Waste recycling refers to collecting materials that would otherwise be discarded, breaking them down to make new products, or collecting used products, cleaning and processing them before selling them. Proponents of recycling believe that doing so reduces waste production and the consumption of raw materials. Commonly recycled materials include glass, paper, aluminum, asphalt, steel, printers, toner cartridges, and ink cartridges. The sources of these materials can be divided into industrial waste and general waste. In order to realize waste resource utilization, many countries have adopted a series of policies and measures to encourage the utilization of waste, such as establishing professional waste exchange and recycling institutions to engage in the direct and effective use of waste. Basic introduction Chinese name: Waste Utilization Ancient times: The treatment and utilization of wastes have a long history Modern times: Due to the shortage of waste storage sites, development prospects: The cause has indeed achieved great achievements Historical evolution, ancient times, modern times, development prospects, functions, applications, operating methods , Historical evolution The treatment and utilization of ancient waste has a long history. Our people have built toilets to accumulate fertilizers as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. India and other Asian countries have had the custom of using excrement and garbage for composting since ancient times. As early as 3000 BC to 1000 BC, during the Minoan civilization of ancient Greece, there was a method of covering garbage burial pits with soil. In the 18th century, Edinburgh, a large city in Scotland, had records of collecting, classifying, selling and reusing waste. After entering the 20th century, with the development of productivity, the population further concentrated in cities. For example, 100 years ago, 80% of the population in the United States was in rural areas, and today 80% of the population is in cities. The urbanization of our country's population is also accelerating rapidly, and the rise of township enterprises has increased the non-agricultural population. Due to the rapid increase in consumption levels, the emission of "three wastes" is increasing day by day, and pollution incidents are increasing day by day, which has become a serious environmental problem. After the mid-1960s, environmental protection began to receive attention from the public and countries around the world, especially developed countries. Technologies for pollution prevention and waste utilization developed rapidly, and a series of treatment methods were generally formed, becoming an important part of environmental science and environmental engineering. content and foundation. Waste utilization of tapes Since the 1970s, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, France and Italy, etc., due to tight waste storage sites, high processing costs, and the impact of the oil crisis, resource issues have become more prominent. The Japanese scientific and technological circles first proposed " The concept of "resource recycling" has attracted the attention of the international community, and the issue of waste recycling has attracted increasing attention. Many countries have successively formulated relevant laws and regulations, and the development trend from passive disposal to active utilization in the past can also be seen in legislation. For example, the United States enacted the Waste Disposal Act in 1965, revised it into the Resource Recovery Act in 1970, and revised it into the Resource Conservation and Recycling Act in 1976. It clearly stipulates that all kinds of waste, especially solid waste, are not allowed to be disposed of arbitrarily and must be used as resources. Take advantage of it. In order to realize waste resource utilization, many countries have adopted a series of policies and measures to encourage the utilization of waste, such as establishing professional waste exchange and recycling institutions to engage in the direct and effective use of waste. In the early 1980s, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency deployed 200 waste exchange points and set up 3,000 recycling centers across the country. European recycling machines, you can get money by throwing bottles in. Some European countries vigorously developed transnational waste exchange systems from the 1970s to the 1980s. The German Chemical Industry Association first began to cooperate with neighboring countries such as Austria, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Denmark and signed waste exchange agreements. The Western European Union Chamber of Commerce and Industry established the waste exchange market in 1978. The Nordic countries of Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Norway have established the Nordic Waste Exchange to promote the development of waste resources. In addition to these management measures, the scientific and technological circles of various countries have also proposed many waste utilization processes. Regardless of waste gas, waste liquid or waste residue, they can be converted into resources under suitable conditions. For example, the large amounts of organic matter contained in municipal garbage can be used as auxiliary fuel for coal after sorting and processing, and can also be used to produce fuel oil through high-temperature decomposition; some waste liquids are mixed with waste materials and can be degraded by microorganisms to produce biogas and high-quality fertilizers. ; High-priced metal materials such as germanium can be recovered from waste smoke; it is common for waste residue to be used in the production of building materials.

In 1972, China proposed the environmental protection work policy of "comprehensive utilization and turning harm into benefit" at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (held in Stockholm, Sweden from June 5 to 16 of that year). From August 5 to 20, 1973, China It was confirmed at China's first environmental protection conference held in Beijing and written into the "Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (Trial)" promulgated in 1979, which is still in use today and has become our country's basic national policy. Hong Kong's three-color classified recycling bins In fact, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, our country, from the private sector to governments at all levels, has attached great importance to the comprehensive utilization of waste materials. For example, by the end of 1995, there were 2,800 renewable resource companies (or scrap companies) at or above the county level across the country, 112,000 recycling outlets across urban and rural areas, and more than 1,500 comprehensive processing and utilization plants of various renewable resources, employing approximately 730,000. From 1950 to 1995, the country recycled 177.5 billion yuan of various waste materials, with a total recycling volume of 350 million tons, including recycled raw materials from various industries such as metallurgy, chemical industry, light industry, handicraft industry, etc., such as 165 million tons of scrap steel, and 165 million tons of old scrap materials. There are 4.87 million tons of non-ferrous metals, 19.2 million tons of various old chemical raw materials, 63 million tons of waste paper, and a large number of directly usable old things and priceless historical relics. The benefits of comprehensive utilization are considerable. From 1981 to 1995 alone, the non-ferrous metals extracted from recycled waste residues and waste liquids amounted to 86,500 tons, with an output value of 10 billion yuan; and from gold, silver, and platinum group metals, From the discarded components, 4,800 kilograms of gold, 711 tons of silver, and 1,990 kilograms of platinum group metals were extracted. Development Prospects The waste utilization industry has indeed made great achievements, but humans will not be satisfied with the existing results. Usually, thinking about environmental protection focuses on how to deal with waste after it has been generated. This is a tail-end management idea. In May 1989, the Council of the United Nations Environment Program proposed a new concept called "cleaner production". The content of this concept was clarified at the Canterbury (UK) Conference in October 1990: Cleaner production is a preventive environmental strategy for processes and products, aiming to reduce the risks of production to humans and the environment; for production processes, cleaner production Focus on saving raw materials and energy, eliminating toxic raw materials, and reducing the quantity and toxicity of all emissions and waste before they leave the process; for products, the strategic focus of cleaner production is on the entire life cycle of the product, that is, starting from raw material collection to The final disposal of the product should minimize negative impacts. The development of the strategic thinking of cleaner production and the utilization or resource utilization of waste is a major progress. It broadens the horizons of environmental protection and promotes the transformation of tail-end management into all-round management of all aspects of the entire production process. However, this is for new process design, and the utilization and resource utilization of accumulated waste on the earth is still very difficult, but even so, the idea of ??cleaner production must still be used as a guide to avoid secondary pollution and new environmental issues. Almost at the same time that the concept of cleaner production was proposed, the U.S. Congress passed the "Pollution Prevention Act" in 1990, which clearly proposed the concept of pollution prevention. Although it does not have legal force, it is an action guide that details the system and different levels of pollution prevention. It includes waste removal, processing, recycling, reducing pollution sources and eliminating pollution sources. This last term, "elimination of sources of pollution," represents the ultimate goal of the new concept of pollution prevention. This bill marks the beginning of a new era of environmental protection. It is the product of lessons learned from chemical pollution control since the 1960s. It is a "new chemical baby" conceived by people. Since the 1990s, this "baby" has attracted attention from all parties and has been given many beautiful names, such as: environmentally benign chemistry, atomic economics, environmentally friendly chemistry, green chemistry, etc. Eventually the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency adopted the name green chemistry. On March 16, 1995, President Clinton announced the establishment of the "Green Chemistry Challenge Plan" to promote cooperation among all walks of life in chemical pollution prevention and industrial ecology research, encourage and support major creative scientific and technological breakthroughs, and fundamentally reduce or even Eliminate sources of chemical pollution. This also takes the concept of waste utilization to a whole new level. Role Green chemistry is the design and study of technically and economically feasible chemicals and chemical processes that have no or minimal environmental negative effects. In order to achieve this goal, the National Science Foundation and the Environmental Protection Agency have established special funds to fund important green chemistry research topics with practical prospects.

In the same year, the United States also established the "President's Green Chemistry Challenge Award", which is the only presidential award in the field of chemical engineering to recognize individuals and units that have made outstanding contributions in green chemistry research and development. In both 1996 and 1997, he won awards for excellent new synthetic routes, excellent new reaction conditions, design of safer compounds, small enterprises, and academic research. Green chemistry not only has significant social and environmental benefits, but is also a new direction for chemical development. Its fundamental purpose is to re-examine and reform the entire existing chemistry and chemical industry from the perspective of saving resources and preventing pollution. Therefore, it is an important strategic task of contemporary chemistry. Undoubtedly, it is also a brand-new topic in waste utilization and resource utilization research. Dust also has many uses. Without dust, many beautiful scenes would not be possible. Applying waste and using various domestic waste products around us to meet our daily needs is currently the most fashionable way of life in developed countries in Europe and the United States. This increasingly accepted "low-carbon" lifestyle is also affecting the hobbies of our urban residents. and habits. Using various waste products generated in life, work, and production to make beautiful, practical, and low-carbon DIY handmade supplies is one of the most popular topics in current forums and Weibo. Use old clothes waste to make handicrafts. Take the secondary use or handmade transformation of old clothes as an example. Through ordinary DIY that is not difficult, ordinary people can also use the old clothes and old clothes in their wardrobes and suitcases that should have been eliminated or discarded long ago. Clothes are made into various daily necessities such as carpets, children's clothing, coasters, dolls, storage boxes, etc. It meets daily needs while being environmentally friendly. It is a good way to turn waste into treasure. Except for common household waste such as old clothes, the disposable tableware we use every day, the old books and magazines we read, the pencils and pens we finish writing, the plastic bottles and jars left after drinking drinks, etc. are all handmade at home and abroad. Enthusiasts are increasingly embracing trendy materials for handcrafting. The secondary use of these domestic waste products is not only closer to the daily lives of residents, but also more capable of mobilizing the power of the entire society to participate in the trend of protecting the environment and turning waste into treasure. Operation method: A complete collection of "waste recycling" in daily life. Unusable dry batteries can be brought back to life with a little effort. The method is extremely simple, just rub it on your hands, feet or clothes for a while. Batteries "resurrected" in this way once allowed an alarm clock to run for two more weeks. Speaking of which, the principle of a battery is to generate electric current through chemical reactions. When the battery is out of power, it means that the current is not flowing smoothly. Even if it seems to be out of power on the surface, there are still many components inside that have not yet undergone chemical reactions. Therefore, as long as you rub it for a moment and let the heat generated by the friction warm the inside of the battery, it can help the remaining components in the battery to smoothly react chemically. To make a storage box from a packaging box, hollow out the upper part of the packaging box and use stick glue to stick floral fabric on the outside to make a storage box. To remove fruit juice from clothes with odorless milk, apply odoriferous milk on the traces and wash it off with clean water after 1 hour. Use old stockings as cushions. Cut out the worn stockings, stuff them with cotton or chopped sponge, then sew the stockings together, roll them into a disc shape, and sew them up with a needle and thread. Add some small decorations to it, and it becomes a beautiful and practical cushion. The wonderful use of *** If the *** is broken and cannot be worn, it can be used for cleaning. Wrap the *** on a broom and sweep the floor. It can absorb dust by using static electricity. Foam plastic mesh cover replaces scouring pad. Foam plastic mesh cover is soft in texture. Use it to wipe furniture, pots and stoves, etc. without scratching the items. Use scrap newspaper to clean the glass and it will be extremely bright. Spray some water vapor on the newspaper first, then wipe it carefully, and finally wipe it again with dry newspaper. A brand new glass will be right in front of you! Use an old shower cap to prevent the bag from being stained. Put an old shower cap on the bottom of the bag, especially a light-colored canvas or cloth bag, and place it in the front basket of a bicycle or other place to prevent the bag from being stained. The wonderful use of waste sponge allows flowers and trees to get sufficient water for a long time. Place the waste sponge at the bottom of the flower pot and cover it with a layer of soil. When watering the flowers, the sponge can store water and supply the flowers and trees with sufficient water for a long time. of moisture. Use old umbrellas to make clothes hanger covers. Umbrellas are generally beautiful and have dense texture, so they are suitable for clothes hanger covers. Cut a piece of umbrella cloth about 2 cm in diameter from the center of the old umbrella cloth, and then use a diagonal strip of fabric to roll an edge on the cutting edge. In this way, the farm frame cover is made. The old belt extends the service life of the blade. Every time the blade is used up, rub it back and forth on the back of the old belt a few times, and it can be used again.

Rice water to slurry clothes: The precipitated white rice water can be used to starch clothes after boiling. Use a scrap toothbrush to make a clothes hook. Remove the bristles from a scrap toothbrush. Place the toothbrush head in 1 cup of boiling water. After it softens, quickly bend the toothbrush handle into a hook with your hands (let it cool and harden before letting go), and then nail it to the appropriate place. position, it can be used as a clothes hook. Apple peels make the aluminum pot as shiny as new. Place fresh apple peels in a blackened aluminum pot, add water and boil for 1 quarter of an hour, then rinse with water. Chewing gum residue sticks to shoes. When the shoes are unglued, you can spit out the chewing gum residue that has been squeezed out of the sugar in your mouth, stuff it into the open gap of the shoe upper, and then press it hard a few times, and the heel and upper will stick together tightly. Its bonding fastness is even better than ordinary glue. Rice water makes muddy water clear. Pour a certain amount of rice water into the pool, and the turbid water will become clear. I often pour rice water into the fish pond. It not only enhances the nutrition of fish, but also keeps the pond water clean. An old shower cap prevents the seat cushion from getting wet. Put an old shower cap on the bicycle seat cushion on rainy days to ensure that the seat cushion does not get wet. It is fast and safe to remove fish scales from waste bottle caps. Fix five or six beer bottle or beverage bottle caps staggeredly on a wooden board, leaving a handle, and use it to scrape fish scales, which is fast and safe. Mosquito-repellent incense ash as fertilizer Mosquito-repellent incense ash contains potassium and can be used as fertilizer for potted flowers. As long as you sprinkle a little water on the mosquito-repellent incense ash, you can apply it to the pot and it will be easily absorbed by the flowers and trees. Ice cream box waste recycling materials: plastic containers, glue, lace, scissors, ribbons. Steps: Clean and dry the plastic container. Cut the lace to appropriate length according to the circumference of the container. Apply glue to the container and attach the lace. Apply glue on top of the lace and stick the ribbon on it. Ice cream box waste recycling, clever use of waste oil. Materials: waste oil used for frying food, napkins. Steps: 1. Soak kitchen paper in oil until soaked. 2. Wipe the oil-stained range hood with a paper towel soaked in oil. Rinse with hot water after 3.5 minutes, and the range hood will be very clean. Principle: Since oils easily penetrate each other when in contact with each other, the oil stains can be removed more easily after applying waste oil on the oil stains. The wonderful uses of egg shells 1. Make small handicrafts. Complete empty eggshells can be turned into arts and crafts by painting them with oil paint. 2. Makes skin delicate and smooth. Collect a layer of egg white in the eggshell, add a small spoonful of milk powder and honey, and mix it into a paste. After washing your face at night, apply the mixed egg paste on your eyelids and wash it off after 30 minutes. This method is often used to make Facial muscles are delicate and smooth. 3． Treat rickets in children. Egg shells contain more than 90% calcium carbonate and a small amount of sodium carbonate, hydrogen phosphate and other substances. When crushed into powder and taken orally, it can treat rickets in children. 4. Upper stomach pain. Wash and break the egg shells, put them into an iron pot and stir-fry them over a slow fire until they become brown, and then grind them into powder. The finer the better, take one egg shell a day, divided into 2 to 3 times before meals or Take it with sweat after meals. It has analgesic and antacid effects on patients with duodenal ulcer, stomach pain and hyperacidity. 5. Anti-inflammatory and pain relieving. Crush egg shells into powder and apply them externally, which has the effect of treating wounds and anti-inflammatory. 6. Treat burns. Inside the egg shell, there is a thin layer of egg membrane. When a certain part of the body is burned, you can gently crack an egg, peel off the egg membrane, and apply it on the wound. After about 10 days, the wound will heal. Another advantage is that it relieves pain when applied. 7. Treat dizziness in women. Fry the eggshells over low heat until yellow, then grind them into powder, mix evenly with the licorice powder, take 5 grams and drink it with an appropriate amount of rice wine, twice a day. 8. Treat diarrhea. Use 30 grams of egg shells, 9 grams each of tangerine peel and chicken gizzards, stir-fry them in a pot and grind them into powder. Take 6 grams each time with warm boiled water, 3 times a day for two days. 9. Light the stove. Crush the eggshells, wrap them in paper, and use them to start a fire in the stove. The effect is very good. 10. Kill ants. Use fire to lightly burn the eggshells, then grind them into powder and sprinkle them on the corners to kill ants. 11. Repels slugs. Dry and crush the eggshells and place them around the kitchen walls and drains to drive away slugs. 12. Raise flowers. Pour the water used to clean eggshells into flower pots to help the growth of flowers and trees. Grinding the eggshells and placing them in flower pots not only maintains moisture but also provides nutrients for flowers. 13. Make chickens lay more eggs. Crush eggshells into powder and feed them to chickens, which can increase the egg-laying ability of hens and prevent them from laying soft-shelled eggs. 14． Prevent calcium deficiency in poultry and livestock. Eggshells are roasted and ground into powder and mixed into feed to prevent and treat calcium deficiency in poultry and livestock. Use waste bottles to make small watering cans. Some beverage bottles are colorful and it is a pity to throw them away. They can be used as a very practical small watering can. When using waste bottles to make small watering cans, just tap some small holes in the bottom of the bottle.

Make a measuring cup. Some bottles (such as discarded milk bottles, etc.) have scales on them. With a little processing, you can use them as measurement standards. Makes clothes smell fragrant. Do not throw away empty perfume bottles, lotion bottles, etc. immediately. Open their caps and put them in the suitcase or wardrobe, which will make the clothes smell fragrant. Roll out the noodles. When rolling noodles, if you can't find a rolling pin, you can use an empty glass bottle instead. Rolling the noodles in a bottle filled with hot water can also soften the hard noodles. Remove wrinkles from your tie. A wrinkled tie can be made smooth and beautiful without ironing it. Just roll the tie around a cylindrical beer bottle, and when you use it the next morning, the original wrinkles will be eliminated. Protect your watch. Cut the small plastic medicine bottle and place the watch on it. Use a ball pen to draw the shape of the watch and cut it out accordingly. Cut out long openings for the watch strap on both sides. Pass the watch strap through the opening and then through the opening of the watch. The bolts at both ends pass through the inside, and when worn on the hand, it is smooth, sweat-proof, and not easy to fall off. Make funnel. Use scissors to cut the middle part of the empty Coke bottle. The upper part becomes a very practical funnel and the lower part can be used as a water glass. Make chopstick tubes. Wrap a circle of cotton gauze soaked in alcohol or kerosene around the neck of the glass bottle, ignite it, and when the fire is about to go out, put the bottle in cold water, so that the glass bottle will be cut neatly. It is also very practical to use the lower part as a chopstick holder. Wind lamp. Cut off the bottom of the glass bottle and insert it into a lamp holder made of bamboo tubes. Several ventilation holes should be made on the bottom of the lamp holder, and several gaps should be made on the bottom edge of the bamboo tube, so that when the lamp is placed on the table, air can enter through the gaps. Make a goldfish bowl. A thick glass bottle can be used as a goldfish bowl in the same way as a chopstick tube. Attach a piece of rubber tube to the bottle stopper below, so you can change the water for the goldfish without taking it out. Made chandelier shade. Find a large, brightly colored empty wine bottle with a cap (such as a brandy bottle, etc.), cut the bottle and polish it smooth. Install the chandelier head and light bulb in the bottle, drill a hole in the original bottle cap to pass the wire through, and screw on the bottle cap. Put an 8cm long colored plastic tube around the neck of the bottle. Attach a circle of golden adhesive tape to the middle of the bottle to turn it into a beautiful chandelier. Make shampoo. Use a plastic bottle to make a tooth-shaped shampoo. Cut the bottle in half just below its neck and trim it into a zigzag shape with scissors (the teeth should be cut as sharp as possible). Use waste bottle caps to clean walls. Nail a few small bottle caps on a small wooden board to make a small iron brush. You can use it to scrape off paper attached to the wall and dirt on the soles of shoes. It has many uses. Pad the soap dish. Placing bottle caps in the soap dish prevents the soap from coming into contact with the water at the bottom of the box, thus saving soap. Make a washboard. Collect the lids from some waste medicine bottles (such as the rubber lids from penicillin bottles, etc.), and then nail them to a rectangular wooden board in a row in a criss-cross position (the nails must be nailed to the recesses of the lid), and it becomes A very practical washboard. Because the rubber cover is elastic, the clothes will suffer less wear during laundry. Protect chair legs. Moving chairs across the floor often makes a jarring noise. To avoid this, a bottle cap (such as the rubber cap on a penicillin bottle) can be placed on the legs of the chair as a buffer, which will not make a harsh sound and protect the legs of the chair. Protect the house facade. Fix the discarded rubber cover on the back of the door with glue to prevent the door from colliding when opening and closing, and play a role in protecting the facade of the room. A tool for repairing sewers. After a long period of use, the wooden handle of the sewer pipe became separated from the rubber. In this case, you can find an iron cap for a wine bottle, use screws to fix the cap to the end of the wooden handle, and then put a glue bowl on it to avoid the handle falling off. Relieve itching. If mosquito bites are extremely itchy in summer, you can place the hot water bottle cap on the mosquito bite and rub it for 2 to 3 seconds, then remove it, 2 to 3 times in a row. The severe itching will disappear immediately and will not appear locally. erythema. The bottle cap is best taken from a thermos bottle with a water temperature of about 90°C. Raise flowers. Take a bottle cap and place it at the water outlet of the flowerpot to allow water to circulate and prevent soil from flowing away. Make your own simple needle and thread spool with a film inner spool. Just glue 2 to 3 used 135 film inner spools together with adhesive to create a beautiful and practical needle and thread spool. There are many uses for scraps. For example, when making children's clothes, you can choose some brightly colored rags, cut them into interesting animal patterns, and use them as appliques to stick on children's knees, etc. It can increase the appearance and play a decorative role. It can also increase the firmness of these parts and extend the wearing life.

The wonderful use of noodle soup. If there is no detergent on hand, then noodle soup or dumpling soup is a good substitute. Use it to wash dishes, and then rinse with water after washing. The decontamination effect is no less than that of detergent. Utilization of old umbrella canopies: Most of the old nylon umbrellas with no repair value have very strong canopies. Therefore, the umbrella cover can be removed and transformed into large and small nylon handbags with different patterns and colors. The production method is: first break the old umbrella cover into small pieces (maximum 8 pieces) along the seams, wash, dry and iron them. Then use 6 of the pieces to turn them upside down and piece them into a rectangular shape, and use 2 pieces to make a strap or shoulder strap. When splicing, various portable nylon bags can be made according to personal preferences and umbrella patterns. Finally, attach the carrying strap or strap and decorate it with various fasteners. Utilization of old records: Discarded plastic records can be baked softly on the stove and gently shaped into a lotus leaf shape with your hands to create a unique fruit plate. It can also be shaped into various styles as you like, or used to hold items or for decoration, all of which are unique. The wonderful uses of waste tapes. Waste tapes or inferior tapes can easily damage the magnetic heads and cannot be used on machines. But it can be used to decorate the surface of light-colored modular furniture. How to attach: ① When the last coat of paint on the modular furniture is about to dry, straighten the waste tape and attach it. ②After painting the modular furniture, apply white glue on the matte side of the tape, then straighten it and stick it to the modular furniture. The wonderful use of used boxes Use used boxes (such as toothpaste boxes) to make a pen holder. Production process: 1. Cut the toothpaste box at 1|3, and stick it together with the other part of 2|3 with double-sided tape. 2 Use colored cardboard to draw 2 animal portraits that are slightly higher than the glued box, such as giraffes, and decorate them. 3. Glue two animal pictures to both sides of the toothpaste box, and a beautiful pen holder is ready. 4 You can also use other boxes to make some practical glove boxes. The wonderful uses of expired magazines. The expired magazines can be bundled up and made into stools, and the outside can be sprayed with colorful paint.