Eight Bitterness, that is, raw bitterness, old bitterness, sick bitterness, bitter death, resentment and bitterness, love parting from bitterness, asking for no bitterness and taking five kinds of bitterness (Eight Bitterness Department of Fayuan Zhulin). From Jian Wendi Liang's Preface to Ode to the Bodhi Tree: "It's sad to have six senses, and suffer eight hardships. Without the Great Sage, who will save Huiqiao?"