The experience utilized by the old horse knows the way seems banal, but in fact there is a scientific reason. There is a term for this in psychology, called the cognitive map. Cognitive map theory suggests that learning is the cognition of the goal of the behavior, the means of obtaining the goal, the way to achieve the goal and the result of obtaining the goal, that is, the acquisition of expectations or cognitive concepts. Therefore, in the process of learning, we must pay attention to the mediating process of learning, that is, the study of cognitive processes, emphasizing the cognitive and purposeful nature of learning.

2, Fahrenheit Behavior

3, Projection

4, Acquired Helplessness

5, The Hawthorne Effect

The rise in performance or effort due to extra attention is known as the "Hawthorne Effect". This is extremely common in schooling. In one foreign school, every student is given an IQ test at the time of enrollment, and the results of the test are used to classify students into good and average classes. As a result, it was once discovered during a routine inspection that the test results of a group of students enrolled a year earlier had been reversed due to some kind of mistake, that is, the present outstanding class was actually the ordinary children, while the really smart children were in the ordinary class. Yet the course results for the year were as they had been in previous years, with the excellent class significantly higher than the average class, and no anomalies were noted. As ordinary children were treated as superior students, they themselves thought they were superior, and the extra attention and psychological suggestion made the ugly duckling really become the white swan. Based on the Hawthorne effect, psychological suggestion can also treat depression, low self-esteem, nervousness and other mental illnesses, and the Hawthorne effect is also very effective in business management applications and leadership behavior.

The Hawthorne Effect tells us: from the perspective of the bystanders, well-intentioned lies and compliments can really make a person; from the perspective of the self, what kind of person you think you are, what kind of person you can become. (Zhe Chen)

6, False Consistency Bias

7, Retinal Effect

8, Delayed Gratification

9, Yerkes-Dawson's Law

10, Attributional Bias

11, Barnum's Effect

People often think that a generalized, generic personality People often believe that a generalized, generic description of personality accurately reveals their own characteristics, and this tendency is known in psychology as the "Barnum effect".

12. The Diderot effect

The Diderot effect is a common "more and more insufficient effect", in the absence of something, the heart is very smooth, but once you get, but not satisfied.

13, mental accounts

14, intuitive decision-making

15, Kahneman's Law of Risk

16, the law of decimals

17, the theory of stereotypes

18, Jacqueline's Law

19, Zimbardo's Experiment

20, the compensatory effect

21, the sleep Effect

22, Feedback Effect

23, Compensatory Effect

24, Pego Effect

25, Migration Effect

26, Brewing Effect

27, Rosenthal Effect

There is a famous experiment in education and psychology which was Prof. Rosenthal designed and completed.

He randomly divided a group of mice into two groups: Group A and Group B, and told the keeper of Group A that this group of mice was very smart; at the same time, he also told the keeper of Group B that this group of mice had average intelligence. A few months later, the professor tested the rats in these two groups on how to get through the maze, and found that the rats in group A were really smarter than the rats in group B, and that they were able to get out of the maze and find the food before the rats in group B did.

So Prof. Rosenthal was inspired, and he wondered if this effect could happen to people as well. He went back to an ordinary high school, walked around casually in a class, and then circled a few names on a list of students, telling their teachers that these students had high IQs and were very smart. After some time, the professor came back to this middle school, and the miracle happened again; those few students he had selected were now really at the top of their class. It was only then that Professor Rosenthal told their teachers that he didn't know anything about these students, which surprised them.

Why did this happen? It's the magic of "expectation" at work. Professor Rosenthal is a famous psychologist, in people's hearts have a high authority, the teachers are convinced of his words, so he pointed out that the students have a positive expectation, like treating the smart children as they treat them; and these students also feel this expectation, but also think that they are smart, so as to improve self-confidence, improve their own standards, and eventually they really become The students were treated like the smart kids they were.

This is the famous "Rosenthal effect"

Encourage your children, cultivate their self-confidence, and your expectations will largely determine their future. Believe it or not.

28, Prisoner's Dilemma

29, Van Buren Effect

30, Murphy's Law

31, Bonnie's Law

32, Hurlock's Effect

33, Principle of the Zero-Sum Game

34, Path Dependence

35, Parkinson's Law

In 1958. British historian and political scientist Northcote? Parkinson (C. Northcote Parkinson) published the book "Parkinson's Law" (Parkinson's Law). Parkinson after years of research, found that a person to do a thing consumes so much time difference: he can read a newspaper in 10 minutes, can also read half a day; a busy person can send a stack of postcards in 20 minutes, but an old lady with nothing to do in order to send a postcard to a distant niece, can spend a whole day: looking for postcards for an hour, looking for glasses for an hour, check the address Half an hour to find the postcard, an hour to find the glasses, an hour to check the address, an hour and a quarter to write the greeting ...... Especially at work, work automatically expands to take up all the time available to a person, and if there is enough time, he slows down the pace of his work or adds other projects in order to use up all the time available to him.

This leads to the conclusion that, in administration, the number of administrative bodies will grow like a pyramid, the number of administrative staff will expand, and everyone will be busy, but the organization will become more and more inefficient. This law is also known as the "rising pyramid" phenomenon.

36, demonstration effect

37, Desi effect

Psychologist Desi in 1971, made a special experiment. He had college students as subjects to solve interesting intellectual puzzles in a laboratory. The experiment was divided into three phases; in the first phase, all subjects were unrewarded; in the second phase, subjects were divided into two groups, those in the experimental group were paid $1 for completing a puzzle, and those in the control group were paid nothing, as in the first phase; in the third phase, there was a break in which subjects were allowed to move about freely where they were, and whether or not they continued to go on solving the puzzles was taken as an indicator of how much they enjoyed the activity. Subjects in the experimental group (rewarded group) did work very hard in the second phase, and fewer continued to solve the problems in the third phase, indicating diminishing interest and effort, whereas more subjects in the control group (unrewarded group) continued to solve the puzzles during the breaks, indicating increasing interest and effort.

Desi found in the experiment: in some cases, when people have both extrinsic and intrinsic rewards, not only will not enhance the motivation to work, but also reduce the motivation to work. At this time, the intensity of motivation will become the difference between the two. People call this law the Desi effect. This result suggests that performing an enjoyable activity (i.e., intrinsic reward) that provides an external material reward (extrinsic reward) will, on the contrary, reduce the attractiveness of this activity to the participant.

38, Bystander Effect

39, Peter's Principle

40, Group Pressure Effect

41, Social Facilitation Effect

42, Broken Window Theory

43, The Law of 250

44, Spreading Distortion Effect

45, The **** Birth Effect

46, Herd Effect

47, Chain Shaping

48, Swartz Assertion

49, Domino Effect

50, Law of Relevance

51, Illusionary Response

52, Targeting Effect

53, Warm Water Effect

54, Following Ear Effect

55, Fishbowl Law

56, Carrell's Formula

57, Emotional Rendering

58, Horsefly Effect

59, Law of the Watch

60, Bali's Law

61, Cognitive Dissonance

62, Golden Law of PMA

63, Dominance Effect

64, Razor's Law

65, Bowling Green Theory

66, Tracy's Law

67, Color Effect

68, Principle of Exceptions

69, Sets of Tailoring Effect

70, Aristotle's Law

71, Theory of Weights and Measures

72, Crocodile Law

73, Ode Effect

74, Snoke Theory

75, Hump Effect

76, Lestov Effect

77, Attachment Psychology

78, Pareto's Law

79, Suggestibility Effect

80, 3-to-1 Effect

81, Labeling Effect

82, the law of the porcupine

83, the override effect

The famous American humorist Mark? Twain once listened to a pastor's speech in a church. Initially, he felt that the pastor spoke well and moved people to make donations. After 10 minutes, the pastor hadn't finished his speech, so he got a little impatient and decided to donate only some change. After another 10 minutes, the pastor hadn't finished, so he decided not to donate even a penny. By the time the pastor finally finished his long speech and started collecting donations, Mark? Twain, out of exasperation, not only failed to donate money, but also stole 2 dollars from the plate.

The override effect happens all the time in homeschooling. For example: when the child is not attentive and did not do well, parents will once, twice, three times, or even four times, five times repeated on a matter of the same criticism, so that the child from the guilt of uneasiness to impatience and finally resentment hate. The "forced", there will be "I want this" resistance to the psychology and behavior.

Because once a child is criticized, it always takes a while to regain the psychological balance, and when criticized repeatedly, he will mutter, "How can you always do this to me? The child was criticized by the mood can not return to calm, resistance to the psychological high up.

It can be seen that parents can not exceed the limits of the child's criticism, the child should "make a mistake, only once criticized". If you have to criticize again, it should not simply repeat, to a different angle, a different way of saying. In this way, the child will not feel the same error was "grabbed and not let go", boredom, rebelliousness will also be reduced.

84, the threshold effect

Psychologists Freedman (J.L. Freedman) and Fraser (S.C. Fraser) of a study proved that people first accept the smaller requirements, which can lead to the gradual acceptance of the larger requirements, which is the "threshold effect". Psychologist R.B. Cialdini also found that when people refuse to accept a larger request, the cognitive dissonance will drive them to establish a new equilibrium, and thus easily accept a smaller request. People were more likely to accept a smaller request when it was clearly linked to the larger request and was made immediately after the larger request.

85, the south wind effect

The north wind and the south wind are competing to see who can take the coats off the pedestrians. The north wind first to a cold wind bitter cold, the result is that pedestrians in order to resist the north wind attack, they wrapped the coat tightly. The south wind is blowing slowly, then the wind and sunshine, because the pedestrians feel the spring warmth on the body, began to unbutton, and then take off the coat, the south wind won the victory.

The law of "south wind" is also called the law of "warmth", which comes from the French writer La Fontaine. It comes from this fable written by the French writer La Fontaine. It tells us that warmth is better than cold. Applied to the management practice, the law of the south wind requires managers to respect and care for their subordinates, always subordinate-based, more "humane", pay more attention to solving the practical difficulties in the daily life of subordinates, so that subordinates really feel the warmth given by the manager. In this way, the subordinates out of gratitude will work harder and more actively for the enterprise, to maintain the interests of the enterprise.

86, pickle effect

87, Nash equilibrium

88, the law of the game of life

89, the imprint effect

90, the first cause effect

91, proximate cause effect

92, the halo effect

93, the effect of one's own people

94, the packaging effect

94, the packaging effect /p>

95, Aronson effect

96, Weber's law

97, Strong Henry effect

98, Point of reference effect

99, Hot and cold water effect

100, Faulty point effect

101, Mutual-pleasure mechanism

102, Plateau phenomenon

103, Sinking Anchor Effect

104, Jensen Effect

105, Premack's Principle

106, Principle of Situational Similarity

107, Achievement Motivation

108, Butterfly Effect

109, Placebo Effect

110, Anticipation Effect

111, Tenth Place Phenomenon

112, the scallop effect

According to the fixed time of reward reinforcement to form the peak of the work, the low peak. The countermeasure is to change the variety of rewards, time, so as to form the interval reward.

If you don't reward small achievements, you won't get big achievements. However, there are times when carrots don't work, and they can even cause a storm. The king's carrot made the bunnies enthusiastic, but it also made them grumble and complain. In psychology, the carrot is a reinforcer, a reward for the rabbits to perform a desired behavior. Rewarding a certain behavior and having that behavior occur frequently is called reinforcement. Reinforcement is categorized into various ways. One way is fixed-time reinforcement, which means that at certain intervals, reinforcers are provided to reinforce the behavior that was made. American psychologist Skinner found in his white rat experiment that if a white rat was reinforced every 20 seconds, after the reinforcement, the white rat's response would pause, then the response rate would increase, and the response rate would reach a peak before the next reinforcement came, indicating that it had learned to respond according to the timing of the reinforcement. The white rat's behavioral efficiency tends to trend like a scallop (as shown by the scallop-shaped line in the figure), and thus, we call this the scallop effect.

So in educating our children, shouldn't we avoid this kind of continuous, fixed-time reinforcement altogether? NO! Although the scallop effect occurs when continuous, fixed-time reinforcement is consistently applied over a long period of time, continuous, fixed-time reinforcement is necessary in the initial learning phase of new knowledge, new behaviors, and new habits to enable the student to easily complete the required tasks and to be rewarded as quickly as possible; immediately afterward, when the student's learning or behaviors reach a certain level, the reinforcement interval should be extended until the reinforcement is finally withdrawn. intervals until the reinforcement is finally withdrawn. In the process of delaying reinforcement, the interval can be varied so that the student cannot find the pattern of change, avoiding him to concentrate on waiting for reinforcement.

Xiaxia, who was in the third grade, always answered questions without the teacher's permission, which disrupted her teaching. The teacher told her that if she could answer the questions after the teacher's permission she could get a little red flower as a reward. Xia Xia was very happy and really improved a lot, and the number of times she answered questions with the teacher's permission increased rapidly. After some time, the teacher encouraged her and said, "You have done a very good job, in order to help you develop such a good habit, I will observe your behavior for a period of time and give you a reward, not every time this time, if you can always answer the question after permission within this period of time, I will reward you with a more preferred prize, and if you break our agreement within this period of time, I won't give you a reward. you a reward. The teacher gave Xiaxia rewards at longer and longer intervals, and slowly Xiaxia developed the habit of answering questions with her teacher's permission even when she didn't have a reward.

113, Zigaanic Effect

114, Matthew Effect

115, Catfish Effect

116, Reciprocity Principle

117, Celebrity Effect

118, Ultimatum Effect

119, Marginal Decreasing Effect

120, Group De-Personalization

121, group polarization phenomenon

122, the barrel effect

123, the counter-suggestion effect

124, social stereotyping effect

125, the herd effect

126, the forbidden fruit effect

Forbidden Fruit Effect is also called "Romeo and Juliet effect ", the more forbidden things, the more people want to get their hands on. This is related to people's curiosity and reverse psychology.

127, sensational effect

128, majesty effect

129, panic effect

130, field effect

131, fear of heights effect

132, gasser effect

133, experimenter effect

134, authority effect

135, the alliance effect

136, the deterrent effect

137, the command effect

138, the face of the enemy cohesion effect

139, the group field effect

140, the fly to the effect

141, the hype effect

142, the trapped donkey effect

143, the enemy casting effect

144, end effect

145, Stroup effect

146, chaperone effect

147, Gestalt effect

148, batting effect

149, activation effect

150, natural recovery

151, Belleayre effect

152, Backlight Effect

153, Positioning Effect

154, Restoration Effect

155, Machiavellian Effect

156, Integration Effect

157, Clumsy Sincerity Effect

158, Team Effect

159, Ostrich Effect

160, Reversal effect

161, Hercules effect

162, Obedience effect

163, Temperature effect

164, Holmes wagon effect

165, Cain effect

166, Hobson's choice effect

167, Self-forgiveness effect

168, First-place Number effect

169, Porcine colon effect

170, Giffen effect

171, Commutative effect

172, Pareto effect

173, Lach effect

Otto? Wallach is a Nobel Prize winner in chemistry, his success process is extremely legendary. Wallach in the beginning of secondary school, his parents chose a literary path for him, not expected a semester down, the teacher wrote this comment for him: "Wallach is very hard work. However, he is overly formal, and it is difficult to create a literary talent." After that, his parents let him switch to oil painting, but Wallach is neither good at composition, but also can not embellish the color, the results of the class bottom. In the face of such a "clumsy" students, the vast majority of teachers believe that he has no hope of success, only the chemistry teacher that do things meticulously, with the quality of good chemical experiments, suggested that he learn chemistry, which Valach wisdom of the spark was ignited, and finally succeeded. Wallach's success illustrates the truth: the development of students' intelligence is uneven, all have the strengths and weaknesses of intelligence, once they find the best point to play their own intelligence, so that the intelligence to give full play to, they can achieve amazing results. The later called this phenomenon "Wallach effect".

174, the kiss effect

love between the opposite sex, once the kissing behavior, it is easy to develop to the phenomenon of sexual intercourse behavior that is the kiss effect.

In the paper A New Concept of Sexual Behavior and a New Definition of Sexual Deviation, sexual behavior is divided into four stages: isolated sexual behavior (passing love letters, speaking love words over the phone, and going on the love net), contact sexual behavior (hand-pulling, fondling, and embracing), semi-fusion sexual behavior (tongue, anal, oral, and kissing), and full-fusion sexual behavior (sexual intercourse). Kissing is the fusion of oral mucosa and oral mucosa, has been a half-fusion sexual behavior, this pass through, sexual intercourse will be water to the end.

Of course, the national customs, habits and concepts are different, such as the Americans once the establishment of a couple, will soon be able to kiss, but from sexual intercourse is still separated from many programs. The British are more conservative, men and women from the establishment of the couple to kiss this stage is more long, however, between couples, once to the extent of kissing, can soon be sexual intercourse.

Because of this difference in perception, some misunderstandings have arisen.

Americans can kiss each other when they fall in love with someone, so an American man who has his eye on an English girl wants to kiss. The British girl was kissed, very surprised, because this skipped many traditional procedures, feel that since he gave him the best first kiss, but also half-push, half-asked to have sex with him, but in the heart, but feel a kind of being toyed with the feeling. The American man, on the other hand, did not understand this, but rather thought that the British girl was too frivolous: so easy to get into bed, because the Americans kiss to intercourse is still 25 procedures apart!

Chinese customs are even more conservative than those of the UK, so the kissing effect is even more pronounced.

It is worth mentioning that nowadays, telephone love and online love, it seems, is isolated sexual behavior, but as long as in each other's text, language has the word "kiss", then meet after the kiss will become possible. So the kissing effect works again. So young boys and girls must be wary of online dating, to resist the temptation of the kiss effect.

175, the opposite sex effect

In the interpersonal relationship, the opposite sex contact will produce a special mutual attraction and excitement, and can experience from the unspeakable feelings of the pursuit of human activities and learning usually play a positive impact. This phenomenon is called the "opposite sex effect".

The opposite sex effect has its own conditions. In a group, the composition of the number of people of the opposite sex, regardless of the side, can not be less than the required minimum proportion - twenty percent, and, moreover, the age difference should not be too large. As students mature physically and mentally, they pay special attention to the evaluation of themselves by the opposite sex and seek opportunities to express themselves. In the presence of the opposite sex, attention is paid to personal appearance and attire, and their self-esteem is defended more strongly. This in itself is a kind of moral binding, the opposite sex effect of moral education mechanism, the key is also here.

The moral power of the opposite sex effect is also manifested in the formation of students' beauty. In general, girls recognize beauty earlier. After reaching puberty, extensive interactions between the opposite sex produce emotional proximity and psychological attachment. As an important aspect of interaction, the choice and pursuit of beauty undergoes a fundamental change. There is a shift from physical beauty to temperamental beauty, and, this shift has a certain direction and obeys a specific pattern.

Another moral function of the heterosexual effect lies in its ability to strengthen the cohesion of collective life. It has been found that in collectives composed of an all-male or all-female group, friction often occurs over trivial matters, causing conflicts and affecting the school atmosphere. The opposite-sex effect can alleviate and avoid this situation, prompting students to care for each other and promoting interpersonal understanding, which is based on the mutual attraction of the two sexes themselves. The so-called interpersonal understanding, the essence of each other's awareness of each other's personalities, sympathy and permission, on the basis of which the psychological communication between students of the opposite sex, the establishment of a true friendship, constituting the collective cohesion, at the same time, the differences between the genders themselves, there is a mutual complementary performance, so that the collective life is colorful.

The most direct moral impact of the opposite sex effect also lies in the students' awareness of gender roles that can be strengthened. In school, the interaction of students of the opposite sex, both long-term, and involves all aspects of learning and labor. As they grow older, they deepen students' experience of the characteristics of their gender roles. According to modern science, a person's behavior is determined to a considerable extent by the role he assumes. In front of our world "made of men and women", the heterosexual effect helps students to recognize society, reveal the truth about social life, further expand the range of roles, and form their social, sexual and love morality.

The heterosexual effect also occurs in the teaching relationship. Female teachers are generally characterized by gentleness and affection. Male students, who are rough in nature, are surprisingly receptive to female teachers' discipline and are happy to comply. Female students, on the other hand, like to discuss political and life issues with their male teachers, and their academic performance, too, tends to get higher ratings from their male teachers. This is all the magic of the opposite sex effect.

"Door in the face effect"

This is exactly the same as the "foot in the door effect" and the "low ball effect". It refers to the phenomenon that after rejecting a larger request, people's acceptance of a smaller request increases. Accordingly, in order to achieve the minimum return of a sales pitch, making a larger request that you know will be rejected can increase the likelihood that the customer will accept the smaller request. In everyday life, salesmen's markups and bargaining are applications of this technique.