General Knowledge of Diabetes 1. Knowledge about Diabetes
Dietary taboos for diabetes (1) Increase food fiber appropriately Fiber is a kind of polysaccharide that cannot be digested and absorbed by the body.
Diabetic patients to properly increase the amount of food fiber into the following benefits: First, high-fiber foods can reduce postprandial blood glucose, improve glucose tolerance, reduce the amount of insulin and reduce the role of blood lipids; second, can slow down the diabetic's sense of hunger; and third, can be *** secretion of digestive juices and to promote intestinal peristalsis, to prevent the occurrence of constipation. The following foods contain more fiber, can be done as a diabetic often choose to eat food, such as: mung beans, kelp, buckwheat noodles, cornmeal, oat noodles, sorghum rice, spinach, celery, leeks, bean sprouts and so on.
One thing must be noted, although the food fiber is good for diabetics, but should not be too much of a single food, there is always a degree of everything, diabetics pay attention to the nutritional balance is more important. (2) Vegetable oil for the more ideal cooking oil corn oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, etc., because of which is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, it is an essential fatty acid in the body to help cholesterol operation, not to make cholesterol deposits in the blood vessel wall, so this is to prevent some of the complications of diabetes, such as atherosclerosis, etc. have a positive effect, because of this, diabetic people need to cooking oil to vegetable oil The first thing you need to do is to make sure that you have the right kind of oil for the job.
However, vegetable oils should not be consumed in large quantities, as over-consumption exposes their obvious side effects, such as excessive calorie production and fatness. Scientists suggest that the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids in the diet should be 1:1~2.
(3) beneficial soybean and its products Soybean is the ideal food for diabetics, because it contains nutrients beneficial to diabetics. For one thing, soy is a source of plant-based protein, not only rich in content, but also high physiological value, a complete range of essential amino acids, comparable to animal foods.
Secondly, the fat in the soybean contains unsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids and soybean steroids, which is beneficial to reduce blood cholesterol. Third, half of the carbohydrates in the soybean for the human body can not be absorbed cottonseed sugar and fructose.
In addition, soybeans are rich in inorganic salts, trace elements and B vitamins. As you can see from the above, soybean and its products, such as bean curd, bean curd silk, dried tofu, tofu brain, soybean powder, etc., should become a common food for diabetics.
(4) Ways to cope with hunger Hunger is a frequent reaction encountered by diabetics. It is caused by diabetes, and will also be reduced or disappeared due to the improvement of the diabetes condition and the patient's adaptive regulation.
You can take the following approaches to cope with the occurrence of hunger: First: reduce the intake of fine grains, increase some fiber foods, such as buckwheat noodles, cornmeal, mung beans, kelp and so on. At present, the domestic market has a number of health food for diabetics, such as buckwheat noodles, mung bean crackers, etc., can be done as a serious hunger with meals.
Second: eat more low-calorie, high-volume vegetables. Such as tomatoes, spinach, cucumbers, cabbage, greens, bean sprouts, eggplant, leeks and so on.
Third: use some therapeutic prescriptions to add meals. If the hunger is strong, available winter melon 250 grams, 100 grams of yam, pig pancreas 1 (after washing), add the right amount of seasoning stewed with soup to eat, you can also use pumpkin, soybean or tofu and other low calorie-producing foods to stewed pig pancreas to eat.
To relieve hunger ***. The fourth: psychological methods.
The amount of food people eat is related to their eating habits, and hunger on the basis of not affecting nutrition can be relieved through a period of patient adaptation. In addition, the patient should believe that reducing the amount of food and drink, does not necessarily produce hunger, do not have prior preparation for hunger, the important thing for diabetic patients is nutritional balance, excessive diet will undoubtedly bring a burden to the organism related organs and tissues.
(5) the choice of sweet products There are some diabetics love to eat sweets, but most of the sweets are rich in sugar, eat and not good for the condition. So how to solve this tricky contradiction? Try the following methods: First: in many sweeteners, suitable for diabetic patients to eat "stevia" is better, although it does not contain nutrients, but it does not provide heat, and sweetness for the common sugar about 400 times, so you can choose.
Second: saccharin as a sweetener can be consumed occasionally. But it is contraindicated for pregnant women.
Third: Peach, pear, pineapple, prunes, cherries and other sweet fruits can be consumed in moderation. These fruits contain pectin, which can increase insulin secretion and delay glucose absorption.
In addition, watermelon is low in carbohydrates and can also be consumed in moderation. The fourth: diabetics should control sugar intake, but it is not possible to not have any sugar at all.
Daily consumption of sugar is generally limited to less than 10 grams, however, each diabetic's situation is different, the patient himself should have a feel for its laws, including the lowest moment of daily blood sugar, which is the best time to moderate into some sugary foods. (6) the most easy to make blood sugar rise in the food we often see, the following food is very easy to make blood sugar rise.
Such as: white sugar, rock sugar, brown sugar, glucose, maltose, honey, candied fruit, milk sugar, chocolate, fruit sugar, canned fruit, soda, jam, ice cream, sweet cakes, cakes, and a variety of sweet beverages, oral liquid, fruit juice. (7) Foods that tend to elevate blood lipids Elevated blood lipids are very detrimental to diabetes.
It is an important cause of complications of cardiovascular disease. Therefore, diabetics should not eat foods that raise blood lipids, commonly lard, tallow, suet, butter, cream, fatty meat and cholesterol-rich foods (see table below).
Regarding cholesterol, diabetics should also understand that it has two roles, first of all, it is an essential substance with important physiological functions, such as the composition of cell membranes, etc.; but the intake of more, it will cause side effects, such as participation in the generation of coronary heart disease. It is generally believed that the intake of cholesterol to 300 milligrams per day is appropriate.
(8) the harm of drinking alcohol Some diabetic patients believe that wine is the essence of the grains, moderate drinking can be blood circulation, cold, regulating the spirit. This should be analyzed by specific patients.
If the patient's condition is mild, on holidays, relatives and friends get together, you can drink a little bit of wine, and, preferably, beer or other low-grade wine; if the condition is unstable, or with liver or cardiovascular disease, should be prohibited from drinking alcohol. Because alcohol has the following hazards: One: drinking alcohol will increase the burden on the liver.
We know that the detoxification of alcohol is mainly carried out in the liver. People with normal liver function have a strong ability to detoxify most of the toxic substances.
2. Basic knowledge about diabetes
Hello! Diabetes is a lifelong disease can not be eradicated, only medication, dietary therapy to control the condition, to prevent the occurrence of complications. The long term use of insulin is not harmful to the body.
Diabetes medication at the same time the need for dietary treatment as follows
(1) the right amount of carbohydrates and fiber: carbohydrates are the main source of energy needed for human activity. The right amount of carbohydrates can improve glucose tolerance, adjust the concentration of cholesterol and triglycerides, and improve the sensitivity of tissues to insulin. Carbohydrates include rice, millet, flour, and corn. Fiber is a polysaccharide compound that helps E. coli synthesize a variety of vitamins in the intestines; it can *** gastrointestinal tract, increase the secretion of digestive juices and gastrointestinal peristalsis, and prevent and treat diabetic constipation. Fiber-rich foods are vegetables, beans, coarse grains and so on.
(2) the supply of protein should be sufficient: the supply of protein in the diabetic diet should be sufficient, the intake is generally comparable to normal people or slightly higher. Metabolic disorders caused by diabetes make the body protein decomposition too fast, too much loss, easy to negative nitrogen balance. Therefore, the diet should be supplemented with enough protein-rich foods. The supply of adequate protein can strengthen the body, which is conducive to the repair of disease damage, and can enhance the body's immunity and resistance. Protein-rich foods such as lean meat, milk, eggs, chicken, fish, shrimp and so on.
(3) Reduce fat intake: diabetes is centered on disorders of glucose metabolism. High-fat diet can hinder the utilization of sugar, and its metabolism itself can produce ketone bodies, which can easily induce and aggravate acidosis. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the intake of fat. Fat is mainly contained in animal and vegetable oils. Animal oil contains a large amount of cholesterol, can promote atherosclerosis, should not eat more. Foods containing high cholesterol include fatty meat, animal offal, egg yolks, brain marrow and so on. Diabetics should mainly consume vegetable oils, such as canola oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, corn oil and so on.
(4) Supplementary vitamins: Vitamins are trace substances that maintain the normal metabolism and function of the human body, and are needed in small quantities, but cannot be lacking. Such as diabetics lack of vitamin B1 can lead to neurological disorders such as numbness of the hands and feet, polyneuritis, etc.; lack of vitamin C can lead to microvascular lesions. Vitamin B1 exists in grain germ, beans. Vitamin C is found in a variety of fresh vegetables.
(5) intake of inorganic salts and trace elements: diabetic diet should not be too much sodium, high sodium easily induced hypertension and atherosclerosis. When the condition is not well controlled, it is easy to have various infections and ketoacidosis, and it is important to pay attention to supplementing inorganic salts. Diabetics should be encouraged to consume more food containing trace elements such as chromium, zinc and germanium. There is no standard for supplementation of trace elements, and generally there is no need for additional supplementation of trace elements when the diet is well structured and not biased.
Dietary treatment 1, pumpkin to prevent diabetes
2, bitter melon sugar is very obvious
3, spinach to keep blood sugar stable
4, aloe vera medicine and food are both appropriate
Diabetes:
One: improve the dietary structure
Two: moderate exercise
Dietary therapy: control of calorie intake
Nutritional distribution should be balanced
Daily calorie intake should be between 1400 kcal and 1600 kcal.
50 g of rice 30 g of bread 80 g of boiled noodles 180 g of apple (with belt and core) 180 g of apple (peeled and cored) 150 g of bean curd 100 g of pork 60 g of carrots, round peppers, lentils, cauliflower 300 g
These foods and quantities are 80 kcal
The allyl sulfide has an inhibitory effect on the rise of blood glucose, such as onion, leeks, scallion
Catechins have the effect of inhibiting the rise of blood sugar, such as green tea
Food fiber has the effect of inhibiting the absorption of sugar and lipids, slowing down the rise of blood sugar, such as burdock, konjac
Vitamin C has the effect of improving fat metabolism and basal metabolism, such as round peppers
3. The first thing you need to do is to get a good deal of information about the company's products and services, and the company's products and services, and the company's products and services. The typical case can have urination, drinking, eating and wasting, that is, "three more and one less" symptoms.
Symptoms The symptoms of diabetes can be summarized as "three more and one less", the so-called "three more" refers to "more food, more drink, more urine", "one less" refers to "more food, more drink, more urine", "one less" refers to "more food, more drink, more urine", "one less" refers to "one less" refers to "one less". The so-called "three more" refers to "eating more, drinking more and urinating more", and "one less" refers to "weight loss". (1) more food: due to the loss of a large number of urine sugar, such as daily loss of sugar 500 grams or more, the body is in a semi-starvation Diabetes environmental factors state, the lack of energy needs to be supplemented caused by a hyper appetite, the amount of food increased.
At the same time and because of high blood sugar *** insulin secretion, so the patient is easy to produce a sense of hunger, hyperphagia, the old feeling of not having enough to eat, and even eat five or six times a day, the staple food is up to 1 ~ 1.5 kilograms, and the side dishes are also more than the normal people obviously increase, and can not satisfy the appetite. (2) drinking: due to polyuria, excessive water loss, intracellular dehydration occurs, *** thirst center, thirst and drinking, the amount of water and the number of times to drink increased, as a way to replenish water.
The more you urinate, the more you drink, forming a positive relationship. (3) Polyuria: increased urine output, up to 3,000-5,000 milliliters per day and night, up to 10,000 milliliters or more.
The number of urination is also increased, one or two hours may urinate once, some patients even up to 30 times per day and night. Diabetic blood glucose concentration increases, the body can not be fully utilized, especially glomerular filtration and can not be completely reabsorbed by the renal tubules, so that the formation of osmotic diuresis, polyuria.
The higher the blood glucose, the more urinary sugar is discharged and the more urine is produced. (4) Wasting (weight loss): Due to insufficient insulin, the body is unable to fully utilize glucose, which accelerates the breakdown of fats and proteins for energy and calories.
The result is that carbohydrates, fats and proteins in the body are consumed in large quantities, coupled with the loss of water, the patient's weight loss, emaciation, and in severe cases, weight loss can be dozens of pounds, resulting in fatigue, weakness, and loss of spirit. Similarly, the longer the duration of the disease, the higher the blood glucose; the more serious the disease, the more obvious the wasting.
Pathologic etiology of common causes 1, factors related to type 1 diabetes: autoimmune system defects: because in the blood of patients with type 1 diabetes can be detected in a variety of autoimmune antibodies, such as glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies (GAD antibodies), islet cell antibodies (ICA antibodies) and so on. These abnormal autoantibodies can damage the structure of the pancreas Injure the insulin-secreting B cells of the human pancreatic islets, so that they can not normally secrete insulin.
Genetic factors: Current research suggests that genetic defects are the basis for the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus, which is manifested in the HLA antigen abnormality of the sixth pair of human chromosomes. Scientists' research suggests that type 1 diabetes runs in families - if you have a parent with diabetes, you are more likely to develop the disease than someone without a family history of the disease.
Viral infections may be a trigger: Perhaps surprisingly, many scientists suspect that viruses can also cause type 1 diabetes. This is because people with type 1 diabetes often have had a viral infection some time before the onset of the disease, and "epidemics" of type 1 diabetes often follow viral epidemics.
Viruses, such as those that cause mumps and rubella, and the coxsackie family of viruses that cause polio, can play a role in type 1 diabetes. 2. Factors related to type 2 diabetes Genetic factors: similar to type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes is characterized by a familial onset.
It is therefore likely to be genetically related. This genetic predisposition is more pronounced in type 2 diabetes than in type 1 diabetes.
For example, if one twin has type 1 diabetes, there is a 40% chance that the other twin will develop the disease, but if the twin has type 2 diabetes, there is a 70% chance that the other twin will develop type 2 diabetes. Obesity: An important factor in type 2 diabetes may be obesity.
Genetic causes can cause obesity, and the same can cause type 2 diabetes. Patients with central body obesity, in which excess fat is concentrated in the abdomen, are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes than those with fat concentrated in the hips and thighs.
Age: Age is also a factor in the development of type 2 diabetes. Half of all people with type 2 diabetes develop the disease after the age of 55 related to books.
The tendency of older patients to develop diabetes is also related to the fact that older people tend to be overweight. Modern lifestyles: eating high-calorie foods and reduced exercise can also cause diabetes, and it is thought that this is also due to obesity.
Obesity, like type 2 diabetes, is more prevalent among Asian Americans and Latin American businessmen who have "westernized" their eating and activity habits. 3, factors related to gestational diabetes Hormonal abnormalities: pregnancy placenta will produce a variety of hormones for fetal development and growth, these hormones are very important to the healthy growth of the fetus, but can block the mother's body insulin effect, so the trigger diabetes.
The 24th to 28th cycle of pregnancy is the peak time for these hormones, and is also the time when gestational diabetes often occurs. Genetic basis: patients who develop gestational diabetes have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future (but not type 1 diabetes).
It has therefore been suggested that the genes that cause gestational diabetes and the genes that cause type 2 diabetes may be related to each other. Obesity: Obesity not only predisposes to type 2 diabetes, but can also cause gestational diabetes.
4, other findings A research institute in Qingdao claimed to have discovered the main causes of diabetes and explained the causes of complications. The results were: Anatomical evidence that diabetes may be caused by Toxoplasma gondii.
A large number of Toxoplasma gondii parasitize brain cells and nerve cells. Toxoplasma gondii is a parasite that is found in large numbers in brain cells and nerve cells, which can disrupt the secretion of various glands, including the secretion of insulin.
If Toxoplasma gondii also parasitizes the pancreas, it directly destroys the cells of the pancreas. When the beta cells are damaged, insulin secretion is affected.
It is believed that the destruction of Toxoplasma gondii leads to dysregulation of the nervous system and destruction of pancreatic cells, which is the main cause of diabetes. The Institute believes that diabetes appears hereditary because it is an organ-susceptible genetic disease.
Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes Numerous studies have shown that the human body, under high blood glucose and high free fatty acid (FFA) ***, free radicals are generated in large quantities, which in turn initiates oxidation.
4. Common sense about diabetes
The only thing a diabetic has to do is to "eat three meals a day", that is, no matter what you eat, the total calories a day is fixed, and there is no must be avoided what the dead requirements, so why is there a diabetic can not eat this can not eat that argument? In fact, the reason is the same, because the sweet things, such as Bali, you eat a few after reaching a meal of calories, then you can not eat the following meal, or you intake of calories today exceeded the standard, that is, blood sugar to be high. Is it possible to have a meal with just sweets and no food? It's not pleasant, is it? So diabetics best three meals regularly, do not eat additional snacks, is easy to control the total intake of the sake of
Some vegetables are beneficial to diabetic patients, such as spinach, have to promote the role of insulin secretion; mushrooms, for high-protein, low-fat food, but also lower blood glucose, lower blood lipids; tomatoes, low-sugar, and anticancer role, these vegetables are suitable for diabetic patients often These vegetables are suitable for diabetic patients to consume regularly. Low-fat food also has lower blood sugar, lower blood fat role, my family has diabetics, I often buy these vegetables. Diabetic patients must pay attention to diet, you can use Silfil's glucose-lowering combination, it is very good for diabetics
5.
There are many varieties of fruits, and the choice is mainly based on the different carbohydrates (sugar) they contain, absorption and metabolism in the body. General fresh fruit carbohydrate (sugar) content of 6% to 20%, watermelon content is lower, banana content is higher. Fruits contain carbohydrates (sugar) glucose, fructose, sucrose, starch, pectin and so on. Some fruits, although very sweet, contain mainly fructose and lower glucose content. Fructose is much sweeter than glucose, but generally does not require insulin in normal metabolism in the body. In addition, fruits are rich in pectin, which has the effect of delaying glucose absorption and laxative. In this sense, fruits are edible. However, fruits contain glucose to a greater or lesser extent, and from this point of view it is not advisable to eat more. Containing fructose, pectin and vitamins and other fruits can be eaten in moderation, such as watermelon, apples, pears, oranges and so on. And bananas, grapes, oranges, etc. should be limited in moderation and eat less.
Not big apples or pears every day to eat on 1 ~ 2 can be, watermelon to eat 2 pieces can also be. If you eat half a pound of fruit, you need to reduce half a couple of food. The time to eat fruit should be between meals or 3 hours after meals is more appropriate. Patients can feel the pattern by themselves according to the changes of self-tested urine sugar or blood sugar. For poor control of the condition, blood sugar remains high, fasting blood sugar is always more than 10mmol / L diabetic, or do not eat or eat less fruit is good.