Adjective overlapping: adding "jiao" after monosyllabic overlapping indicates that the degree is weakened, and it is used as an adverbial in the sentence. For example: Pay gently | Pay slowly | Pay lightly | Pay well.
The strengthening of the degree of overlapping of additional components before monosyllabic adjectives. Such as: blood red | waxy yellow | stone hard | rolling strong | straight | honey sweet. Then the overlap of the additional components indicates that the degree is weakened. Such as: green | yellow haha | shiny | panic | spicy | sweet Mimi. Take the word "black" as an example to see its comparative level: black: approximate black, the weakest | black: ordinary black | ink black: one layer deeper than "black", the strongest | ink black: one layer deeper than "ink black", the strongest | ink T black: vertex black.
The overlapping forms of the two syllables are combined: generous | clever; Formal: black and straight, etc. Look at verb overlap: dealing with verbs, which can overlap: washing clothes | children | stove life.
Adjective complements can also be brought behind: washing clothes | tying the children | the stove will be bright. Add "er" after overlapping: engage in | swing | chase | fight.
There is a complement after the overlap, indicating a request or command: sit up straight | fold up | look carefully | swallow | press down | pull up. Prefixes such as: A (father, Alfred), Lao (husband, mouse). Suffixes such as: ghost (unlucky ghost, ghost), embryo (inferior embryo, greedy embryo), home (manufacturer, shop), photo (selling photos, eating photos) and so on.
There are a large number of suffix words in Hangzhou dialect centered on suffix "er, tou and zi". This "er" is the suffix of one's own syllable, which is called "the suffix of er". It is different from the suffix "er" in Beijing dialect. The word "er" in Beijing is also written as an independent word, but it reads the same as the previous word. It is attached to the end of the previous word, which only plays the role of tongue rolling, not an independent syllable, so it is called "Hua Er".
At least in the Song Dynasty, the suffixes in Hangzhou were already abundant. A large number of suffix words in Hangzhou dialect are recorded in Menglianglu. Such as: shrimp | fruit | shirt | skirt | cage | drum | sachet | eight songs | shortcake | thousand layers | vermicelli | pomegranate | bucket of yellow sugar | Maoerqiao | Goushan Lane, etc. These suffix words still appear in the spoken language of Hangzhou people. Both Hangzhou and Beijing have "sons, sons and heads", but they are not in one-to-one correspondence. The comparison is as follows: Hangzhou dialect flower roll glasses old man stone chopsticks collar bracelet pear shrimp gecko Beijing dialect flower roll glasses old man stone chopsticks collar bracelet pear shrimp gecko Hangzhou dialect skirt young man zongzi chess piece peach pillow shoes student son former Tianzi North. Beijing dialect skirt boy Zongzi chess piece Taoer pillow shoes student Hangzhou dialect pillow tongue boxing bag cover head pig head axe nose thief bone Beijing dialect pillow tongue boxing bag cover head axe nose wrist thief Hangzhou dialect personal pronoun uses "I, you, him", plural plus "person", which is different from Wu dialect. However, in Hangzhou dialect, when the personal pronoun is singular, it is customary to use plural, which is very special and different from Beijing dialect.
Please give our husband a piece of paper. Please give this note to my husband. )
Your wife has gone out to play (the suffix "te" is used in the same way as Huzhou dialect). Your wife has gone out to play. )
Xiao Zhang is our son-in-law and Zhang is my son-in-law. )
Xiao Zhang invited their father-in-law to dinner. (Xiao Zhang invites his father-in-law to dinner. ) "Ba" sentence and "Bei" sentence
There are two sentence patterns in Beijing dialect: "Ba" and "Bei", and in a sense, Hangzhou dialect can also be divided into these two sentence patterns:
Our brother left by bike. The dog goaded the rabbit to bite Sureshot.
B-bike drove our brother away. The rabbit poked the dog to bite Sureshot.
A is equivalent to the "ba" sentence in Beijing, and B is equivalent to the "Bei" sentence in Beijing. However, in the isolated sentence of "table tennis match, Xiao Zhang hits Xiao Li and plays special" in Hangzhou dialect, we can't see who defeated who, but we should judge by the context. The agent introduced after the preposition "Bei" in Beijing dialect cannot appear, such as "the rabbit was killed by a dog", so it is said that "the rabbit was killed by a dog". However, this agent in Hangzhou dialect must not be omitted. Such as: "Rabbit stirs dog to bite Sureshot". The verb "yes" means existence, and the negation means "no"
Hangzhou dialect uses the verb "you" to indicate existence, and the negative word is "no", just like Beijing dialect. However, in repeated questions, Hangzhou dialect does not use "is there", but uses "is there?" For example, "Will you go and see if he has come?" Go and see if he has come. ) | Is the meal ready? "(Is the meal ready? You can even shorten it to "yes or no". Such as: "Is the meal delicious?" Is the meal ready? People in Hangzhou love to use the word "er" when they speak. Chopsticks are called chopsticks, spoons are called spoons, ropes are called ropes, evening is called late, fun is called play, shopping is called play, eating snacks is called eating leisure fruits, sparrows are called Ma Qiaoer, crows are called crows, bit by bit, bit by bit, bit by bit, dating is called rest.
You see, when the words start together here, people will connect them: boys are called boys, girls are called girls, children are commonly called girls, and girls eat rice cakes called lotus cakes ... There is a children's song that says: Girls, make trouble, make trouble. Here, playing with children and playing with children means playing, but playing with children is mostly playing games, which has greater significance, including the meaning of games and tourism.
Another difficulty in learning Hangzhou dialect is that writing is like this, but reading is not like this. You see, the AA system is called knocking tiles, but "knocking" has to be pronounced as "kao" to make people listen. Hickory is called hickory, but it is authentic to pronounce "sand walnut" when reading. Speaking of which, let's say a few difficult words-
Blood Needle-People in Hangzhou call hedgehogs blood needles, but they say, "You are a hero! (The second one is pronounced "Ga") "This means that you are a sentimental person. Think about it, a person is covered in thorns, who dares to deal with him?
I can't afford flowers-Hangzhou people who say this often roll their eyes and put on a disdainful expression, because this sentence means: such things are disdainful in my eyes! People in Hangzhou don't talk about height, but talk about length. Hangzhou people don't say that they are fat, only that they are strong; You say porridge is cooked thick and thin, and Hangzhou people say porridge is cooked thick and thin. You say Hangzhou is broad, you say Hangzhou is narrow ... this is still very easy to learn. For those who learn Hangzhou dialect, the most difficult thing to learn is to write like this, not to read like this. For example, soul shine should be pronounced as "live shine"; Spade should be pronounced as "foreign knocking"; Escalators (stairs) should be called "Huti"; The air-raid shelter should be pronounced as "side hole"; Lift the quilt as a "small quilt"; As long as a dead crab is called "Asiha". This is authentic.
"Husband, Mao Mao Tou found the specialty in the stream when he was sleepy, and the specialty was used up in the stream. Go to Mrs. Wang's room next door and fake some diapers and buy them for her. " Honey, the baby peed just after going to bed, and the diaper was used up. You can borrow some diapers from Mrs. Wang's house next door and buy them for her tomorrow.
"Ok, I'll move there as soon as possible." Ok, I'll get it right away.
You see, in this conversation, the baby is pronounced "wool head", sleeping is pronounced "sleepy", urine is pronounced "flow sheet", diaper is pronounced "false", it is called "plaid hair" and it is called "carry". However, because "urine is not wet" is a conventional new term, it is not called "brook is not wet", so we can see that Hangzhou dialect is constantly introducing new terms. In a few years, there will be more new terms in Hangzhou dialect. When Guang Chen is established, it will be easier to speak Hangzhou dialect. "What is a set?"
"I see, what a set!"
"Well, that's settled."
You can hear the above dialogue on many occasions, because it is the most talked-about dialogue in Hangzhou. However, as a "Shanghainese", the first time I heard this conversation, I would think that I was in Hu Wei, and I was talking slang with a mountain carving. In fact, "tying a set" means "how to do it", "what set" means this, and "just cut a set" means "that's it".
Does that sound good? It doesn't seem so good either, so why do you say that? Language is like this. There is only one reason to exist, and that is convention. People in Hangzhou have been saying this for hundreds of years. As long as Hangzhou people love to say so, it will still exist.
There are many other "confusing" Hangzhou dialects. For example, the sentence "The tiger incited the wolf to bite Sureshot" can be understood as either the tiger killed the wolf or the wolf killed the tiger. For another example, although feet and legs grow together, legs are legs and feet. Let's make it clear. But Hangzhou dialect is called legs and feet. When a person's legs are short, he will say, "This person's feet are short." On the contrary, people with long legs will say "long feet" or simply say "this person is a long-legged crane". Of course, it won't be from Hangzhou, because in Hangzhou dialect, you can still find out the terms that make you clear. Well, the whole leg is called "ankle", the knee is called "ankle", the thigh is called "big foot" and the calf is called "little foot"
Let's start with the feet. The meaning of "lame" is not much different from "bubbling", "pushing board" and "poor code" It all means poor. But "poking at the corner" is different. It means destroying people and exposing their shortcomings. The meaning similar to "poking in the corner" is called "digging the soles of the feet", especially the act of telling the ugly things that others have done before. If a person "likes to hold big feet and arms", it means that this person likes to be big and rich. In the eyes of Hangzhou people, "unclear" is the most hateful, so when Hangzhou people yell at you, "You don't even know!" That just means he's had enough of you.
However, people who are always called "unclear" also have their own "unclear" places. Don't believe it? Listen to the following conversation first.
"Tonight is coming (tonight), and our husband is knocking on the floor to treat us. You and your husband must come! "
"Ok, I came with our husband."
"I'll call again later and ask her to come with their husbands."
"Ha ha, they met on the wine table and took photos with their heads held high. What a vivid class! " They met at the wine table, which was called excitement.
You can often hear the above conversation in the street. If you hear this conversation from Hangzhou, you won't feel "confused" at all. But if this conversation is heard by outsiders, it will be "chaotic"-what about "our husband" and "their husband"? Are Hangzhou people all married by several women?
Hehe, when foreigners hear Ge's words, they'd better keep silent, just smile at the crane (without making a sound), and never ask others why they are fighting for their husbands (silly, unable to respond at the moment). This is "eating head and neck punches" (slapping). Because there is no difference between people in Hangzhou and people in any part of China: cars can be used together, houses can be used together, and couples are absolutely unwilling to fight with others!
You see, personal pronouns use "I, you, he" and plural plus "men", which is an established norm in the language environment of Greater China, but it is discounted in Hangzhou dialect: when personal pronouns are singular as attributes, they are used to plural. Such as "mine", "yours" and "his", when the nouns to be expressed are people or places, they will all be said as "us", "you" and "them". For example, "your home is much cleaner than his", in Hangzhou words, "your room is much fresher than theirs." Use "you", "I" and "he" when the noun to be expressed is an object, such as "You put your mobile phone in his bag." Therefore, Hangzhou people say to you that "we are husbands" does not mean that your wife and his wife are sisters; When Hangzhou people say "our son" to you, you don't have to do "DNA" to verify your innocence.
Anyone who loves traveling knows that Yunnan, Guizhou and other places have the saying of "eighteen eccentrics". Then, if there is a whole "eighteen eccentrics" in Hangzhou, the above dialogue can definitely be regarded as one of them.
Hangzhou dialect applies for world heritage.
In the sixth batch of representative projects of intangible cultural heritage in Hangzhou, "Hangzhou dialect" appeared on it. "Little girl, if you do it, it will be difficult to fight." There is a language that belongs to the deepest memory of a city. Even if you are far away in a foreign country, you will burst into tears when you hear it, and it is that dialect.
In fact, it is not the first time that "Hangzhou Dialect" has applied for the intangible cultural heritage project. Xiaoguang Qi, director of Hangzhou Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Center, told reporters that as early as 20 12, they also wanted to declare, but they failed because of various restrictions. "In Hangzhou, many people are working to protect Hangzhou dialect and let it declare intangible cultural heritage. This is actually to better inherit and protect Hangzhou, the most distinctive thing. " Director Qi said. However, there are many conditions needed to apply for the project. The degree of understanding of Hangzhou dialect and the atmosphere of dialect in the city are all very important conditions when applying for the project. In order to prepare for the second application, everyone has made a lot of efforts. Last year, Hangzhou Chinese Culture Promotion Association also took the lead in holding the "I am from Hangzhou, Hangzhou Dialect Competition" to arouse the public's enthusiasm for Hangzhou Dialect.