back" and "sit on a mine car" are Australia. The largest lake in the world is the Caspian Sea.
27. The owner of the Antarctic is a penguin. The Antarctic region is called the "ice and snow plateau", and most areas are covered with thick ice with the thickness of1720m. Antarctica covers an area of 6.5438+0.4 million square kilometers with an average elevation of 2,350 meters, making it the continent with the highest average elevation in the world.
28. The best time for scientific exploration in Antarctica is the warm season in Antarctica, that is, 165438+ 10 to March of the following year. This is the Antarctic polar day (polar day, polar night). The largest country in the world is Russia, with an area of17.08 million km2.
29. Known as the "Mediterranean Sea on the American continent", it is the "Great Lakes", and the largest freshwater lake in the world is Lake Superior. The Great Lakes of North America are caused by glaciation. The climate in North America is dominated by temperate continental climate.
30. The capital of Indonesia is Jakarta. The largest peninsula in the world is Arabia. The largest archipelago in the world is the Malay archipelago.
3 1. Brazil is a famous tropical country in the world. Brazil has three tropical cash crops with the highest yield in the world, namely coffee, sisal, banana and sucrose.
32. Japanese industry is mainly distributed in the narrow strip along the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto. The oil in the Middle East is mainly exported to Western Europe, the United States and Japan.
The country with the largest tropical area in the world is Brazil. The United States has the fourth longest river in the world, the Mississippi River. Japan's coastline is tortuous.
34. In India's textile industry center, the bast textile industry center is Kolkata; Mumbai, the center of cotton spinning industry. The capital of Russia is Moscow.
The output value of animal husbandry in western Europe accounts for more than 70% of agriculture, and the two world-famous "dairy powers" are the Netherlands and Denmark.
36. The highest mountain in the world is the Andes. The aborigines living in America are Indians. Belong to the yellow race. They created a splendid Mayan culture.
37. Australia's population and cities are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas. The capital is Canberra. The largest city is Sydney. The biggest river is murray river.
38. South Asia faces Oceania across the sea. The southwest is bounded by Suez Canal and Africa. The largest and most populous country in South Asia is India. At present, the population has reached 654.38+0 billion.
39. The capital of Japan is Tokyo. Japan has mountainous terrain, numerous mountains and hills, and frequent volcanoes and earthquakes. The climate is dominated by temperate maritime climate and subtropical monsoon climate. Forest and hydropower resources are abundant, but mineral resources are poor.
40. Japan's territory consists of Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and Hokkaido. The largest plain in Japan is Kanto Plain, which is located on Honshu Island.
4 1. The country with the longest longitude span in the world is Russia. The continent with the longest longitude span in the world is Antarctica. The ocean with the longest longitude span in the world is the Arctic Ocean. The Volga River flows into the Caspian Sea.
42. In terms of meteorological disasters, droughts and floods are frequent in India, because the country's climate is mainly tropical monsoon climate. The topographical features of Asia are high in the middle and low around. The climate in Asia is complex and diverse, with temperate monsoon climate and temperate continental climate being the most widely distributed.
43. There are four peninsulas in Europe and three famous peninsulas along the Mediterranean coast: Iberian Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Scandinavia is in the north. The peninsula where Italy is located is Apennine Peninsula.
44. The largest island in Africa is Madagascar. The highest mountain in Japan is Mount Fuji, which is an active volcano.
45. China has established two scientific research stations in Antarctica: Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station.
46. In Russia, Murmansk is a Russian port located in the Arctic Circle, but it is not frozen all year round. The reason why it is not frozen all year round is due to the warm current of the North Atlantic. The country is rich in resources: fresh water resources (Lake Baikal), forest resources (coniferous forests in the sub-frigid zone are the most extensive in the world) and mineral resources (oil, gold and non-ferrous metals).
47. The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain. The world's largest tropical rainforest climate zone is located in the Amazon River basin. The country with the largest area of tropical rain forest in the world is Brazil.
48. The largest seaport in Russia is St. Petersburg in the Baltic Sea. The seaport on the Pacific coast is Vladivostok.
49. The country with the largest east-west span in the world is Russia, reaching 10000 km. The two agricultural areas in Russia are the Volga River Basin and the Don River Basin. The influence of Russian topography on river distribution: the western plain is vast and the river network is dense; The mountains in the east are high and deep, with mountains and rivers alternating and vertically distributed.
50. An important indicator to measure a country's population growth is the natural population growth rate; Sub-Saharan Africa's population growth rate is fast (fast and slow), ranking first in the world.