The round building is the most characteristic building in the local Tulou group, generally it starts from the center of a circle, according to the different radius, one layer unfolds outward, just like the water waves in the lake, ring and ring, very spectacular. Its most central place for the family ancestral temple, outward in turn for the ancestral hall, the corridor, the outermost ring of people. The entire Tulou room of the same size, an area of about ten square meters or so, using the **** the same staircase, each family wind almost no secret to speak of.
2, the reason: Tulou residential caste gatherings and group living characteristics and its construction features are closely related to the history of the Hakka people. The Hakka people were originally Han people in the Central Plains, due to war, famine and other reasons were forced to move south, to the Southern Song Dynasty after nearly a thousand years, moving 10,000 miles, in Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi provinces in the formation of the Hakka folklore. In the process they were forced to leave their homes, displaced from their homeland, experienced a lot of hardship, they have a deep understanding, whether it is a long-distance displacement, or new to an unfamiliar place of residence, many of the difficulties have to rely on their own people to unite and help each other, and work together to solve the problem, **** degree of difficulty. Therefore, every time they go to a place, the family members of the family name always live together. This also formed the unique architectural form of Hakka houses - Tulou. Because the Hakka people live in most of the remote mountainous areas or deep in the mountains, not only was there a lack of building materials, jackals, wolves, tigers and leopards, thieves and noisy, coupled with the fear of local attacks, the Hakka people have created a "defense" of the castle-style architecture of the residence - Tulou.
3, heat and humidity environment, light environment, cultural connotation.
Full economy
The main building materials of Hakka Tulou are loess and cedar soil. These 2 materials are inexhaustible in the border area of Fujian, Guangdong and Gan provinces where Hakka people live. Especially the yellow soil, it is taken from the mountain slopes, so there is no problem of destroying the arable land. If an old building has to be dismantled and rebuilt, the wall soil can be reused or used as fertilizer for crops without producing a lot of construction waste like modern stone or concrete houses. Generally speaking, due to the smooth ventilation of the roof frame, the deterioration of the wooden components by termites or moisture is not serious, and the old materials can be used for two times, and the construction technique of the earth building is easier to master, and can be operated by human labor without the need for special equipment. Usually, the construction time is arranged in the dry and rainy winter, when it is just the time for farming, and the clansmen can participate in the project in large numbers, which greatly reduces the cost of the construction of the building.
Good solidity
The Hakka Tulou, especially the round cottage, has the best solidity. Cylindrical structure can be extremely uniform transmission of various types of loads, while the bottom of the thickest outer wall, to the upward gradual thinning and slightly inward tilt, the formation of excellent pre-stress centripetal state, in the general seismic effects or uneven subsidence of the foundation must also be the case, the earth building as a whole will not occur destructive deformation. And because of the earth wall is buried inside the bamboo slice wood and other horizontal tensile tendons, even if the temporary force is too large and produce cracks, the overall structure is not dangerous.
One of the biggest dangers of earthen buildings is water attack, but the vast majority of the practice is to use large pebbles to build a foundation, the height of which is designed to be above the maximum flood line. Earthen walls are rammed above the stone foundation, and the tops of the walls have large eaves that rise up to about 3 meters to ensure that rainwater is thrown out of the walls.
Wonderful physical
The walls of the Hakka Tulou are about 1.5 meters thick, thus preventing the entry of the heat on hot days and preventing the cleaners from attacking the building on cold days, and creating a microclimate inside the building that is cool in summer and warm in winter. It is very wonderful that the thick earth wall has any other wall can not match the role of containment. In Fujian, Guangdong, Gan three provinces in the border area, annual rainfall of up to 1800 millimeters, and often clear and rainy, outdoor humidity and dryness change too much.
In such climatic conditions, the thick earth to maintain the humidity suitable for human beings, the environment is too dry, it can naturally release water; environment is too wet, absorb water, this regulatory role is obviously very beneficial to the health of residents. Today's architects often talk about the control of indoor noise. Indeed, because of the strong inward-looking, Hakka Tulou, especially the round cottage is easy to produce noise focusing effect, for most of the modern people who hate the noise, this is a major drawback, but we should understand that, in the old days of the Hakka people's existence in the wild mountains of the wilderness, the building of the interior of the sound is exactly the breath of life that is comforting.
Outstanding defensiveness
The thick walls of Hakka tulou are one of the most important features, an extreme expression of the inward-looking nature of traditional Chinese dwellings. Taking a common 4-story earthen building as an example, there are no external windows on the ground and second floors, a narrow slit on the third floor, large windows on the fourth floor, and sometimes a picket platform is added on the fourth floor. The weak point of the earth wall is the entrance, strengthening measures in the hardwood thick door wrapped with iron, the door with a crossbar against the solid, the door on the fireproof water closet. These are all out of defense requirements. The border area of Fujian, Guangdong, and Gan provinces was earlier a wild area, and as late as the early 1920s, there were still many primitive forests, infested with insects and snakes, and there were many wild beasts. For a long time in history, this area was not only far away from the Emperor, but also beyond the reach of the imperial migration, and even the capitals of Fuzhou, Guangzhou and Nanchang, which are the capitals of the three provinces, could not be helped due to the extreme coexistence and the danger of the passages and roads. In addition to the Hakka people often encountered tough indigenous attacks, the successive migration of different surnames of the family also constantly occur between the death of the armed struggle. The harsh living environment forced the Hakka people to attach great importance to defense, they will build their homes into a fortified city that is easy to defend and difficult to attack, and live in clusters. Tulou water wells, granaries, animal pens and other living primary firearms era, Tulou so that the Hakka people get enough security. In the Hakka people, there are a lot of stories circulating in the enemy attacked for a long time, "building peacefully without lamb".
Unique Artistry
The artistry of Hakka Tulou is mainly reflected in the overall shape. In this regard, the three typical have their own characteristics. The five phoenix buildings are generally located at the foot of the mountain in a sunny place, its fa?ade axis, the lower hall, the middle hall, the upper hall height increment, as the main body of the upper hall in a dominant position. The two wings of the axis of the horizontal house and its echo of the gradual rise, its overlapping triangular face of the mountain confronting the left and right, forming a very neat order of the composition. Although not focusing on the details of the carving and painting, but the staggered nine ridges resting on the mountain, full of majestic and ancient flavor. Square building styling features and five phoenix building similar, only its lower hall and the outer wall of the horizontal house another thick elevated, forming a more spectacular whole. The round cottage is one of the most charming modeling art among the 3 typical types, between the lofty mountains and steep hills, it appears in the pure form of a natural harmony, just like the Egyptian pyramid in the vast desert, which is very monumental. The round shape echoes with the dome of the sky, and the native yellow wall is closely connected with the earth. Whenever the light flows close, countless irregular cracks appear in the earth wall, which is even more powerful. The round cottage is so painstakingly managed, but just like from the natural, shocking, in today's booming Tulou tourism fever, the round cottage has the strongest attraction. The shape of the horse building is evolved from the square building. This kind of building with 2 floors for the majority, a bedroom, warehouse. It has a *** with the same characteristics: in the second floor of the external wood to set up an outreach suspended corridor. This kind of earth building is Yongding Hakka people in the process of southward migration absorbed the advantages of the southern indigenous "dry bar" type of residential, creative use of advanced rammed earth technology in the Central Plains constructed, it can adapt to the complex terrain of the mountainous areas and rainy and humid climate, and simple and easy to build, save labor and materials. There is also not a kind is built on the mountain of a word-shaped earth building, in the building front and left and right sides of the wall, the gate is set up on the side of the wall, the whole building is shaped like a lock, and therefore known as the "lock building".