Toona sinensis can be divided into purple Toona sinensis and green Toona sinensis according to the color of buds and tender leaves. Toona sinensis bark is grayish brown, with crimson buds, luster, rich fragrance, less fiber, more fat and good quality. Toona sinensis with red and purple buds and Toona sinensis with green buds are generally called Toona sinensis. The main fine varieties are Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis, Toona sinensis.
1. Main cultivation modes of Toona sinensis.
1, high-yield cultivation model of Toona sinensis in solar greenhouse. Select high-quality and high-yield dwarf varieties, cultivate strong seedlings as required, and carry out greenhouse cultivation every autumn or spring. Each greenhouse with an area of 200 square meters can plant about 1200 seedlings. The temperature in the greenhouse is controlled at 18-25℃, and one Toona sinensis bud can be produced in 15-20 days. If the cultivated varieties are excellent, the water, fertilizer, gas and temperature are properly controlled, and some special production and pest control techniques are adopted, the output of Toona sinensis buds can reach 3-4 kg per square meter, especially in winter and spring. The economic benefit per mu can reach 40,000 yuan.
2. Intercropping mode of Toona sinensis and food crops. Because of the relationship between the height of Toona sinensis and the picking of tender buds, it reduces its shading and shading, and is suitable for planting in the ridge of the field to form an intercropping and interplanting model with field crops. In the case of sparse planting of Toona sinensis, a variety of crops can be interplanted, such as wheat, rape, broad beans, potatoes and so on. However, in the case of close planting of vegetable Toona sinensis, it is generally only intercropped with vegetables with short growth period and shade tolerance. While harvesting crop yield, you can also harvest Toona sinensis buds, which can also be used as wood, or sold after completion, so as to achieve dual purposes of money and grain.
3. Production mode of Toona sinensis in courtyard economy. Farmers have a long-standing habit of planting Toona sinensis trees in front of and behind their houses. Toona sinensis is an integral part of courtyard economy. Seriously summing up farmers' production experience, selecting suitable varieties, rational layout and comprehensive development can not only enrich the types of courtyard economy, but also increase economic benefits and produce certain ecological benefits.
4. Planting pattern of Toona sinensis returning farmland to forest. Choose abandoned mountainous areas with rainfall of more than 450 mm and humid climate suitable for planting Toona sinensis or arid areas with irrigation conditions, develop a moderate-scale Toona sinensis plantation, build a Toona sinensis production base with ecological and economic considerations, produce Toona sinensis buds and cultivate timber forests. At the same time, you can also plant crops with smaller plant types such as grasses in the forest to develop animal husbandry.
Second, solar greenhouse cultivation techniques
There are generally three forms of Toona sinensis cultivation in solar greenhouse: ① Toona sinensis is only produced in winter, and the film is uncovered after harvesting in spring, and Toona sinensis seedlings are left in place; (2) After harvesting Toona sinensis in the solar greenhouse, transplant the seedlings to the open space to make room for planting Natsuna such as tomato, eggplant and pepper in the greenhouse; ③ Toona sinensis, cucumber, tomato, kidney bean, radish, mushroom, etc.
1, soil preparation and fertilization. Plantar fertilizer must be applied to cultivate Toona sinensis in solar greenhouse. Apply high-quality farmyard manure of not less than 5,000 kg, calcium superphosphate of not less than 100 kg and urea of 25 kg per mu, evenly spread and plough, and then prepare the soil for 80- 100cm wide border.
2. Variety selection. Select high-yield and high-quality Toona sinensis varieties suitable for dwarfing culture, such as Toona sinensis brown, Toona sinensis red bud green, Toona sinensis black, Toona sinensis red and Toona sinensis green.
Step 3 plant. Planting seedlings should be excavated in time. Planting is too early, and the dormancy of Toona sinensis has not been completed. After planting in greenhouse, the bud head is short and slender, and the product is rich in fiber, with light fragrance, bitter taste and poor quality. Planting too late, Toona sinensis seedlings are not cold-resistant, and the ground parts are frozen after cold, which is easy to cause dried bamboo shoots. The emergence time in northwest China is generally from late June to mid-October165438+ 10. After the leaves of Toona sinensis fall off, they sleep at a low temperature below 5℃ for about 17 days. In order to break dormancy, seedlings can be raised in greenhouse in the middle and late June of 165438+ 10, the shed can be closed before the cold wave comes in the middle and early February of 65438+,or the seedlings can be planted in the open field after emergence. Leave as many roots as possible when digging seedlings, and classify them according to size after digging. The optimal seedling standards suitable for greenhouse planting are: annual seedling height 0.6- 1.0 m, stem diameter 1 cm or more, 1-2-year seedling height 1.0- 1.5 m, and stem diameter1. The seedlings with thin stems germinate early, but the buds are weak and the yield is low. After cutting off the dead parts and stimulating the germination of the lower lateral buds, frozen seedlings can also be used. When raising seedlings, the south is low and the north is high. Before planting, make beds with the width of 1.5m, with the interval of 50cm (the harvesting sidewalk is reserved). The planting density is 15cm x 15cm, and about 30,000 plants can be planted per mu. When planting, row seedlings according to row spacing and cover the soil at the same time. The thickness of the buried soil is slightly thicker than the original soil at the root and neck. Water 1 time after soil compaction is beneficial to slow down seedlings and prevent terminal buds from draining.
4. Greenhouse management. In winter, the temperature of germination and growth of Toona sinensis in greenhouse is 2-4℃ higher than that in open field. When the temperature rises to 12- 14℃, it will germinate, but the bud will only elongate at 18-22℃, so the Toona sinensis in greenhouse reaches 1 1. If the Toona sinensis buds have not germinated by 20 days before the Spring Festival after the film is sealed, or the lowest indoor temperature drops to 4-5℃, a fire must be lit to raise the temperature. Fire suppression occurs when the temperature rises to about 18℃ in the daytime, and fire suppression occurs when the temperature drops to 15℃ in the afternoon. The temperature in the greenhouse is kept at 15-22℃ during the day and at 15℃ at night. When the room temperature is low, the germination is irregular and takes a long time. When the buds of Toona sinensis grow to 15-20 cm, the indoor temperature should be raised above 22℃ as far as possible to make the tender leaves turn crimson, which is not only beautiful in appearance, but also rich in fragrance, sweeter and better in quality. When the temperature is higher than 30℃, the compound leaves grow fast, but there are many fibers and the buds of Toona sinensis are colored.
During the harvesting of Toona sinensis, the room temperature can be higher, 18-24℃ during the day and 13- 15℃ at night, which is beneficial to the growth of Toona sinensis buds. After the first harvest, if the weather is too cold, in addition to building a fire to keep warm, you can also add a small arch shed or hang a double-layer film indoors to increase the temperature in the greenhouse and promote the germination of the second crop of Toona sinensis buds.
After planting Toona sinensis, water it every 10- 15 days 1 time. During the harvest, spray water at noon on sunny days 3-5 days before each harvest until the leaves drip. When the air is dry, spray water into the air to keep the relative humidity of the air in the greenhouse 60%-70%. At noon, the shed temperature exceeds 30℃, so open the window for ventilation. When rolling curtains in the morning, beat the film with a long bamboo pole to make water drop on the film. If there is too much dust on the film surface, spray water on the shed surface for cleaning at noon.
Fertilizer deficiency often occurs after harvesting Toona sinensis in greenhouse 1 time. After the second sprout of Toona sinensis grows, 25g urea can be sprayed on 1 m2, and then lightly poured on 1 time. It can also be sprayed with 1% urea solution or diammonium phosphate solution. 1 time after harvesting, topdressing 1 time to prevent Toona sinensis buds from thinning and yellowing.
Light not only affects the temperature in the greenhouse, but also affects the color of Toona sinensis buds. When the light intensity reaches 26000-30000 LX (lux), the buds and compound leaves turn red. The buds of Toona sinensis have rich fragrance and good quality. During the curtain insulation period, the curtain should be pulled up at around 9: 00 every morning so that it can see more light, and then covered at 4: 00 in the afternoon to keep warm. Usually pay attention to remove the dust and water droplets on the film in time to increase the illumination.
The supplementary lighting of fluorescent lamp can also assist the coloring of Toona sinensis buds. Turn on 1 40w fluorescent lamp every 6 square meters. Turn on the lamp for 3-4 hours after the curtain is closed, but you can't turn on the ever-burning lamp. Discontinued in early April.
5. Harvest. Toona sinensis buds are purplish red under suitable temperature conditions, with fast growth, strong fragrance and less fiber. 40-50 days after the plastic shed is covered with grass curtain, when the buds of Toona sinensis grow to 15-20 cm and the color is good, the harvest of 1 crop is usually carried out in the first ten days of 1 month. When picking, pick the top buds clustered on the buds and let the remaining buds continue to differentiate leaves at the base. Harvesting should be done in the morning and evening. After the terminal bud is harvested, the upper 4-6 lateral buds germinate rapidly, and the second crop can be harvested after 15-20 days, and then 1 crop is harvested every 15 days or so until the listing of Toona sinensis is completed in late April. * * * Harvest for 4-5 times. After each bud harvest, topdressing and watering are required. High density planting (30,000 plants per mu) in plastic solar greenhouse can produce 6,000 kilograms of Toona sinensis buds per mu. Coupled with the sales revenue of Toona sinensis seedlings, the output value is considerable.
Toona sinensis in greenhouse is very delicate, so you can't break it by hand when harvesting. Should you use scissors or a knife? 1 Two compound leaves are left at the base of the bud at harvest, and 2-3 compound leaves are left at the side buds at the second harvest. After the lateral buds are harvested, some lateral buds should be left motionless, so that they can grow into auxiliary branches to help restore the tree.
After the Toona sinensis is harvested, it is tied into a handful every100-200g, put into a food bag and sealed to prevent wilting. If you want to keep it temporarily, you can put it in a cool cellar or in a room at 0- 10℃. Don't pile it up to avoid heat and defoliation.
After harvesting Toona sinensis buds in solar greenhouse, the plastic film on the greenhouse can be removed when the weather gets warmer. The harvested Toona sinensis seedlings can also be sold as young trees.
Third, greenhouse cultivation techniques
Developing efficient production of Toona sinensis in greenhouse has less investment and high income. Efficient cultivation in greenhouse should pay attention to the following technical links.
1, variety selection. Same as the sunlight greenhouse.
2. Stay close. Toona sinensis has a dormancy period of about 17 days after defoliation in autumn. In the meantime, the low temperature must be kept below 10℃. Follow the trend 3-5 days before the first frost; First, water the seedlings to make them fully absorb water. Then dig out the seedlings, leave as many thick lateral roots as possible when digging, and shake off the soil at the roots. At the same time, dig a ditch on the spot, put the roots of the seedlings in the ditch one by one, let the seedlings lie on the ground to reduce the harm of cold wind, then bury the soil, dig a ditch and press them down one by one. It is necessary to water 1 time after false storage to prevent seedlings from "pulling out" under the strong northwest cold wind. In order to ensure the timely yellowing and shedding of Toona sinensis seedlings in autumn, 2000 mg/L ethephon can be sprayed on the plants, which will cause a lot of yellowing and shedding of leaves 2-5 days after spraying.
Step 3 plant. (165438+1mid-October) About 30 days after coming in, the leaves of Toona sinensis will fall off and the seedlings should be planted in different levels. Before planting, it is best to apply 2000-3000 kg of farm manure and 20-30 kg of ternary compound fertilizer per mu. After fertilization, turn over 20-25 cm, carefully prepare the soil, and close the shed 5-7 days in advance to improve the ground temperature. Toona sinensis planting in greenhouse can be divided into conventional planting and hedge planting. Conventional planting is to make the bed width 1.5m at intervals of 50cm (harvesting sidewalk is reserved). When planting, from one end of the greenhouse, erect graded seedlings in the border with the spacing of 15cm x 15cm, so that the roots are staggered and flattened, and the border is filled with soil. When filling the soil, gently shake the seedlings to make the soil fill the gap. After planting, water and cover the border with a layer of leaves and broken grass. In winter, about 30,000 seedlings of Toona sinensis should be planted per mu in greenhouses. The hedgerow is planted in the border with a width of 1 m, and it is vertically planted in two rows with a spacing of 30 cm and a spacing between rows of 30 cm. The distance between beds is 70 cm.
4. Harvest management
(1) temperature. 7- 10 days after planting Toona sinensis, there is no need to heat it immediately, and natural light and heat can be used. The temperature should be kept at 10-25℃ during the day and above 10℃ at night. The suitable soil temperature is 16-25℃. As long as the average daily temperature after planting is controlled above 15℃, 19-20 days can germinate. In order to make them germinate as soon as possible, treating dormant terminal buds with 100mg/l/L gibberellin can obviously increase the number of germinated plants. When the temperature is kept above 20℃ after germination, the bud length can reach 20-30 cm after 10- 15 days, and it usually takes 30-40 days from sowing to the first harvest.
(2) Humidity. The suitable humidity for Toona sinensis bud production is about 70%. When the humidity in the shed is too high, it is necessary to release air and exhaust moisture. When the humidity is insufficient, spray water on the branches regularly. Water should be sprayed on the branches every 3-5 days from 10 day after planting.
(3) Uncover the film in time. When the ground temperature in Grain Rain reaches 18℃, the plastic film in the greenhouse should be removed in time to make the seedlings adapt to the natural environment. Toona sinensis grows rapidly in natural sunlight, but it is easy to age. It is necessary to prepare black and red vinyl film bags in advance. When each Toona sinensis bud grows to 5 cm, it is necessary to put on a bag-like shading film, which not only increases the yield of Toona sinensis, but also ensures that Toona sinensis does not age. When the buds grow to 15 cm, they are picked together with the bags, and the outer bags are removed when they are sold. The outer bag can be reused.
(4) topdressing. Top dressing in time is the basis of stable and high yield. After each bud picking, topdressing 5.0-7.5 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, 2.5-4.0 kg of phosphate fertilizer and 0.5-2.0 kg of potassium fertilizer, and watering 1 time after fertilization. In addition, after the terminal buds germinate, topdressing outside the roots every 10- 15 days/time. Spraying 0.2% urea, 0.2% potassium dihydrogen phosphate and 0.3% ternary compound fertilizer alternately.
(5) pruning. Conventional planting and hedge planting have different pruning methods.
Conventional planting: in order to increase the yield, methods such as topping, girdling, cutting short and spraying chlormequat chloride are adopted. Used to dwarf seedlings, promote them to germinate lateral branches, and collect buds from multiple heads. 1-3 when young trees pick buds, they should pay attention to the combination with cultivated trees, and not all buds can be picked, otherwise it will be unfavorable to the growth of young trees. The seedlings that Hanlu just transplanted into the greenhouse will not be topped for the time being, because the nutrients stored in xylem can be used for the growth of Toona sinensis, and it is a waste to hit the first crop. It can germinate Toona sinensis, improve the utilization rate, and carry out respiration and photosynthesis in the rapid growth to promote the growth and development of roots. When picking the second stubble of Toona sinensis buds, the top is simultaneously picked and dried. At this time, the new root system has developed and can absorb underground nutrients. You can cut it short and dry it 40 cm above the ground. Spraying 15% paclobutrazol 200-400 times/time after drying can promote the rapid development of dwarf branches. Every time you pick Toona sinensis in the future, you should top and split it in time according to the development of the tree, so as to ensure that the crown has many branches and buds and improve the yield.
Hedge planting: bacon is the key point of hedge management in 1-2 years, and only the main buds with too high plant height are picked in 1 year to promote the development of low lateral buds; In the second year, the main buds of dwarf seedlings were retained, so that the growth of each plant in the fence tended to the same height, forming a neat and full fence shape. Hedge management should also pay attention to the following points: first, the shaping and pruning of hedges. When the young buds of Toona sinensis are harvested, the long branches should be cut short in time to dwarf the hedge, so that the height of the hedge can be kept below 1 m, and the growth of low lateral buds can be promoted. Second, after harvesting, remove the shed, retract and trim it, and topdressing the mixed quick-acting liquid fertilizer with phosphate fertilizer as the main factor to avoid partial application of nitrogen fertilizer. In the years when there is more rain in summer and autumn, we should also take root cutting or spraying hormones (such as chlormequat chloride) for dwarfing, so as to facilitate the germination in the spring shed in the following year. Thirdly, after 4-6 years of hedgerow cultivation, plants gradually form some old branches with low yield and poor quality, which must be updated. Renewal of old hedgerows should be carried out on the basis of strengthening fertilizer and water management. Its practice is to remove the weak and retain the strong at the place 5-8 cm above the ground in early spring, cut the old and retain the new, topdressing the phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer 100- 150 kg and nitrogen fertilizer 80- 100 kg per mu, and irrigating in time after fertilization, and a new fence can be formed in that year. In the second year, the normal production of hedgerows can be restored.
5. Harvest in time. /kloc-Toona sinensis planted in greenhouse 165438+ in the middle of October, 1 crops can be harvested in the middle and late February of 12, and the harvesting standard is that Toona sinensis buds are 20-25 cm long. The terminal bud should be broken at 1 when picking buds, and the lateral buds can only germinate after the terminal bud is broken. Harvest every 15 days 1 time, and pick buds 5-6 times before and after Qingming. Generally, it can produce 5000-5500 kilograms of Toona sinensis buds per mu.
Four, the main problems in production and solutions
Dead branches are the main problem in solar greenhouse and greenhouse production. The main reason is improper management of water and fertilizer. Especially for plants growing in gravel plots, due to poor fertility and insufficient soil moisture, seedlings cannot grow normally. Generally, plants are short and thin, and cannot form complete terminal buds before winter. Almost all such seedlings will produce dead branches. Plants growing on loam with good texture and plants with normal fertilizer and water management in the early and middle stages will also cause serious bamboo shoots withering if there is too much fertilizer and water in the later stage. Because according to the normal growth law of Toona sinensis, the seedlings should basically stop growing before September, and too much fertilizer and water will stimulate the plants to continue growing in the later period, so that the plants still have strong growth potential, which leads to the "green greed" of the seedlings in the later period, and the branches and buds can not accumulate more nutrients in time, which affects their enrichment.
Secondly, we should plant well. Seedlings can be planted according to row spacing and covered with soil, the thickness of which is slightly thicker than the original root neck. After the soil is compacted, it can be watered 1 time, which is beneficial to delay the emergence of seedlings and effectively prevent dead shoots.
In addition, improper temperature management in solar greenhouses and greenhouses often leads to irregular germination, delayed germination or dead branches of Toona sinensis. The growth temperature range of Toona sinensis is 5-35℃, but the optimum growth temperature is 20-25℃. The temperature in the greenhouse is below 5℃ or above 33℃ for a long time, which is easy to produce dead bamboo shoots. Therefore, during the harvesting of Toona sinensis buds, the temperature in solar greenhouse or greenhouse should be kept at 18-25℃ during the day and 12- 14℃ at night. At this time, the buds of Toona sinensis grow fast, with strong fragrance and little fiber.