Preface: By the way, reading more history is a good habit. It can make people lose their memory quickly in a short period of time and forget most of the unpleasantness: unless you are really a worrier for ten lifetimes - at least every day Losing a hundred hairs.
? The author has recently read some books, including some extremely ridiculous history books. Mainly about the Five Dynasties, Liao Dynasty, Northern Song Dynasty and Xixia period.
? Luo Guanzhong's "The Romance of the End of the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties" is not as famous as his work "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms". In the subconscious mind of many people, the Three Kingdoms period was the era when heroes gathered together. However, facts prove that the history of the Five Dynasties period is indeed "interesting" and richer than that of the Three Kingdoms period (and it is not just about the joy of calling daddy games).
? The Three Kingdoms and the Five Dynasties are similar in nature. The Han and Tang dynasties, the two most prosperous and peaceful dynasties in Chinese history, were divided and divided into turbulent times with multiple forces competing against each other. Later, they were unified by the regime of "building the country with force and governing the country with culture" . Moreover, during these two periods, various ethnic minorities developed very prosperously and powerfully, and many of them occupied the Central Plains (for example: the Xianbei people during the Wei and Jin Dynasties; the Khitan people and Jurchen people during the Five Dynasties & Northern Song Dynasty). There is another similarity between these two periods: one of the countries conquered half of the country during the Tang Dynasty, but in the end it helped others a lot...
? Let’s talk about the meaning of this title, the full name: From Liao Dynasty From the founding of the People's Republic of China to the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.
·Orthodox Dynasty
? In fact, many people have misunderstandings about the Orthodox Dynasty.
? Misunderstanding 1: All orthodox dynasties are Han nationality regimes.
? Misunderstanding 2: Orthodox dynasties are the most powerful at a certain period.
? Correct answer: Alas...it is just recognized by the people, but this is too difficult. There is also a saying that the dynasties in the Twenty-Four Histories are all orthodox.
·The Troubled Times of the Five Dynasties
? The Five Dynasties, except for the Khitan, Tubo, Uighur and other ethnic minorities (although there are also people from Shatuo in the Later Tang Dynasty), they should actually be called the "Five Dynasties" "Eleven countries" (actually, there are more than eleven, mainly because there are more people who are rebelling...so everyone can think whatever you want). Let’s break it down. The five dynasty states: Northern Han, Jie and Yan, "Liang, Tang, Han, Jin and Zhou" (Five Dynasties), Qi, Houshu, Nanping, Southern Tang, Chu, Wuyue, Southern Han, Jingnan, Hu, and Fujian.
? Dali is actually quite pitiful. However, pitiable as it is, it is still an outsider after all.
? As for the emperors of the Five Dynasties, I will not show the author. Although I can memorize them, everyone may not like to read them...
? However, we must remember two points: First, asking the Jiedushi to move is a very dangerous thing (for the Jiedushi and the central government). It is true that the Jiedushi is put in danger, but It will also increase the chance that the Jiedushi will rebel. Second, if you work for every emperor in every dynasty, they will not punish you, but you may be promoted to a higher position (see the life experience of Song Taizu’s father, Mr. Zhao Hongyin for details).
? The Fifth Generation is really an interesting era. (The author has always been obsessed with the belief and courage of Shi Jingtang and others that "anyone can be a father", and he also secretly envied Taizong Deguang in his heart: It's great to have a son who is older than himself)
· Northern Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty, especially the Northern Song Dynasty, was a very interesting period.
? The interesting thing is that their emperor is truly "light", so humble that he could not be more humble. Therefore, many history buffs and friends around me call the officials of the Song Dynasty "cheap" officials, and they are mean-mouthed! He is really very picky. The Song Dynasty was very open-minded in its speech, so its emperor, top officials and members of the royal family were criticized time and time again.
? All the officials in the Song Dynasty had their own personalities, which was really troublesome, especially for later historians.
? Speaking of "History of the Song Dynasty", you must pay attention! The "History of the Song Dynasty" among the Twenty-Four Histories was written by people from the Yuan Dynasty. It was compiled based on the "History of the Liao", the History of the Western Xia Dynasty and other historical books from other countries. It can be described as complex, confusing, and confusing. Therefore, when reading "History of Song Dynasty", you still need to read "Unofficial History"! When talking about unofficial history, I don’t mean the kind of short stories that are spread among the neighbors (not like those written by Shao Bowen). Some friends may object to reading unofficial histories, but let me tell you: "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" and "Continuation of Zizhi Tong Jian Long Edition" are also unofficial histories. Do you want to read them? Has anyone recommended you to read it? Alas, by the way, you just can’t be too dogmatic in life. In short, in one sentence, what the Mongolians wrote: Believe less. Instead of reading the "History of the Song Dynasty" written by the Mongolians, it is better to go directly to the "History of the Liao Dynasty" (which is one of the twenty-four histories anyway, a serious one).
? Speaking of the fun of the Northern Song Dynasty, there is another point that can be reflected. The following picture can well reflect this fun situation that can make people laugh.
(The picture below is only a fusion of historical facts and personal opinions. Please do not criticize the author)
There are also very interesting places in the Song Dynasty. Although the interesting things mentioned by the author are all out of tune...
? The interesting thing is that the names of ministers in the Song Dynasty can often subvert people's three views... It's really Each one is weirder than the last. Sigh...I am so uneducated. Well, yes, the author really reads too little.
? Sigh... Why did the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty both have many very capable queen mothers (and empress dowagers), but why did the Song Dynasty just mess around? Of course, it’s not like there’s no fooling around.
? Although some periods in the Song Dynasty were relatively peaceful. However, generally speaking, it is still a pattern of troubled times. Except for wars, treaties, and party struggles, in essence, it is no different from the Five Dynasties.
·Liao
? In Slavic languages ??(for example, Russian, Czech...), China is called "Khitan"; in "Marco Polo's Travels" written by Marco Polo , Marco Polo called this country "Khitan" instead of China; to this day, it is still unclear whether the original meaning of China is "Khitan" or "China (ceramics)"...
? The first records of the Khitan tribe were in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, but until the middle and late Tang Dynasty, they were almost unknown, and they were not as famous as Tubo and Mohe. After the fall of the Tang Dynasty, this great nation immediately emerged and occupied most of the territory in Asia; they were also good at cavalry warfare. They implemented the "Orudo military system" and advanced and retreated on the Mobei grasslands, with amazing results.
Because too many friends focus on the history and development of the Han nation and do not like the affairs of ethnic minorities, I will introduce it in my own words.
? As the dynasty established by the Khitan royal family, the Liao Dynasty should actually be accurately divided into: Liao, Northern Liao, Later Liao, Eastern Liao, and Western Liao (suddenly the very cool "Five Liang" came to mind) .
? Liao: Founded in 907 AD. In 1125 AD, the entire Liao territory was occupied by the leader of the "Jurchen" tribe (Wanyan Aguda). The "authentic" "Liao" law was passed down to the Nine Emperors and enjoyed the country's 219 years. In the early days of the founding of the Khitan nation, the country was called "Khitan", later changed to "Liao", then "Great Khitan", and later changed to "Liao".
? In the Liao Kingdom, there were five capitals: Linhuang Mansion in Shangjing (today's Polo City in the southeast of Balinzuo Banner, Inner Mongolia); Liaoyang Mansion in Tokyo (today's Liaoyang City, Liaoning Province); Southwest of Beijing); Zhongjing Dading Prefecture (now Daming City southwest of Ningcheng County, Inner Mongolia); Xijing Datong Prefecture (now Shanxi Datong City).
At the end of the Liao Dynasty, the Khitan noble Yelu Chun established the Northern Liao (that is, the sixteen prefectures of Yanyun), and fought against the Jin Dynasty with the Xixia Emperor, but was later destroyed by the Jin Dynasty. Yelvliu Ge, the clan clan member of the Liao Dynasty, and his younger brother Yelvsi established Dong Liao and Hou Liao. Finally, Dong Liao destroyed Hou Liao, and Dong Liao was destroyed by Mongolia. At the same time, after the fall of the Liao Kingdom, Yelu Dashi moved westward to the Chu River Basin in Central Asia to establish the Western Liao Dynasty, with its capital in Husi Wour'er. It was destroyed by the Mongols in 1218. In 1222, the Western Liao nobles established a small political power in present-day Iran, and were later destroyed by the Mongols.
? The history of the Khitan people is full of twists and turns, just like the entrance to Jiashan Mountain.
? The Khitan people were originally nomadic people. The Liao Dynasty focused on the development of the nation. In order to maintain the national character, it separated the nomadic and agricultural peoples under its control. It advocated governing according to customs and created a bicameral political system. He also created Khitan characters (divided into Khitan small characters and Khitan large characters) to preserve his own culture. The military power and influence of the Liao Dynasty also covered the Western Regions. Therefore, after the demise of the Tang Dynasty (Celestial Dynasty), Central Asia, West Asia, Eastern Europe and other regions regarded the Liao Dynasty as the representative title of China.
As for why the Khitans have such strong fighting power (naturally not as good as Wanyan’s army), it may be inspired by the belief in survival. It is well known that the Liao army does not receive military pay. Therefore, they had no choice but to ride horses to the surrounding countries to "graze the valleys", and sometimes they could bring back a large map.
? In Liao, girls have great advantages. The status of women of nomadic tribes is higher than that of women of agricultural tribes. Women in Liao could be officials.
? emm... It seems that except for the appearance of the Liao people, they are pretty good. But I don’t care about appearance...
? Uh-huh, recently I have habitually typed the names of others (especially ancient people with very long names, such as Wanyan Aguda) as "Yelü Abaoji" more than once recently ...Maybe it's because Emperor Taizu was too great and excellent.
? One more thing, I have to say: the Khitan people are really the most trustworthy and loyal nation in the world, even though they are arrogant (but after all, they have the capital to be arrogant) . In this regard, countries such as the Song Dynasty, the Jurchens, and the Mongol Empire could not compete with it. Not to mention Xixia...
·Xixia
? If we talk about the most shameless and cunning people in ancient China, the Dangxiang people will definitely be listed at the top of the list! They are simply a group of despicable people who are extremely shameless.
The author here also gives them a thumbs up, after all there is a certain (shameless) specialty.
? Many people always think that the first and most shameless emperor of Xixia was Li Yuanhao. No, no, no, wrong, his grandfather Li Jiqian is the originator of shamelessness. But there is no way, this great god will always be forgotten by people, which is really "poor".
? I believe many people know how shameless party members are. The gap between them and the people of Liao is obvious: no matter how boring and arrogant they are in Liao, they can only be called scoundrels, not shameless. Aren’t the ancestors of the Dangxiang and Khitan people both Xianbei people? This gene is truly speechless.
? However, this small country is really strong, and its "survival" time is really long enough. But it's probably all thanks to shamelessness.
? When Dangxiang people fight, they are best at relying on the strong to bully the weak. If you look at the information, it's all about hundreds of thousands versus twenty or thirty thousand, etc... Don't tell me, it's okay to defeat the few with more, but it doesn't mean to defeat the few with more every time. There are also times when we lose miserably. How embarrassing.
? However, the geographical environment of Xixia is good, and it can skillfully use the geographical environment to "beat" the Liao army to the north. (Of course, everything is due to the geographical environment. Originally, Xixia was defeated, thanks to the sandstorm...)
? Xixia is a place where natural phenomena are much more common. Just their few emperors were almost killed by meteorites several times. (It would be nice to be crushed to death, but it’s a pity that it was not crushed to death.) The author decided to go there in two years to see meteors. However, natural disasters are inevitable there, which is actually quite pitiful.
? I say shameless now and pitiful now, isn’t it a bit contradictory? Well, actually it doesn’t seem to be contradictory at all. You taste it, you taste it carefully.
? You say that Xixia, a small country that is so remote, is not even as powerful as the Southern Tang and Southern Han; it is really powerful that it can survive for so long. As powerful as the Khitan, it only lasted for more than two hundred years; facts have proved that the party members still have two tricks.
? I feel that the emperors of the Song Dynasty and Liao Dynasty have many similarities. For example: The characteristic of most emperors in the Song Dynasty was that they could not give birth to sons, or their heirs were unhealthy (which was really fatal). Most of the emperors of the Liao Dynasty were super arrogant (some were extremely arrogant)... As for Xixia, I am very surprised: who is Li Jiqian, and how did he give birth to a "well-behaved" person like Li Deming (with his father & his son (compared to) son? Passed down from generation to generation? But Li Liangzuo completely inherited Li Yuanhao's shameless cunning. What's going on? depressed.
? There is another question. Since Li Jiqian had Xixia, why didn't he change his surname back to Xianbei? Is the surname given by the Emperor of the Tang Dynasty so good? Don’t they particularly worship their ancestor Tuoba Sigong? Xixia people are really weirder than the last.
? Regarding the battles between Dangxiang people and people of other ethnic groups, there are generally two main situations: first, they invade the borders of other countries in a large scale, flatten many towns and fortresses, and finally...flee back in disgrace; Second, other countries attacked Xixia for various reasons, and in the end both sides suffered losses (or Xixia narrowly won). The cunning Xixia people must have a sense of routine.
·Tubo
? They are really a group of guys who love to daydream (it is said that every Tubo leader daydreams about "marrying a Han princess"); civil strife or The most numerous people in the world. Just like the Song Dynasty, the members of the Tubo royal family always had short memories. The so-called "every time you suffer, you gain wisdom" really, really didn't work in these two dynasties.
? Moreover, the names of the Tubo people are particularly difficult to remember...
? In short, from the beginning to the end, the civil strife of the Tubo people has not stopped. Fortunately, other countries are relatively friendly to it. Otherwise, how could Tubo have such a large territory?
·Jurchen
? Put Jin in such a low position because this article was written from 907 to 1127 AD. At this time, the role of the Jin Kingdom was still Not very much.
? However, there is finally a nation that can rival the pride of Daliao.
? The Jin Dynasty was founded in 1115 and destroyed in 1234. The official country name was Dajin. It was a feudal dynasty established by the Jurchen tribe (born Jurchen) in Chinese history. He was an emperor and lived for one hundred and twenty years.
? The Jurchens were originally vassals of the Liao Dynasty. In the fourth year of Tianqing (1114), Jin Taizu Wanyan Aguda unified the Jurchen tribes and launched an army to resist the Liao Dynasty. In the next year, he established his capital in Huining Prefecture in Shangjing (now Harbin City, Heilongjiang Province) and founded the country. The country was named Dajin, and Jianyuan "received the country". He destroyed the Liao Dynasty in 1125 and the Northern Song Dynasty two years later.
? One more thing to note here: the Jin Dynasty partially followed the Orudo military system, and militarily, they used Meng'an to restrain themselves.
? This is really Yelu Yanxi's fault. He really should have killed Wanyan Aguda at the first fish feast.
·Other countries (nationalities)
1. Bohai Country
? Although Bohai is small, it seems to be very important in ancient books, which is quite puzzling. of.
? The predecessor of Bohae Kingdom is the Mohe tribe, and most of its people are Mohe tribesmen and Goguryeo people. Bohai State was also a vassal state of Liao. Its regime was destroyed by the Liao Kingdom in 926, but it only became a satellite of the Liao Dynasty and was not completely destroyed. Maybe the Khitans thought it was too weak. Its specific location is north of the Liaodong Peninsula and about northeast of Liaodong Tokyo. Friends who are good at geography, please don’t think that Bohai Country and Bohai Bay have any big connection. In fact, they are not close together.
In fact, when the Liao Kingdom was at its weakest, the Bohai Kingdom had a chance of success if it rebelled and broke away from the Liao Kingdom.
2. Xi Clan
? The ancestors of the Xi Clan, the Kumo Xi Clan, originated from Donghu and were descendants of the Xianbei Yuwen Tribe. Later, the two families formed a clan. However, the records of their origins in history books are not completely consistent, which has led to different opinions from later generations, and there is still no unanimous understanding.
? The Xi tribe is also a subsidiary of the Liao, and they are in a "peaceful relationship" with the Liao (of course, the Liao will definitely extort something). For a period of time, because some people within the Xi tribe could not bear the oppression of the Khitans, they were divided into two tribes, the East Xi tribe and the West Xi tribe.
3. Dali
? We talk about other ethnic groups because they have a higher appearance rate, but we talk about Dali because it has too few scenes. There are few concise and concise vernacular documents at hand. If you want to know something about the situation in Dali, you should read Mr. Jin Yong’s novels.
(To be continued)
I believe that the position of the author and this article is very clear. So...predict what will happen next, and listen to the explanation next time. Welcome to the next part: AD 907~1127 (Part 2) - Innovation and Competition.