Knowledge is the source of all power, the capital for literati and poets to express their heroic ambitions; the source of strength for national prosperity and scientific development; and the cornerstone of people's independence from the world's cultural forest. Because knowledge is power. Below I will share with you some summary of knowledge points of novels for the 2022 College Entrance Examination. I hope it can help you. Welcome to read!
Table of Contents
Summary of knowledge points of novels for the 2022 College Entrance Examination.
Basic knowledge for answering novel questions in the college entrance examination
How to improve Chinese language scores in the college entrance examination
Summary of knowledge points in novels for the 2022 college entrance examination
1. Preparation requirements for novel reading : Strengthen two consciousnesses
1. Strengthen text awareness: read the text (extensive reading), answer questions based on the text (intensive reading)
2. Strengthen normative awareness: review the questions (carefully review the questions) , familiar with the test points and question types); answer standards (clear direction, clear thinking, correct format, concise and accurate language); writing standards; continuous reading of questions and answers.
2. Novel reading test points - propositions centered on four key words (environment, plot, characters, theme)
1. Environment
"1 "Three Examinations of Scenery", analyzes the characteristics, writing methods and functions of environmental description (natural environment description and social environment description). Sometimes the role and profound meaning of environmental description are explored.
2. Plot
Analyze the stages of the novel’s plot (prologue, beginning, development, climax, ending, epilogue), summarize the plot; analyze the characteristics and functions of plot arrangements; explore The role of plot arrangement.
3. Characters
Analyze the personality characteristics of the characters in the novel, explore the typical meaning of the characters, and evaluate the characters. Analyze the main techniques used to depict characters in novels (description methods such as appearance, language, action, psychology, etc.), and be able to analyze the role of direct (frontal) description, indirect (side) description, and detailed description.
4. Theme
Understand the theme of the work. Evaluate the theme of the novel, explore the practical significance of the theme of the novel, and explore the emotional orientation.
5. Concept: analyze the characteristics of the novel's concept
6. Understand the meaning and function of the title.
The first examination angle - plot
Examination angle: sort out and summarize the plot of the novel
Problem-solving rules:
①Divide the plot (Looking for clues, looking for events)
②Summary and induction (centering on the central event or clue, using the superposition and merging methods; the protagonist is the subject)
③The language form is: who is the person? did something.
Examination angle: analyze the characteristics of the plot of the novel
Problem-solving rules:
1. Master the characteristics of the plot structure of the micro-novel; (① setting up suspense; ② plot twists and turns; ③ unexpected and reasonable (analyzing foreshadowing and allusion); ④ misplacement method; ⑤ cleverly setting up misunderstandings)
2. When answering questions, you should focus on the characteristics of the plot, use terminology, and combine the characteristics of the text Concrete embodiment, example analysis.
Examination angle: Explore the role of a certain plot
Problem-solving rules:
①Answer how this plot is related to the previous and previous plots. (Pointing to the plot itself)
②Answer whether this plot arrangement is consistent with the character's personality characteristics and development trajectory. (Point to the character)
③Answer whether this plot arrangement is conducive to expressing the theme. (Point to the topic)
④Answer whether this plot arrangement hints at the social environment. (Point to the environment) (Sometimes needed)
⑤Answer whether this plot arrangement conforms to the logic of life and the laws of art. (Sometimes required)
Examination angle: explore whether a certain plot is reasonable
Problem-solving rules:
①State your point of view (consistent with the author’s point of view) < /p>
② Find the basis to prove your point of view starting from the plot arrangement itself, the identity of the characters and the purpose of the article.
The second examination angle - characters
Examination angle: analysis of novel characters
Problem-solving rules:
It can be analyzed through The novel's plot, theme, and methods of character creation (① capture portrait; ② capture language; ③ capture action; ④ capture expression; ⑤ capture psychology; ⑥ capture the relationship between characters) to grasp the character image.
The answer format is: specific sentence analysis + personality characteristics or personality characteristics + specific sentence analysis. That is: what kind of person he is and what kind of character (thought quality) he has.
Examination angle: Analyze the method of character creation
Problem-solving rules:
a. Positive description: language (dialogue), behavior (action), appearance, Psychology (inner monologue), details
b. Profile description: ① Contrast and contrast; ② Environmental contrast; ③ Introduction by others; ④ Other techniques.
Examination angle: Analyze the role of the secondary characters in the novel
Problem-solving rules:
①The role of the main character
Analyze the main characters The role of the character image is mainly to analyze the social significance of the character image: first, we must analyze the typicality of the character image in conjunction with the plot, and then analyze the social phenomena reflected by the character image and the certain enlightenment it brings to people in conjunction with social reality.
②The role of secondary characters
The secondary character is a foil character or a clue character. Its role is generally considered from the following perspectives: (1) serving the main character, It serves as a foil for the main characters; (2) reveals or highlights the main theme; (3) if it is a clue character, it will naturally be a clue that runs through the whole text.
Examination angle: method of judging the protagonist
Problem-solving rules:
Consider the following aspects: a. Who is the most concentrated embodiment of the theme of the novel? ;b. The status in the novel, who is described from the front and who is introduced from the side; c. The degree of the author's writing. d. Who does the plot of the novel revolve around? e. Who is related to the title of the novel.
The third examination angle - environment
Examination angle: the characteristics of the social environment are examined
Question-solving rules:
Summarize by analyzing the characteristics of the times and interpersonal relationships in the novel.
If the question is about the characteristics of the natural environment, the answer idea is: ① First find the sentence describing the scenery in the article and see what scenery it describes; ② Analyze the described scenery and the modifiers of the scenery. , when analyzing, we should look at the unique characteristics of these scenery, pay special attention to the adjectives (some adjectives can be directly extracted), and then summarize.
Special reminder: Pay attention to the difference between the terms "characteristics of scenery" and "characteristics of scenery description" in the question stem. "Characteristics of scenery description" is about description skills (techniques).
Examination angle: What is examined is the role of environmental description
Problem-solving rules:
The first step is to analyze the role of the environment itself: ① Explain the time when the story takes place , place, season, etc.
; ② hint at the social environment; ③ render the atmosphere of...; ④ set the tone of... (beginning of chapter)
The second part analyzes the role of the environment on the characters Function: ① To highlight the psychology of... and express the character of the character...; ②. To hint at the character's identity, destiny, etc.
The third part analyzes the role of the environment on the plot: ① Promote the development of the plot; ② Lead to the following..., and pave the way for the following...; ③ Clues.
The fourth step is to analyze the role of the environment on the theme: ① hint, reveal..., the theme; ②. Deepen the theme.
In addition, environmental description also has other functions: ① point out the topic; ② echo; ③ express the characteristics of...
Friendly reminder:
The function of describing the environment at any point in the novel: ① to exaggerate the atmosphere of...; ② to highlight the psychology of... and express the character of...; ③ to express the characteristics of.... ——*** Sex
The role of environmental description in the beginning of the novel: ① implying the social environment; ② setting the tone of...; ③ leading out the following..., paving the way for the following; ④ hinting and revealing ...theme;
The role of environmental description in the middle part of the novel: to promote plot development.
The role of environmental description at the end of the novel: ① hint, reveal...the main theme; ② echo.
Full text: clues
Examination angle: Examine the method of describing the environment
Question-solving rules: The answer format is: using... techniques to highlight (show)….
The fourth examination angle—theme
Examination angle: exploring the profound meaning of the novel
Problem-solving rules:
Meaning: Common principles (not limited to characters in novels)
Consider the following aspects: a. People and environment b. Main plot c. Characters d. Relationship between characters
Examination Angle: Explore the emotional orientation of the novel
Question-solving rules:
The answer format is: emotional words + objects + related events (spiritual quality)
From the following Consider three aspects: a. Content level of the work b. Characters (relationship between characters) c. Plot d. Social environment e. Writing background.
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Basic knowledge of college entrance examination novels
1. The three elements of novels: characters, plot, environment
Character novels One of the most important features is to create flesh-and-blood, vivid and touching characters. The so-called typical artistic image refers to an image that not only has a unique and distinctive personality, but also reflects certain essences of a certain society and has a certain sex appeal.
The main methods of portraying characters include: portrait, language, action, psychology, expression, detailed description, frontal description, side description, as well as contrast and contrast, exaggeration before suppression, etc. (detailed appreciation methods will be discussed later)
Plot is a series of organized life events used to express the theme or character of a character in a plot novel, that is, the character's action process within a certain period of time.
Plot generally includes beginning, development, climax and ending. Some works have both prologue and epilogue.
We need to analyze the character's personality and the theme of the novel through the plot. For example, in "Lin Jiaotou Fengxueshan Temple", Lin Chong's character of being willing to accept the consequences and seeking perfection, and the theme of the government forcing the people to rebel, and the people having no choice but to rebel, are revealed as the plot develops.
Environment Environment is a specific place where a character's personality is formed and his actions are driven. Environment includes both natural environment and social environment.
1 Natural environment: It is the time, place, season, climate, geographical features, etc. of the characters' activities. The description of the natural environment is often arranged to create an atmosphere, set off the character's taste and mood, and express the character's psychology, and often contains the author's emotional color.
For example, the description of the scenery at the beginning of Lu Xun's "Hometown" and "Medicine".
Review: the general role of scene description (see the summary at the end of this material)
2 Social environment: that is, the social background of character activities, events, characteristics of the times, and social style wait. For example, in "Blessing", Master Lu Si's cold study room, superstition of hell, contempt for widows, and indifferent relationships between people constitute the social environment in which Mrs. Xianglin lives and leads to the end of her life step by step.
2. Appreciation of novel elements How to appreciate images
1. Feel the unique and distinctive personality of the characters from the descriptions of actions, language, portraits, psychology, etc.
For example, "The Miser" describes the movements of Grandet's hands when he wanted to pry the gold plate of the dressing box and Eugenie started to fight. The readers will feel from this series of subconscious actions. Grandet's madness in possessing gold; in "Blessing", Sister Xianglin repeatedly narrates the story of "The wolf eats Amao", from which readers will feel the sadness of Sister Xianglin's loss of her beloved son; the changes in Sister Xianglin's eyes are even more evocative Feel the changes in her living situation and mental state.
2. Feel the authenticity and vividness of the characters from the description of typical details.
For example, in "Lotus Lake", when Shui Sheng's sister-in-law heard the news that Shui Sheng was going to the army, her fingers vibrated and she put her fingers in her mouth and sucked them, the readers will feel the inner shock of Shui Sheng's sister-in-law. Psychological changes that differ from apparent calmness.
3. Feel the profound meaning of the characters from the development of conflicts and plot trends.
For example, in "The True Story of Ah Q", the contradictory development of Ah Q from active to passive on the issue of "revolution" is manifested in the plot trend of announcing revolution, imagining revolution, revolution and disillusionment. Readers You can feel the ups and downs of the characters' fate.
4. Feel the character’s taste and mood from the atmosphere created by the description of the time, place, season, climate, geographical features and other natural environments of the character’s activities;
From the character’s activities, The psychology and personality of the characters can be understood through the description of the social environment such as the characteristics of the times and social landscape in which the events occurred and developed.
For example, the ending of "Medicine" describes the natural environment of the cemetery, highlighting the desolate atmosphere and highlighting the sorrow of the old woman who lost her loved one.
5. When appreciating characters, you should also pay attention to the combination of direct (frontal) description and indirect (side) description.
Direct description, that is, describing the character's language, actions, portraits, and psychological activities in the development of the storyline, and expressing the character's personality traits. In this way, allowing characters to speak, act, change expressions, and engage in psychological activities during conflicts and struggles can create a distinct image of the characters and produce direct appeal. We must learn to feel the vividness of characters from the description of typical details.
Indirect description is to describe other characters to set off and express the personality characteristics of the main character. The typical character of Xia Yu in "Medicine" is indirectly described and shaped by describing the relevant actions, moods, and language of characters such as Hua Laoshuan, Tea Guest, Grandma Xia, etc.
Knowledge summary how to appreciate characters
1. Portrait, action, language, psychological description 2. Description of typical details 3. Development of contradictions and conflicts
4 .The time, place, season, climate, geographical features and other natural environments of the characters’ activities;
The social environment such as the characteristics of the times, social features and other social environments in which the characters’ activities and events occurred and developed
Note: Direct The combination of expression (portrait, language, action, psychology, details) and indirect expression (side description such as positive contrast, reverse contrast, person to person, scene to person, scene to person, etc.)
Three , Appreciation of novel elements, how to appreciate plot
Common patterns of plot structure arrangement (rough classification)
(1) Swinging style. That is commonly referred to as "twists and turns". The plots of most novels do not run in a straight line, but tend to have branches at the development or climax, causing twists and turns in the plot. After experiencing certain twists and turns, it gets back on track.
This is where the plot swings. The swings in the plot often give the novel a more breathtaking charm. Pay attention to the difference: swing in plot - delay in structure ("Livestock Forest")
"Delay" is a method of advancing the structure layer by layer, which means that in the process of the novel, the author tries his best to give Create obstacles to the progression of story, characters, and psychology. Without making readers feel that their hopes are completely dashed. ("Nine-Nine Eighty-one Difficulties" and "Three Strikes of Skeleton Demons" in "Journey to the West")
(2) O. Henry style. The ending is unexpected but reasonable, which is the main feature and creative requirement of O. Henry's plot structure. This structural form twists the contradictions of life into concentrated, sharp, and intense conflicts, and then condenses the pen on the key to drastic changes, achieving the dramatic effect of contradictory transformation with logical sudden changes.
(3) Montage style. Or called "lens combination". That is to say, the film montage assembly method is used to connect several intrinsically related shots or scenes to form an organic and complete structure. The connection of several shots can create an artistic conception and express the author's thoughts.
(4) Monologue style. Narrate the story using the psychological activities of the characters in a specific environment as clues to promote the development of the plot. This form is convenient for expressing the deep emotions of the characters and expressing thoughts about things and characters.
(5) Flashback style. A structural method of writing the results first, then the causes and processes. This structure includes both flashbacks and narrations of past events, as well as continuation of narrative lines. Lu Xun's "Blessing" writes that "I" returned to his hometown of Luzhen, and experienced the death of Xianglin's wife, which triggered memories of fragments of her life, thus revealing the main events of the novel one by one.
(6) Blank style. The blank structure focuses on the appropriateness of the narrative and stops abruptly, leaving endless room for the reader's imagination.
(7) Circumflex. "Yang" is the main body. I first wrote on "Yang" and then suddenly switched to "Yang". Or vice versa. Use this method to make the plot changeable and create sharp contrasts, which will make readers suddenly realize and leave a deep impression. (Yue Buqun and Linghu Chong in "The Swordsman")
(8) Double-line structure. ① Light and dark lines: combination of visible and hidden, swaying in various shapes - Lu Xun's "Medicine" ② Double main lines: two flowers bloom, one on each side - "Lost Street Pavilion" Yu Hua's "The History of Two People" ③ Primary and secondary lines: primary and secondary Walking together, complementing each other - "The Last Ivy Leaf" Liu Cixin's "Rural Teacher" (Excerpt) (2019 Changjun 4)
The benefits of double lines of light and dark: one bright and one dark (one visible and one hidden) The clues are intertwined (cross-promotion, parallel expansion, echoing each other, reflecting each other), forming "suspense", making the story vivid (compact and concentrated), ups and downs (fascinating, twists and turns and tension); better shaping... the character image ; Highlight the theme of the novel...
1. The twists and turns of the plot: The full text has twists and turns, which are fascinating and exciting, and enhance the drama and readability of the story.
2. The relationship between the beginning and the end: there are echoes between the beginning and the end (before and after). The function is to make the structure tight and complete.
3. The beginning: ① Flashback style: write the ending at the beginning to create suspense and attract attention (attract readers' interest)
② Suspense method (suspense method): Ask questions and then answer them during the writing or at the end. The function is to create suspense, lead to the following, and cause readers to think, attracting readers to continue reading the novel.
Arouse readers' thinking (interest), introduce the plot of the following..., highlight the characters... the image reveals the theme of the novel
③ Scenery method: explain the environment in which the story takes place, exaggerate the atmosphere, and highlight The character’s mood sets the emotional tone.
4. Ending:
1. Unexpected ending. Advantages: ① From the perspective of structural arrangement, it makes the dull storyline suddenly create waves and generates shocking power. ② Judging from the expression method, it corresponds to the foreshadowing (foreshadowing) or title of the previous article, making people feel that it is reasonable. ③From a thematic perspective, it can better deepen the theme.
O. Henry-style ending: It refers to that short story masters often suddenly make unexpected changes in the psychological situation of the characters at the end of the plot of the article, or make the fate of the protagonist suddenly reverse, with unexpected results, but also It is reasonable and consistent with the reality of life, thus creating unique artistic charm.
2. Sad and tragic ending. ① Better deepen the theme. ② Better shape the character. ③ This ending is touching (shocking).
3. Stop abruptly, leaving a blank ending. The novel is more subtle, leaving a "blank" for readers to imagine, allowing readers to create art, which is evocative and thought-provoking;
In addition, please note:
1 , clues throughout the plot. Things that can be used as clues include: things, objects, people, emotions, time, and space.
2. The role of plot development in expressing character.
Answer idea: summarize the plot in order, and then point out the character
3. The role of plot development in expressing the theme
Answer idea: summarize the plot first, and then Click on the topic.
4. Knowledge summary, novel expression techniques
Language, action, portrait, psychological description, frontal description, side description, detailed description, using small things to set up suspense, ambush, pen to render the atmosphere, irony (satire) Contrast and foil, supporting the moon, the desire to rise first suppresses (first suppresses and then rises) the desire suppresses first to rise
Sequential narration, flashback, interlude narrative clues (dual lines), O. Henry style ending, stream of consciousness inner monologue montage ("cutting" " means to connect many shots to achieve the effect of interlacing time and space and large jumps, avoiding the monotony and dullness of straightforward narrative.) Absurd technique (more bizarre than fiction)
"O. Henry-style ending ": It usually means that short story masters often suddenly make unexpected changes in the psychological situation of the characters at the end of the plot, or cause the protagonist's fate to suddenly reverse, resulting in unexpected results, but it is reasonable and consistent with the reality of life, thus Create unique artistic charm.
Setting up suspense and ambush
Setting up suspense: a writing technique adopted by the author in order to activate the reader's "mood of tension and expectation". Just like what we often say, "selling off information" is more "explicit" and aims to stimulate readers' interest in reading and desire to explore. The mystery of Qiao Feng (Xiao Feng)'s life experience in "Dragon"
Foreshadowing: The previous article lays the groundwork for the later article. It can also be understood as a hint from the above to the following. Its advantage is that the explanation is implicit and relatively "hidden". When readers read the following content and the outcome of the story, they can find the relevant explanation from the previous text, making the structure rigorous without feeling abrupt. The details of Dou Xiao cutting his wrists in "The Love of the Hawthorn Tree"
Montage (montage) means "editing" in French. It connects many shots to achieve the effect of interlacing time and space and large jumps, avoiding It eliminates the monotony and dullness of straightforward narrative.
The use of the technique of "promoting before suppressing": to praise and affirm someone (something), belittle and deny first, making the plot ups and downs, creating a sharp contrast before and after, and highlighting the importance of the person (thing). Praise can stimulate readers' interest in reading and leave a deep impression during the reading process. < /p>
Supplement: The general function of the end of the article is to summarize the whole text, to deepen (sublimate) the whole text, to highlight (reveal) the theme, to express the theme, to form a back-and-forth anaphora with the previous text, and to form an anaphora between the beginning and the end of the article.
Summary Theme method ① Analyze the characters ② Clarify the plot development ③ Connect the writing background ④ Grasp the writing intention
The expression mode of the theme: through the story, describe (portray) the scene (character) , reflect (express, express, reveal, reveal, criticize)... the current situation, emotions, thoughts
Supplement: Evaluation of language characteristics
From the perspective of expressiveness and appeal ①Description elements Seeing the person and listening to his words make readers feel like they are personally there. ② The character language is personalized, that is, the character is vividly expressed. ③Language style: plain and simple, humorous, elegant and solemn, implicit and concise, using dialect, and full of life, etc.
5. Language style characteristics of modern literary reading (appreciation of ancient poetry)
① Rhetorical techniques (metaphor, personification, parallelism)
② Sentence selection (Long sentences and short sentences, whole sentences and loose sentences, combination of whole and loose sentences, other rhetorical questions, exclamations and other sentence patterns)
③ Quoting a large number of famous lines from ancient poems and allusions (extensive quotations, elegant charm)
④ Use dialect, colloquial and easy to understand ("White Bird" by Lao She, Zhao Shuli, Jia Pingwa, He Liwei)
⑤ Repeat words and phrases, rhyme harmoniously, and be catchy
⑥The use of expressive verbs and adjectives, accurate and vivid
⑦Detailed description (action, appearance, psychology, etc.), delicate and expressive
⑧Derogatory words and complimentary words Derogatory use, irony, irony
⑨The language style is vivid and vivid (using various kinds of rhetoric), plain and simple (Jia Pingwa), easy to understand (clear as words_ancient poetry), and has the flavor of life (native) ( Lively and vivid (Lao She, Sun Li, Jia Pingwa), using dialect, colloquialism (Lao She, Jia Pingwa, Zhao Shuli), fresh and natural (Wang Wei, Shen Congwen), humorous (Qian Zhongshu, Liang Shiqiu), rich in literary talent (vivid and expressive images) (Liu Liangcheng) ), gorgeous, gorgeous and gorgeous (Xiangyan) (Wen Tingyun, Zhang Ailing, Bi Shumin), elegant and solemn (Feng Zikai), leisurely and dilute (Feng Zikai, Zhou Zuoren, Lin Yutang), concise and concise, implicit and implicit (connotative but not revealing, Li Shangyin) ), bold (uninhibited), melancholy, philosophical (Zhou Guoping), sharp and profound, teasing
Ancient poetry language styles: including fresh, natural, plain (simple), straightforward, bright (bright) ), refined, popular (colloquial), majestic, gorgeous (gorgeous), subtle, elegant, handsome, solemn, funny, melancholy, unrestrained (bold), etc.
The style of a poem may contain multiple interrelated aspects.
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How to improve your Chinese language scores in the college entrance examination
1. Make a plan
Making a study plan is conducive to enhancing the initiative in learning , avoid blindness, thereby enhancing orderliness. As long as we can formulate a detailed and thorough study plan and actively study according to the plan, we can form good study habits and improve learning efficiency.
2. Active preview
Emphasis on preview before class is an important part of learning to learn actively and is the initial stage of learning. ―General preview should achieve the following four purposes:
First, to have a general understanding of the content and level of the text or the next lesson;
Second, to consolidate the knowledge Review old knowledge, understand new knowledge, and make organic connections between old and new knowledge at a rough level;
The third is to find out the key points, difficulties and places that are puzzling to you in the text, especially those that are paradoxical and familiar. Special attention should be paid to the knowledge;
The fourth is to understand the exercises behind the text, mark the more difficult questions, and pay attention to the teacher or ask them when he is teaching.
3. Be prepared for class
Preparation for classroom learning mainly includes several aspects:
(1) Establish clear classroom learning goals. Clear learning goals have a strong guiding and motivating function for classroom learning, enabling students to concentrate, active thinking, and improve learning efficiency.
(2) Maintain a good psychological state. First, you must have a strong thirst for knowledge; second, you must have an optimistic learning mood; third, you must have a positive thinking orientation.
(3) Be physically prepared to ensure that you have full energy to devote to class study.
(4) Prepare learning supplies, and pay attention to keeping the desk in order to avoid messy things on the desk that will affect your learning mood.
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