Cao Jianguo
(First Issue)
Summary: Chu Jianyi's poem "The Song of the Crossings" is a loanword of "the Song of the Crossings", which is a bird like a phoenix. The poem started with "owl" as a metaphor for a gentleman, which was related to the phoenix worship of Chu people. Jiaojiaoming is a poem written by Chu people, but it is influenced by the Book of Songs, especially the poem Ya.
Keywords: Chu Jianyi's poems; Phoenix worship; Chu poetry; The Chinese library classification number of the poem
Ya: I26.2 Document identification code: A
Cao Jianguo (1969-), a native of Huoqiu, Anhui Province, a lecturer in the College of Literature of Wuhan University, mainly engaged in the study of literature and literary theory in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties.
There are two escape poems in Shangbo No.4: Jiao Jiao Ming and Duo Qian, and scholars pay more attention to Jiao Jiao Ming. Scholars usually interpret "Wu" as "Wu", but they don't understand why poetry rises with "Wu" and why "Wu" is concentrated in Shuizhu. In my opinion, the word "owl" in the bamboo slips belongs to birds such as phoenix. Poetry started with "owl", which is related to the custom of phoenix worship of Chu people, so "Jiaojiaoming (owl)" is a poem of Chu people.
1
First of all, I look at Yi's poems, and the short prose is quite incomplete:
p>□□□□□□□ Liang. Kai Zhuo gentleman, if jade is like English. A gentleman's lover is self-centered. Kai Yu is good, □□□□□□ □□□□□□, all Chinese are British.
the symphony is gathered in zhongzhu. A gentleman is like a leopard or a tiger. Gentleman □□□, □□□□□□. It is good to be open and prepared, but the heart is embarrassing. Between the customs, everything is up and down.
cross-singing, gathering in the middle. Kai □□□□□, □□□□ Bei. A gentleman's lover is self-defense. Kai Yu is good, but the heart is everything. Between the customs department, all are less and all are big.
According to the context, the missing text can be supplemented:
Cross-singing, concentrated in the middle beam. Kai Zhuo gentleman, if jade is like English. A gentleman's lover is self-centered. Kai Yu is good, but the heart is □. Between the customs department, all China and all Britain.
the symphony is gathered in zhongzhu. A gentleman is like a leopard or a tiger. A gentleman loves himself. It is good to be open and prepared, but the heart is embarrassing. Between the customs, everything is up and down.
cross-singing, gathering in the middle. Kai Zhuo gentleman, if □ if Bei. A gentleman's lover is self-defense. Kai Yu is good, but the heart is everything. Between the customs department, all are less and all are big.
After the publication of Shanghai Bo Si, Liao Mingchun, Ji Xusheng and others made supplementary explanations, [1] and made supplementary words for the remaining articles. In the first section, "only the heart is □", Liao Mingchun supplements "Xiang", Ji Xusheng supplements "Kuang" and Qin Hualin supplements "Yang". However, I think referring to the second section, "Only the heart is flirtatious", flirtatious and beautiful is an adjective, then the residual article here should also be supplemented with an adjective, such as "good". In the second section, I agree with Ji Xusheng's statement, and can add "Yu". One rhymes, and the meaning of the two words in the same position in the context is also more consistent. In the third section, I agree with Qin Hualin that "Bei" is interpreted as "Jin Wen" and this sentence is supplemented as "Ruojin Ruobei".
The three verses in the whole poem have the same or similar meanings, which is the first thing we should pay attention to. The poem says, "A gentleman is like a jade if he is like an English", in which "English" is a loan word for "Ying", which means "the brilliance of jade", and "jade" in the poem also takes its white meaning. "If jade is like ying" means that a gentleman's virtue is like jade, glittering and translucent. The poem says, "A gentleman is a leopard like a tiger", and this "tiger leopard" also means that a gentleman has literary talent. "The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan": "The thorn son said:' The gentleman is just a quality, why is it a text?' Zi Gong said,' I'm sorry, but the master said that a gentleman is also a gentleman. I can't talk to you. The quality of literature is still good, and the quality of literature is still good. " "Zi Gong's words are the footnotes of the short article" If a tiger is like a leopard ". The poem says, "a gentleman is a gentleman, if he is a brocade, if he is a bay." Brocade is a silk fabric with various patterns woven with colored warp and weft silk, while shellfish is a shell-shaped pattern on brocade. Xiaoya Xiangbo: "It is like a brocade." Mao Chuan: "Bei Jin, Jin Wen also." It can be seen that the poem praises the gentleman by first focusing on the external decoration and praising his polite and gentle attitude.
The poem goes on to praise the gentleman, saying that "gentlemen are fond of each other, and take themselves as long", "self-defense" and "self-defense". Chief, be the leader, be the chief. "Warring States Policy Chu Ce I": "The fox said:' I dare not eat. Natural enemies have made me a hundred beasts, and it is against my fate to eat me now. "Royal, governance and command. "Shangshu Dayu Mo": "Be simple in the next, be lenient in the public." Guard, guard, defense. Following the above praise for the gentleman's polite demeanor, poetry also praises the gentleman's ability. The "phase" of "gentlemen's friendship" is interpreted as "one party's attitude towards the other party", and "friendship" means that a gentleman is friendly to the people and has superior ability, and can "learn from it", "defend it" and "defend it", which is the patron saint of all people.
"It's good to be open, but the heart is good", "It's hard to be open" and "It's everything". Good, good. Beautiful. Wan, Mr. Ma Chengyuan read it as "encouragement" to encourage righteousness. However, "exhortation" is a verb, which is different from the part of speech of "qi" that "only the heart is qi". So I think "Wan" should be read as "Qi", which means loyalty and honesty. "Book Pan Geng": "Birthday announcements are used by many people." Kong Yingda Shu: "Be sincere to all its people." "Under Mandarin and Zhou Yu": "Yu, Ji Xi! I feel calm and calm. " Wei Zhao's note: "Hey, thick also. ..... It is said that the two gentlemen can be bright in their virtues, thick in their hearts, and consolidate the world. "
"Inter-customs, all Chinese and all British", "all upper and lower" and "all less and all greater", and "Inter-customs" means "Inter-customs seeks governance". Inter-customs, all scholars are confined to "Inter-customs' governance" in Xiaoya Chezhi, and the song says it. In fact, the meaning of "clearance" is the same as that of "encouragement", which is the meaning of hard work and hard work. "Gu Feng": "You are United and should not be angry." Mao Chuan: "Those who talk and encourage, think with the gentleman." "Si" should be said from Ji Xusheng and read as "seeking governance". Therefore, it is the result of the gentleman's efforts to govern, while "all Chinese are British", "all upper and lower" and "all less are big".
to sum up, it is not difficult to see that the whole poem first praises the external beauty of the gentleman, then praises the extraordinary ability, kind character and hard-working politics of the gentleman, and finally ends in harmony and joy. The context is very clear and progressive, reflecting high artistic skills. But at the same time, when reading this poem, everyone has a question: the sentence "The symphony is set in Zhongliang (Zhu, Shu)" used by the poem is quite puzzling. Most scholars interpret the word "Wu" in the poem as "crow". From the phonetic point of view, it is no problem to pronounce "Wu" as "Wu", but it is puzzling that poetry rises with crows. One is that when it comes to "Wu", people rarely have a good impression. Guanzi Situation Solution also says: "Making friends with people, cheating more, being ruthless and stealing everything, is called the friendship between Wu and Ji. At the turn of the Wu set, although at the beginning, it will be mutually awkward. Therefore, it is said:' Wu Ji's friendship is not good' ",which is obviously out of harmony with the following poem praising the gentleman. In addition, it is rare to say that crows "gather in the middle beam". Some scholars quoted the biography of Gou Jian in the Spring and Autumn Period of Wu Yue as saying:
Mrs. Yue Wang cried according to the boat, and the birds and magpies pecked the shrimps in Jiangzhu, flying back and forth, singing because of crying, saying, "The birds are flying, the kites are flying, and the Ling Xuanxu is dancing." Set the continent, Zhu Xi you zi, peck shrimp, and lick the clouds. Let me go back. I'm innocent and guilty, so why blame heaven? Who knows when you will return to Xi when you go west alone? If the heart is cut, the tears will hang. " He also lamented this (chanting) saying, "The bird has gone back to Xiang Xi and Su. The heart is dedicated to vegetarian shrimp, so why live in the rivers and lakes? ......
It is considered that the black in the poem is this kind of brown river black, which lives in valleys and streams, moves in pairs, and can swim and dive in the water. [2]
It seems to be self-explanatory, but there are still several questions to be asked: First, the "black kite" in Wu Yue Chun Qiu is a kite, not a black kite; in the following, it should be "a flying bird is flying with a black kite", and the reason why this article is written is just to bet on the black kite. Secondly, even if there is such a brown river, as people doubt, crows should not be used as the object of singing poems of gentlemen. On the contrary, crows are often opposite to phoenixes and are often regarded as symbols of villains. Qu Yuan's "Involved in the River": "Love birds and phoenix emperors, and the day is far away. Swallows and blackbirds, nests and altars. " Thirdly, the poem says that "communication is singing", and the "communication" should be as explained in Ma Ruichen's "Notes on Mao's Poems": "Communication is biting, which means birds sing." Moreover, the word "bite" used to describe birds' songs also has the meaning of pleasing to the ear and beauty. For example, Mi Heng's "Ode to Parrots" says: "Pick beautiful faces and bite good sounds." "Poems of Yuefu, Long Songs and Ancient Poems": "Yellow birds fly after each other, bite and make good sounds." All can be proved. However, if the word ""in Chu Jianyi's poems is a crow, it is really difficult to associate it with the good sound of "bite".
Some scholars don't interpret the word "Wu" in the poem. For example, the article exposing Liao Mingchun in the newspaper simply reads the word "bird". But this avoidance seems to be inappropriate. Because since poetry is a "symphony", it must refer to a certain bird, which has a special meaning and is by no means a general reference. Otherwise, just write "songbirds" directly, there is no need to draw out the word "".
We believe that it should be pronounced as "owl" or "crow", but "owl". Shuowen: "Owl is a genus. From the bird, the sound is screaming. " However, in Songs of the South and Classic of Mountains and Seas, "Owl" is regarded as a phoenix, so the "Owl" in the poem should be a phoenix bird. The poem eulogizes the gentleman with the rise of phoenix, which is related to the worship culture of phoenix in Chu people.
2
First of all, from the pronunciation point of view, the word "Yu" belongs to the ancient shadow mother fish department, so "Yu" should also be the word of shadow mother fish department. And "owl" is the word of shadow mother fat part. Lu Deming's "Classic Interpretation" Volume 6: "Owl, Wu Xi is rebellious." Volume 7: "The sound of the owl is contrary to that of the chicken, and it is also a genus." "Notes on the Dragon Cave" Volume II: "Owl, in the counter, the bird is like a giant." It can be seen that the initials of "Owl" and "Yu" are exactly the same, so the ancient people often used "Yu" and "Wu" as the reverse words for the phonetic notation of "Owl". At the same time, there are also examples of "Ling" and "Yu" in the ancient books, and "Er Ya Shi Di": "There are doctors who have no problems." Among them, "Doctor without Lu" is the name of the mountain, and "A Journey of Chu Ci" is quoted as "Yu Wei Lu". [3] It can be seen that ""can communicate with "owl", which may have dialect factors.
Secondly, in a sense, the "Elegance" says: "Elegance is in Jing." Mao Chuan: "Owl, Fu genus." Same as Shuowen. Guo Pu's annotation "Erya" said that Fu was "small like a duck, with a long tail and a text on its back. Today, Jiangdong is also called Fu". It is worth noting that Fu has a text on its back, so it is also a text on the back of Fu, which may be the reason why the ancients regarded Fu as a phoenix bird. Qu Yuan's Lisao: "I want to take advantage of the jade, and I want to take advantage of the wind." Wang Yi's note: "Owl, phoenix is also an alias. "Shan Hai Jing" says: Owl has five colors, but its writing is like a phoenix. Phoenix is also a car decoration. " Hong Xingzu's supplementary note: "The owl, in the plan, cuts the black chicken." "Shan Hai Jing" says: There are colorful birds in Jiuyi Mountain, flying all over the country. Colorful birds, birds also. There is another cloud: there are birds in the snake mountain, with five colors, flying out of the sun, and the famous owl. " Sima Xiangru's "On the Forest": "Long Kong Luan, promote the birds. Flip the ostrich and take the phoenix emperor. " It juxtaposes the ostrich with Kong Luan, Fu Kun and Feng Huang, and obviously regards the ostrich as a phoenix-like god bird. Phoenix is a symbol of auspiciousness in the eyes of the ancients, and it is also often used to compare with a gentleman, so it is associated with the following. At the same time, it is worth noting that the above-mentioned Songs of Chu and Classic of Mountains and Seas are both ancient books rooted in Chu culture. Therefore, it is related to the cultural background of Chu that the ostrich is regarded as a phoenix.
finally, let's see if it is possible for Phoenix to "gather in Zhongliang (Zhongzhu, Zhongshu)". As a legendary god bird, Phoenix is similar to dragons and forests, and it is also born from many things. Shuowen: "Phoenix, the god bird is also. The old man said, "The image of the phoenix is also like a rainbow, with a snake-neck fish tail, a stork brooding, a turtle with a dragon's back, a swallow's beak and a five-color display." Since it has the characteristics of snake, fish and turtle, it naturally has something to do with water, and Hong and stork are also birds who like to live by the water. "Huai Nan Zi Lan Ming Xun" also said: "The phoenix is flying to the highest virtue, but the thunder does not work, the wind and rain do not flourish, the valleys do not grow, the vegetation does not care, and the swallows are proud of it, thinking that they cannot compete with it in the universe. Even when he died in Wan Ren, he flew over the four seas, passed through the sparse garden of Kunlun, drank the turbulent wrasse of the mainstay, and returned to the island of Mongolia. When he was still pretending to be in Jizhou, his path was wide, and he was restrained in the sun, his wings were weak, and he stayed in the wind. " According to Wang Niansun's textual research, "weak wings" is the mistake of "weak feathers", which shows that the phoenix plays weak water. And "the turbulent wrasse drinking the mainstay" is also similar to "gathering in the middle of the river" in "Crossing the Sound", and [4] "returning to the island of Mongolia" is similar to "gathering in the middle of the river". Looking at owls again, owls have dual identities, on the one hand, they are waterfowl of the genus Eriocheir, on the other hand, they are god birds of the genus Phoenix. I guess, the owl was originally a waterfowl, and it was deified as a phoenix because of its colorful text. Just like a stork, Shuowen says, "Storks and wrens are birds of God. There are partridges in the river, which seem to be large and red eyes. " Duan Yucai's note: "This statement is a fish in the river, not a thing, not a bird." Needless to say, it is not a divine bird, but in fact it may be because this bird is "red-eyed and spotted, and its hair is purple, such as? ? "Color", people mistakenly think that it is a partridge (purple phoenix). Similarly, there is Jiao Ming, who is also a kind of phoenix. Shan Li noted Sima Xiangru's "On the Forest": "Zhang Yi said: Jiao Ming is like a giant, a bird of the west. Music Juice Map: Jiao Ming looks like a phoenix emperor. Song Zhong said: Waterbirds are also. " [5] It seems that the phoenix has a very close relationship with waterfowl. Not only the phoenix god birds such as blackbirds and partridges originated from waterfowl, but Jiao Ming was also interpreted as waterfowl. In this case, it is logical that the poem starts with a ostrich and writes that it is "concentrated in Zhongliang (Zhongzhu, Zhonghao)". Because "owl" is a phoenix, it is also reasonable to call out a good sound of "bite". The poem "Xunzi Jiemu" refers to "Phoenix Qiu Qiu" and "Qiu Qiu" means "making friends".
Poems started with the phoenix, with distinct Chu culture color. There have been many differences about the origin of Chu culture in academic circles, and so far there is no conclusion. However, in Chu culture, it is recognized by everyone that phoenix has an incomparable respect, because both handed down documents and new archaeological discoveries can prove this. Some scholars quoted extensively from the aspects of material culture and spiritual life, and listed various manifestations of Chu people's respect for phoenix and worship of phoenix. [6] It can be said that in the Central Plains cultural area, the dragon is the master; In the eyes of the Chu people, the phoenix is the king of course, and even degraded the dragon and the tiger for it. [7] Because of this, all good things and even virtuous gentlemen are often referred to as phoenix by Chu people. "The Analects of Confucius" recorded that Chu was crazy to meet Confucius with a phoenix, and "Taiping Yu Lan" (volume 915) recorded that Lao Tzu saw Confucius and also called Kong Ziyu a phoenix. In the same sense of praise, Confucius compared Laozi to a dragon, which is a distinct regional and cultural difference. Chu people's respect for phoenix can be especially appreciated from Chu ci, which has the most Chu cultural color. According to Mr. Jiang Liangfu's statistics, there are twenty-four "phoenixes" in Songs of the South of China, in addition to Huang, Luan, Owl, Kong Luan, Peacock (in Songs of the South of China, peacocks belong to phoenix, and they are also handsome birds, such as "Peacocks are full of gardens, and livestock are only bears of the emperor" in Da Zhao), Kong Bird and Yun. [8] These phoenix birds are often compared to sages and gentlemen, such as "Phoenix is both cherished by Xi" in Lisao, "Phoenix bears a bird, and the sun is far away" in Shejiang, "Phoenix is in the sky" in Huai Sha, and "Phoenix lingers alone" in Nine Arguments. However, although dragons are common in Chu Ci, they are not seen in the sense of gentlemen and sages, but mostly driving tools or decorative patterns, which are completely different from the connotation of phoenix.
not only that, in Chu culture, the phoenix even acts as a protector.