(1) rice bran and defatted rice bran

The processing by-product of rice grain is called rice bran, rice bran can be divided into huller bran, rice bran and united bran. Huller husk is crushed rice husk. Rice bran is brown rice refined into rice by-products, by the seed coat, paste powder layer, embryo and a small amount of endosperm composition. Unified bran is the mixture of rice bran and huller bran. Generally every 100 kilograms of paddy after processing, can be out of rice 72 kilograms, huller 22 kilograms and rice bran 6 kilograms. Our country rice bran annual output 1,500,000 ~ 2,500,000 tons, of which 30% after oil extraction for skimming rice bran. The nutritional value of rice bran is affected by the degree of rice refining and processing, the higher the degree of refining, the more endosperm is mixed in rice bran, the higher its nutritional value. The crude protein content of rice bran is lower than that of bran, but it is higher than that of corn, and its quality is better than that of corn, and its lysine content is as high as 0.55%. The crude fat content of rice bran is very high, up to 15%, much higher than similar feeds, about 3 times more than bran and corn chaff, thus the energy value is also located in the top of bran and bran type feeds. Its fatty acid composition mostly belongs to unsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid accounted for 9.2%, the fat also contains 2% ~ 5% of natural vitamin E. Rice bran in addition to rich in vitamin E, B vitamin content is also very high, but lack of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin C. Rice bran crude ash content is high, but the proportion of calcium and phosphorus is extremely unbalanced, phosphorus content is high, but the phosphorus contained in about 86% of the phosphorus is phytic acid, low utilization and affect the absorption and utilization of other elements. Affects other elements absorption and utilization. Rice bran in manganese, potassium, magnesium content is high. Rice bran contains trypsin inhibitory factor, heating can make it inactivate, otherwise feeding too much is easy to cause protein indigestion. In addition, rice bran in lipase activity is high, long-term storage easy to cause fat deterioration.

Rice bran is used as cattle feed, palatability is good, energy value is high, available in beef cattle concentrate to 20%. Feeding too much will affect beef quality, make body fat become yellow and soft, especially the rancid rice bran will also cause palatability to reduce and cause diarrhea. Rice bran crude fat content is high, mostly for unsaturated fatty acid, very easy to oxidize, rancidity, also easy to heat and mold. Especially fresh rice bran is more likely to happen in the case of stacking, which brings many difficulties to storage and use. The rancidity, the oxidized rice bran will make the animal poison, occurs the serious dysentery, even dies.

In order to use rice bran safely and effectively, must solve the problem of anticorrosion and mold first. Will rice bran for degreasing treatment, make degreasing rice bran, namely rice bran cake and rice bran meal. After the defatting treatment, the fat and fat-soluble substances are mostly removed, only 1-2% of fat is left, other components such as protein, crude fiber, nitrogen-free leachate, minerals and so on are unchanged, but only the proportion is relatively increased. But the energy will be reduced with it, thus the defatted rice bran is low calorie energy feedstuff. Rice bran in the process of degreasing after heating treatment, fat decomposition enzyme is destroyed, and the fat content has been very low, so do not have to worry about fat oxidation, rancidity problem, can be stored for a long time and not easy to deteriorate. Trypsin inhibiting factor is also reduced a lot, improving the palatability and digestibility, the scope of application is also greatly increased. It has good palatability for beef cattle, and there is no need to worry about the quality of body fat decreasing, and it is usually used in 30% of the concentrate of beef cattle.

(2) wheat bran

Commonly known as bran, is a by-product of wheat flour processing, by the seed coat, paste layer and part of the embryo and a small amount of endosperm composition. Wheat bran from a wide range of sources, the number of large, northern China's livestock and poultry commonly used feedstuffs, the national annual output of up to 4 million to 6 million tons. According to different wheat processing technology, wheat bran nutritional quality varies greatly. "First out of the bran" process is: wheat peeling three layers of skin, the first milling bran, the second milling bran is the seed coat, its nutritional value is the same as the straw, three milling bran contains embryo, high nutritional value, this process of bran is the first milling bran, the second milling bran and three milling bran and the extraction of embryo after the residue of the mixture, the nutrition is far less than the traditional Its nutrition is far inferior to the traditional "post-bran" process bran. Wheat bran has a large volume, high fiber content, good palatability, and is an excellent feed ingredient for dairy cows. According to the processing technology and quality of wheat bran, beef cattle concentrate can be used up to 30%, but the dosage is too high instead of losing effect.

(3) huller bran and chaff

Huller bran is the husk (glume) powder taken off when rice is processed brown rice, it is the coarsest and hardest part of rice grain, the crude fiber content is up to 46%, which belongs to the rough feed of poor quality. The digestibility of organic matter is only 16.5%, only higher than wood chips, according to the digestibility of conversion, 20 kg huller bran is only worth 0.9 kg rice bran. The ash content is very high, reaches 21%, but most of them are silicate, affects the absorption and utilization of calcium and phosphorus seriously. The unified chaff has two kinds, one kind is the paddy grain one time processing into white rice separates the chaff, this kind of chaff accounts for the paddy grain 25% ~ 30%, its nutritional value is between huller chaff and rice chaff, the crude fiber content is higher, reaches 28.7% ~ 37.6%. Another kind is the processing separates the rice bran and the huller bran artificial mixes and becomes, according to mixes the proportion differently, may divide into one hundred and ninety-nine unification chaff, two hundred and eighty-nine unification chaff, three hundred and seventy-nine unification chaff and so on. The higher the proportion of huller bran, the worse the nutritional value.

(4) barley bran

Barley bran is processed barley by-products, divided into coarse bran, fine bran and mixed bran. Coarse bran is mostly broken barley husk, high crude fiber content. Fine bran energy, protein and crude fiber content are better than wheat bran. Mixed bran is a mixture of coarse and fine bran, with nutritional value in between. Can be used for beef cattle, can be used as much as possible without affecting the thermal energy needs, to improve the quality of meat is beneficial, but the growth period of beef cattle can only be used 10% to 20%, too much will affect the growth.

(5) corn chaff

Corn chaff is one of the by-products of corn milling process, mainly including seed coat, embryo and a small amount of endosperm. It can be used as a good feed for beef cattle. The quality of corn has a great impact on the quality of the finished product, especially the corn with high aflatoxin content, the content of toxins in the corn husk is about three times as much as the raw corn, which should be noted.

(6) sorghum chaff

Sorghum chaff is a by-product of processing sorghum, its digestive and metabolic energy are higher than wheat bran, but because of which contains more tannins, palatability is poor, easy to cause constipation, so the amount of feeding should be controlled. In sorghum bran, if you add 5% of soybean cake, and then with green fodder with cattle, its feeding value will be significantly improved.

(7) grain chaff

Grain chaff is grain processing millet by-products, its nutritional value varies with the degree of processing, rough processing, in addition to produce seed coat and husk, there are many hard shells, this crude chaff is very high in crude fiber content, up to 23% or more, and protein is only 7% or so, and its nutritional value is close to roughage.