Warm Volvariella volvacea belongs to high-temperature edible fungi and is suitable for summer cultivation. The temperature range of its growth and development is 10-44℃, and the optimum temperature is 30-39℃ and 36℃. The optimum temperature for fruiting body growth is 27-365438 0℃, and the optimum temperature for spore germination is 40℃.
The suitable moisture content in the moisture material is 70-85%, and 75% is the most suitable; The relative humidity of air required for bacterial growth is about 80%; The optimum relative humidity of air for mushroom production is 85-95%.
The suitable range of pH value is 5- 10.3, and the optimum range is 8-9.
Photohyphae don't need light, and fruiting bodies need scattered light. Without light, fruiting bodies cannot be formed, and excessive light inhibits the growth of fruiting bodies.
Volvariella volvacea is sensitive to carbon dioxide and needs good ventilation.
Vegetative Volvariella volvacea belongs to dung-grass edible fungi, and its mycelium needs C: n = 20: 1, and its fruiting body needs C: n = 30-40: 1. Cow dung produces large and thin mushrooms, and pig manure produces small and dense mushrooms. It is best to use mixed fertilizer.
cultivation techniques
Formula Common formulas are as follows:
Grass (wheat straw or rice straw): dung = 4: 6, plus 3% lime.
◆ 92% cottonseed hull, 5% wheat bran or rice bran and 3% lime.
Corn cob 8 1%, wheat bran or rice bran 15%, urea 1%, calcium superphosphate 1%, and lime 2%.
Preparation of fermentation materials
◆ Preparation of Manure Culture Medium
Pre-pile treatment: soak the grass (cut into 20-30cm) in 1-2% limewater for about 24h (soaked thoroughly), and wet the manure with 1% limewater.
Stacking requirements: width 1.5-2m, height 1- 1.5m, and the length depends on the site and the quantity of materials.
Stacking: a layer of grass and a layer of dung are stacked one after another, and the top layer is dung. Water is sprayed from the third floor, and the amount of water sprayed increases step by step. Only a very small amount of water flows out from the bottom, and the cover keeps moisture.
Turn over the pile: Turn over the pile on days 7, 13, 18, 22 and 26 after pile formation, requiring the materials in the pile to turn over outwards, and the materials under the pile to turn over the pile.
Auxiliary materials are added in sequence: nitrogen-containing materials are added three times when piling, during the first and second turning, gypsum is added during the second and third turning, and lime is added during the third and fourth turning respectively.
Material maturity standard: color: brown or brown; Smell: Bread smell, no musty or foul smell; Feel: soft and tough; Weight and volume: the weight is reduced by 30% and the volume is reduced by 40%.
◆ Production of cottonseed hull (or corncob) type culture medium
First, the dried main materials and auxiliary materials are evenly mixed, then an appropriate amount of water is added, and then they are evenly stirred, and piled into a pile with a width of1-and a height of15m. The pile is turned once every evening (when the material temperature at 20m away from the ground drops to 45℃), and the pile is turned for 3-4 times. Spray water properly when the material is dry, and spray a layer of insecticide on the surface of the material after each pile turning.
Fumigation shed
Methods ① Formaldehyde (37-40%)6-8 ml /m? , potassium permanganate 5m? . ② Sulfonation 15g/m? Direct ignition. ③ Aerosol 3-4g/m? Direct ignition. Both methods can be used. Fumigating once 3-4 days before feeding, fumigation once in time after feeding, and timely ventilation.
Sowing (border sowing)
The frame width is 1.2m, the material thickness is 17-24cm, and the length depends on the venue. There are two layers of strains, the middle layer and the upper layer. Press it slightly when laying. The dosage of seeds is 15% of the dry matter weight. The top layer is covered with newspaper, sprayed with 5% lime water and covered with a black plastic film.
The temperature of fungal growth management should be controlled at 30-39℃ and the humidity should be controlled at about 80%. It is necessary to strengthen ventilation, avoid light, cover with a newspaper and keep it moist. Shake the plastic film twice a day to get some air. After 7 days, the surface of the material was covered with hyphae, the newspaper and plastic film were removed, and a layer of 2 cm nutrient soil was covered, and then the plastic film was covered. After a week, mushrooms can grow and the plastic film is removed.
After the results, the management temperature was controlled at 27-365438 0℃. When the temperature is lower than 23℃, it is difficult to form fruiting bodies. When the temperature is lower than 20℃ or higher than 45℃, it will have a fatal effect on the small mushroom buds. The humidity should be controlled above 85%, otherwise the mushrooms will grow slowly, the surface will be rough, and even die. If the humidity is higher than 95%, mushrooms are easy to rot and small mushroom buds are easy to atrophy and die. When spraying water, the water temperature should be close to the temperature in the shed, that is, it is best to use the water stored in the shed (the storage time should not be too long). Need air circulation and sufficient oxygen; Need scattered light. Too weak light cannot form fruiting bodies, and too strong light will inhibit the growth of fruiting bodies.
Collection and processing of mushrooms
◆ Harvesting: The principle of harvesting is to harvest big and leave small, or to harvest in clusters, and cover the soil in time after harvesting. Due to the high temperature. It is developing rapidly. Under normal circumstances, it should be harvested once in the morning and once in the evening, and it should be harvested in time, otherwise the commodity value of auricularia auricula will be lost after decomposition. Try to sell it fresh, if it is too late, it can be processed, and the method of pickling is often used.
◆ Processing: salting processing method, acceptance and color protection treatment of fresh mushrooms, enzyme inactivation, cooling, salting and packaging, and adding brine. ① Acceptance of fresh mushrooms: choose round mushrooms. Medium maturity. Fresh mushrooms without pests and diseases. ② color protection treatment: firstly, prepare 0.03%-0.05% sodium metabisulfite color protection solution with clear water, then pour the washed fresh mushrooms into the color protection solution and soak it for 10min, constantly turning it up and down to make the color protection uniform, and finally rinse it with clear water. (3) Inactivation: put the washed mushrooms into 10% normal saline and boil, and add 30 kg of mushrooms per 100 kg. Each basin of brine can be used continuously for 5-6 times. But after using it for 2-3 times, add a proper amount of salt each time, boil it and take it out of the pot. Cook for 5-6 minutes, subject to the fact that the mushrooms are cut without white hearts. (4) cooling: immediately pouring the inactivated fruiting body into flowing cold water for cooling. ⑤ Pickling: according to the ratio of 50 kg of Lentinus edodes to 12.5- 15 kg of salt, put a layer of salt at the bottom of the tank, then put the salt layer by layer until the tank is full, then pour boiled and cooled saturated brine into the tank, and finally cover the Lentinus edodes and flatten them so that the Lentinus edodes can be completely immersed in the brine, and package them for about half a month. ⑥ Pack and add salt water. Put the pickled mushrooms into a packaging container and soak them in saturated salt water.
Eliminate pests and diseases
Common bacteria and fungicides: Rhizopus, Mucor, Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Streptomyces, etc. Commonly used fungicides are: 25% carbendazim 800 times solution, 65% zineb wettable powder 500 times solution, 50% Tobezin wettable powder 500 times solution, 0. 13% chlorothalonil.
Common pests and pesticides are the main pests that harm edible fungi, such as bacteria-eating flies, bacteria-eating mosquitoes, mites, jumping insects, nematodes and so on. The commonly used pesticide is 400 times of 50% dichlorvos EC to kill mites; 50% trichlorfon EC kills bacteria, mosquitoes and flies 500- 1000 times; 75% zinc-phosphorus emulsion 500- 1000 times solution, killing bacteria and flies.
integrated control
◆ Doors, windows and vents are sealed with 2-3 layers of screen windows.
◆ Fumigate boron with bactericide and insecticide.
◆ Mix drugs into fermented materials.
◆ Maintain regular sanitation in the shed, clean mushroom feet in time and spray medicine regularly.