Serpentiformes (Serpentiformes) is an order of Chordata, Subphylum Vertebrata, Reptilia, and Subclass Bilateria.

Serpentiformes is an order of chordates, vertebrates, reptiles, and bilaterians.

Basic introduction Chinese name: Serpentiformes

Family: Animalia

Department: Chordata

Archipoda

Vertebrata

Plankton

Reptilia

Serpentiformes

Enteropoda

Serpentiformes is a suborder of the class Chordata, Reptilia, and Bilateria.

Serpentiformes is the first order of Serpentes to be included in the Chordata, Reptilia, and Bilateria. Neotropicales, Cobra, Viperidae, Viperidae, Distribution About 2500 species are known. There are about 200 species in China. The worldwide distribution is mainly in the tropics and subtropics. They are found in arboreal, cave-dwelling, freshwater and seawater. Morphological features The body is elongated, without limbs, and there is no forelimb band. The smallest is 100 millimeters long, and the largest, such as the South American anaconda, is more than 10 meters long. Lower species often have hind limb bands, and a few have remnants of hind limbs outside the body. There are no ear holes and no tympanic membrane, tympanic chamber or eustachian tube. The eyes are covered with a transparent membrane formed by the fusion of the upper and lower eyelids, except in some cave-dwelling species where the eyes are hidden beneath the scales. The tongue is slender, forked, and retractable. The neck is generally inconspicuous. The trunk is separated from the tail by a transverse cloacal aperture. The features of body structure are mainly associated with a thinning and lengthening of the body, and in most serpentines also with the ability to swallow large food items. The lengthening of the body is not due to lengthening of the vertebrae, but to an increase in the number of vertebrae. As many as 141 to 435. Due to the absence of anterior and posterior limbs, the spine is only differentiated into a dorsal vertebrae before the sacrum and a caudal vertebrae after the sacrum. In addition to the joints associated with the anterior and posterior articular processes and the vertebral body joints, there was also an additional pair of joints of the vertebral eminence and the vertebral arch recess in the line between the anterior and posterior vertebrae. The anterior dorsal vertebrae, the posterior dorsal vertebrae, or the entire dorsal vertebrae have subvertebral projections below the vertebral body. The caudal vertebrae often have 1 pair of pulvinar eminences below them. In addition to the first 2 dorsal vertebrae, there is 1 pair of long ribs attached to each dorsal vertebra from the third dorsal vertebra onward. Visceral organs also grow, and pairs of organs are often configured anteriorly and posteriorly or degenerate on one side. The maxillae, palatines, and pterygoid bones of serpents are loosely connected to the cranium, and are covered with barb-like teeth, which serve to grasp food when swallowing. These paired bones can be moved alternately. Move the food into the mouth, easy to swallow. The left and right halves of the mandible are connected by ligaments, and the square bone is connected to the cranium, so the mouth can be opened very large, and also the skin of the lower jaw is loose, so it can swallow big things. There is no sternum, and the rhythmic contraction of the abdominal muscles allows the swallowing of large food in the pharynx to be moved to the stomach. Male snakes have 1 pair of copulatory apparatus on either side of the caudal base, which are turned out from the inside out through the sides of the cloacal orifices during mating, and only one of which is used for each mating. Oviparous or oviparous. Black mamba snakes Main suborders According to the current classification system, they can be divided into 3 suborders and 11 families. Scolecophidia is divided into the families Scolecophidae (blind snakes), Heteroceratidae (heteroceratids), and Hyloceratidae (fine blind snakes). ② original snake suborder (Henophidia) python family, tube snake family, needle-tailed snake family, inner scale snake family and scrofulous snake family. (iii) The suborder Caonophidia is divided into the Swimming Snake family (with several subfamilies), the Cobra family (with the Cobra subfamily, the Flat-tailed Snake subfamily, and the Sea Snake subfamily), and the Viper family (with the White-headed Viper subfamily, the Viper subfamily, and the Pit Viper subfamily). With the exception of most of the Swimming Snake family, this suborder is all venomous snakes. Suborder Blind Snakes The suborder Blind Snakes are the most primitive snakes, mostly with hindlimb bands, and are found in warmer regions of the world. The suborder Blindsnakes includes some of the smallest snakes, with many members measuring less than 15 centimeters in length, but there are a few species that are larger. Blind snakes are roughly the same size from head to tail, with a short head and tail, slightly resembling earthworms in appearance, and mostly live in burrows, eating earthworms, termites and other underground invertebrates. Members of the suborder Typhlodontidae are evenly covered with rounded imbricate scales, with no differentiation of ventral scales, and the eyes are hidden underneath the eye scales. Blind snake family (Typhlopidae) Blind snake family has 6 genera and 150~226 species, is the most species of blind snake suborder, the most widely distributed family, mainly in Africa, southern Asia and Oceania, a few distributed in Central America, in addition, there is a kind of occurrence in southern Europe, two kinds of see in the United States Florida. The location of the teeth varies among the three families of the suborder Blind Snakes, with the Blind Snakes having teeth only in the upper jaw. The best known species of the family is the hooked blind snake Ramphotyphlop *** raminus, the only monogamous member of all snakes, with only females and no males. It is also one of the smallest snakes, measuring only 15 centimeters in length. Native to Asia, but brought to other parts of the world by humans as a result of lurking in the soil of flower pots, the Hooked Blind Snake is now one of the most widely distributed snakes in addition to tropical and subtropical Asia, as well as in parts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas, and on islands in many oceans. The Hooked Blind Snake is also the most commonly found blind snake in China, and is found as far north as Chongqing and Yichang. A few species of Anomalidae are large, such as the African giant blind snake Rhinotypholopsschlegeli, which is nearly 1 meter long and much larger than other blind snakes. Anomalepidae The Anomalepidae family consists of 4 genera and 16 to 20 species and is found in the Americas from Nicaragua to northern Argentina. The Anomalepidae have teeth in the upper jaw like the Blind Snakes, but also have a single tooth in the front of the lower jaw, and in a few cases, multiple teeth. Members of Leptotypus tend to be smaller than Leptotypus, usually less than 30 centimeters, and are among the smallest snakes. Leptotyphlopidae The Leptotyphlopidae family consists of 2 genera and 64-93 species, mainly found in the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas and Africa, with a few species found in the southwestern United States, Arabia, India, and Pakistan. Unlike other members of the suborder Blindsnakes, the teeth of Blindsnakes are in the lower jaw rather than the upper jaw. The family is more slender than the blind snakes, with most species not exceeding 30 centimeters, and includes some of the smallest snakes. Suborder Protoceratopsida The Protoceratopsida, also known as the Pythons, are large and medium-sized primitive snakes, mostly with remnants of hindlimb bands. The suborder Protoceratops is mainly found in the tropics, concentrating in southern Asia to Oceania, with few species, and some taxa are more controversial. Boidae (Boidae) There are about 17 genera and 73 species in the family Boidae, including the largest extant snakes, but most species are not as large. The Boidae have not only vestigial hind limb bands, but also vestigial hind limbs, which are scale-like, and in some species, infrared-sensing buccal fossae. The family Pythonidae can be divided into the oviparous subfamily Pythonidae and the predominantly oviparous subfamily Boa, both of which include giant snakes as well as some medium-sized ones. The subfamily Boa includes boas and sand boas, which are sometimes further divided into two subfamilies. Boas are widely distributed, mainly in the Americas, with a few in Madagascar and New Guinea. The best known of the boas is the green anaconda Eunecte *** urinus, found in northern South America, which is the largest extant snake and heavier than the anaconda, although generally slightly smaller in length than the anaconda. More common is the red-tailed boa Boaconstrictor, which is widely distributed and found in most of the tropical regions of the Americas, with upwards of 10 subspecies. Carpet Boa Some subspecies of the common boa are larger members of the boa, up to 4.5 meters long, but much smaller than the green anaconda, while some subspecies are very small, as little as 1 meter long. There are more than 10 species of sand pythons, most of which are less than 1 meter long and are adapted to burrowing in the sand, which is very different from the habits of other members of the family Pythonidae. Sand pythons are mainly distributed in the dry areas of Asia and Africa, and there is a kind of Europe, and there are two small boa in North America and sand pythons have close relatives. Python subfamily mainly distributed in the Old World tropics, most of which are distributed in Oceania, and the most famous python genus Python is distributed in Asia and Africa, python genus has a variety of giant snakes, including Southeast Asia's reticulated python Pythonreticulatus body length of up to 10 meters, is the longest snake, but the weight of the green anaconda to be less than. Asia's Indian python Pythonmolurus Africa's African rock python Pythonsebae can be more than 7 meters long or even longer, is second only to the green anaconda and net python python. The most famous python in Australia is the carpet python Moreliaspilota, the carpet python is 2~4 meters long, with many subspecies, and the patterns of different subspecies vary greatly. The green tree python Moreliaviridis, which is distributed in northern Australia and New Guinea, is yellow or orange-red in color when it is young, but turns green when it becomes an adult. The green tree python is very similar to Caralluscaninus, the green tree boa of South America, but it is not a close relative. Tropidophiidae (forest boa) There are 4 genera and 24 species in the forest boa family, distributed from Mexico to the north of South America and the islands in the Caribbean Sea, mainly terrestrial, with a very small body size, the smallest is only 32 centimeters in length, and the largest is not more than 1 meter. Members of the Anaconda family are oviparous, and in the past they were mostly incorporated into the Python family, where they were categorized as boas. Cuban Forest Boa There are only two genera and two species in the Bolyeridae family, namely the island boa Casareadussumieri, which is now found only on Round Island in the Mascarene Islands in the Indian Ocean, and the possibly extinct thunder snake Bolyeriamulticarinata. The island boa was formerly found on other larger islands in the Mascarene Archipelago, such as Mauritius, but has been extirpated from these islands and remains only on Round Island due to human activities, especially the destruction of its habitat by pigs brought in by humans. The island boa is related to the forest boa and used to be included in the boa family of the python family, but unlike the forest boa and the boa, the island boa is oviparous rather than ovoviviparous. Island boa Aniliidae (Aniliidae) The Aniliusscytale is the only species of tube snake in the Aniliidae family, and is found in northern South America. They are less than 1 meter long and are primitive snakes with remnants of hind limb bands. They are brightly colored and, although non-venomous, have a pattern slightly similar to that of the highly venomous coral snake. The classification of the family Cylindrosnakes is controversial, with some believing it to be the only family, while others include many other members of the suborder Protoceratops in the family Cylindrosnakes. Tubular snakes The Loxocemidae family consists of only one species, the Loxocemu *** icolor, which is a burrowing snake found from southern Mexico to Costa Rica. The Loxocemu *** icolor is a burrowing snake that is similar to the Asian Loxocemu *** icolor, but may be more closely related to the American Tubifex, and may be included in the family Tubifex. American Shining Scale Snakes The Anomochilidae family consists of one genus and one to two species of cave-dwelling snakes restricted to the Malay Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago. The Anomochilidae are burrowing snakes that lie between the primitive and progressive snakes, and may be related to and sometimes incorporated into the Tubular Snake or Needle-tailed Snake families. Uropeltidae (Needle-tailed snakes) The Needle-tailed snakes are a family of 8 genera and 47 species found in southern India and Sri Lanka. Needle-tailed snakes are medium-sized burrowing snakes that resemble tubesnakes but do not have hind limb remnants. Needle-tailed snakes have extremely inflated scales at the caudal end that form small crests or spines that play a role in burrowing, and the scales have iridescent colors similar to those of the shinersnake. Acrochordidae (scrofulous snakes) The scrofulous snake family consists of one genus and three species, which are aquatic snakes distributed in southern Asia and Oceania. Among them, the Arafura scrofula Acrochoridusarafurae, which is distributed in northern Australia and New Guinea, and the Javan scrofula Acrochoridusjavanicus, which is distributed in Southeast Asia, live in freshwater, and the other small scrofula, Acrochoridusgranulatus, lives in the tropical waters of the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean. The other small scrofulous snake, Acrochoridusgranulatus, lives offshore in the Indian Ocean and the tropical western Pacific, from India to the islands of the western Pacific, and is also found in southern China. Acrochoridusgranulatus does not have large abdominal scales, and moves with difficulty on land, with loose skin that spreads out vertically to flatten the body laterally as it swims in the water. The scrofula feeds on fish and kills its prey by wrapping itself around it like a python. Arafura Scrofula Neosnakes The Neosnakes, also known as the Swimming Snakes, are progressive snakes in which the limb bands have completely disappeared, and some species have evolved venomous fangs and venom glands, making them highly efficient predators. The Neosnakes include all existing venomous snakes and most non-venomous snakes, and are so widespread that they can be found in most parts of the world. Colubridae (Colubridae) Colubridae up to 300 genera and 1600 ~ 1800 species, the largest family of reptiles, including 2/3 of the existing snakes, the world's continents are distributed, and is the main snakes in places other than Australia. The members of the family Swimming Snakes are very complex, equivalent to a shelter for progressive snakes, with a large number of subfamilies and confusing divisions, sometimes some members are listed as independent families, the most controversial of which is the cave viper distributed in Africa and the Middle East, and the members of all families of the suborder Neoceratopsia have some similarities, but none of them are very closely related, and they are sometimes listed as a single family of cave vipers, Atractaspididae. Milk snakes are mostly anadromous snakes, with a large number of species. The family Atractaspididae is composed of mostly non-venomous snakes, some with posterior fangs, most of which are not very venomous, but there are a few highly venomous species and a few species with frontal fangs. Members of the family are morphologically diverse, with some species having multiple patterns in a single species, most notably the American kingsnake Lampropeltisgetula and the milksnake Lampropeltistriagulum. there are more than 10 subspecies of the kingsnake, which are so different from each other that they are often mistaken for different species in appearance. There are as many as 25 subspecies of milk snakes, which are non-venomous but so similar in appearance to the highly venomous coral snakes that the different subspecies of milk snakes look very much like different species of coral snakes. The most exotic species of the Swimming Snake family are the Chrysopelea, several members of the genus Chrysopelea in tropical Asia, which can glide through the air for some distance and are known as flying snakes. The most venomous members of the family are found mainly in Africa, such as the African Tree Snake, Dispholidus, and the African Vine Snake, Thelotornis, both of which are lethal, and the venom of the African Vine Snake does not yet have an antitoxin. African Tree Snakes Elapidae (Cobra family) There are more than 310 species in more than 70 genera in the Elapidae family, which are venomous snakes with anterior sulcus fangs. Elapidae are widely distributed throughout the warmer regions of the world, both on land and in the oceans, with Australia being the dominant snake. Cobra family is often divided into terrestrial cobras Elapidae and marine sea snakes Hydrophiidae 2 families, and sea snakes are often divided into flat-tailed snakes Laticaudidae still have to rely on land to reproduce and highly adapted to the sea life of sea snakes Hydrophiidae 2 families. Most members of the Cobra family are morphologically similar to the Swimming Snake family, but a few species, such as the Oceanic Spiny Snake genus Acanthophis, are very similar in size to members of the Viperidae family, which may be related to the absence of true members of the Viperidae family in Oceania. Inland tephra The fangs of members of the cobra family cannot be retracted by folding, so the fangs cannot be too large, and are much smaller than those of members of the viper family, with the largest cobras having fangs no larger than those of the smallest vipers, but members of the cobra family tend to be much more venomous, with the most venomous snakes on land being the Australian inland tephra (fine-scaled tephritid snake) Oxyuranu *** icrolepidotus, whose venom can kill up to 250,000 rats in a single discharge! And some species of sea snakes may be even more venomous! There are 45 genera and 250 species of terrestrial cobras, with some notable species in Oceania, Asia, Africa and the Americas. Cobras are dominant in Oceania, where they occupy a relatively diverse ecological niche due to the lack of other snakes. Well-known species include the tiger snake Notechis, the Iowan snake Pseudechis, and others, in addition to the aforementioned Tephritids and Echinodermata, with the genus Iowan comprising Australia's most common and widely distributed venomous snakes. The most famous cobra in Asia is the king cobra Ophiophagushannah, which is the world's largest venomous snake, with a body length of more than 5 meters. African cobras are best known as the mamba snake Dendroaspis, the mamba snake is mainly arboreal, but the black mamba snake Dendroaspispolylepis is often found on the ground, the black mamba snake is the largest cobra in Africa, with a body length of up to 4 meters, the black mamba snake is also the most venomous snake in Africa and is very dangerous with its agile movements and fast attack speed. King Cobra There are also several species of venom-spewing cobras in Asia and Africa, which primarily attack the eyes of their opponents. The cobras of the Americas are represented by the coral snakes Micrurus and the anthropomorphic coral snakes Micruroides, which are among the most colorful snakes and among the most venomous in the Americas, and some of the non-venomous snakes of the Americas, such as the Milk Snake, anthropomorphize into coral snakes to protect themselves. There are one genus and six species of flat-tailed snakes, most of which are found offshore in the tropics of the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans, but one species is found in the lakes of the Solomons. Flat-tailed snakes are highly venomous, but rarely bite. Sea snakes have 16 genera and 55 species, for oviparous snakes, completely free from the dependence on land and in the land action difficulties or can not walk. Sea snakes and flat-tailed snakes distribution area is generally similar, but one of the long-nosed sea snake Pelamisplaturus is not limited to the sea and can live with the ocean, so the distribution is very wide, not only throughout the Indian Ocean and the western Pacific Ocean tropical waters, but also as far away as the eastern Pacific Ocean all the way up to the coast of the Americas, they are the world's largest number of snakes. Mamba Snakes Viperidae (Viperidae) The Viperidae family consists of 220-250 species in 28-34 genera, which are venomous snakes with huge fangs that can be folded and retracted, making them some of the most advanced snakes in the world. Members of the Viperidae family are distinctly different in size from other snakes, with short, thick bodies, short, abruptly tapering tails, large triangular heads, and in some cases infrared-sensing cheek sockets on the head. The family Viperidae can be divided into three subfamilies, Viperinae, a subfamily of vipers without cheek sockets, Crotalinae, a subfamily of pit vipers with cheek sockets, and Azemiopinae, a primitive and enigmatic subfamily of white-headed vipers, which are sometimes upgraded to separate families. The subfamily Viperidae has about 70 species in 12-13 genera and is widely distributed throughout Eurasia and Africa. Rhinoceros sibirius The subfamily Viperaberus includes the most northerly-distributed venomous snakes, of which the extreme northern viper Viperaberus is found throughout northern Eurasia, and is the only venomous snake seen in the United Kingdom as far north as the Arctic tundra region. The subfamily Viperaberus includes some of the largest venomous snakes with fangs, such as the African sibilant viper Bitisgabonica, which has fangs up to 5 centimeters long. The Garpon's viper is also one of Africa's largest and best-known vipers, with a very robust body, and is equal to its close relative, the rhinoceros sibling viper, Bitisnasicornis, as the most intricately patterned of the snakes. The subfamily White-headed Viper is represented only by the White-headed Viper Azemiopsfea. The white-headed viper is the most primitive member of the Viperidae family, distributed in Burma and the south of China, and is so rare that little is known about it. All other members of the Viperidae family belong to the subfamily Pitvipers, a very successful subfamily that is widely distributed, on every continent except Australia, and is the dominant venomous snake in most areas. White-headed vipers The best known of the pit viper subfamily is the rattlesnake Crotalus, known for having a tail that emits an audible alarm and can sense infrared light. Rattlesnakes are primarily found in North America, but three species are found in Central and South America. The eastern diamondback rattlesnake Crotalus adamanteus of the southeastern United States is over 2 meters long and is the largest and heaviest viper in North America. The giant pit viper Lachesi *** uta of South and Central America is larger than the eastern diamondback rattlesnake, with a body length of nearly 4 meters, is the largest viper in the Western Hemisphere, and is also the world's largest pit viper and the heaviest viper. There are many species of pit vipers in Asia, with members of the pit viper genus Agkistrodon and the branded ironhead genus Trimeresurus being the most common venomous snakes in China, and the main venomous snakes that bite people in China. Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake