Open classification: biology, plants, crops, vegetables and herbs.

Directory? Explanation 1

Origin and spread

morphological character

physiological property

cultivate

Maturity and harvest period of beet

plant diseases and insect pests

breed

Explanation 2

Explanation 2

Explanation 1

Sweet vegetable (sugar beet)

Beet is a biennial herb and one of the main sugar crops in China. In the first year of life, it mainly grows nutritionally, accumulating rich nutrients in the fat roots, and in the second year, it mainly grows reproductively, and the flower branches are cross-pollinated to form seeds.

Sugar beet originated from the Mediterranean coast, and wild species of coastal beet was the ancestor of cultivated beet. It was introduced into China from Arab countries about 1500 years ago. In China, leaf beet has a long history of cultivation, while sugar beet was introduced in 1906. The main beet producing areas in China are northeast, northwest and north China.

There are four varieties of sugar beet: sugar beet, leaf beet, root beet and feed beet. Sugar beet used as raw material for sugar production is a biennial crop. Sugarbeet root tuber is the raw material of sugar industry, and its sugar yield is higher than that of sugarcane. Can also be used as feed. Beet sugar is edible and can also be used as food, medicine and industrial raw materials. Sugarbeet stems and leaves, roots and tails, green heads and old roots after seed collection can be used as feed or brewing raw materials. Beets are full of treasures.

Origin and spread

пв Kalpin of the Soviet Union believed that sugar beet evolved from a wild species (B.maritima) that originated in the Mediterranean coast. After a long period of artificial selection, white beet and red beet appeared in the 4th century. In the 8th ~12nd century, sugar beet was widely cultivated in Persia and ancient Arabia, and its cultivated varieties were introduced into Caucasus, Asia, eastern Siberia, India, China and Japan from the origin center. But at that time, beet roots and leaves were mainly used as vegetables. 1747, A. Magraff, president of the German Prussian Academy of Sciences, first discovered that beetroot contains sucrose. His student, F.C. Achad, through further artificial selection, cultivated sugarbeet varieties with large tuberous roots and high sugar content in the roots in the suburbs of Berlin in 1786. This is the most important variety of cultivated sugar beet and the first sugar beet variety in the world. 1802, the world's first sugar beet factory was established in Germany. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, France, Russia and other countries successively developed beet sugar industry.

Sugarbeet cultivation as a sugar crop began in the second half of the18th century, and it has only a history of about 200 years. At present, the planting area of sugar beet in the world accounts for about 48% of sugar crops, ranking second only to sugarcane, and it is distributed in cold areas between 65 north latitude and 45 south latitude. 1985 The planting area of sugar beet in the world was 8.74 million hectares, of which Europe was the largest, followed by North America, Asia was the third, and South America was the least. There are 43 countries producing sugar beet, with a total output of 277.887 million tons, among which the Soviet Union, France, the United States, Poland, the Federal Republic of Germany and China planted more, and the total output of China 1985 was 8.09.110,000 tons. However, in the twenty years after 1988, the sugar beet planting area in China has been decreasing day by day, from more than 8 million mu to less than 3 million mu.

The large-scale introduction of sugar beet in China began in 1906. First planted in Northeast China, the first machine-made beet sugar factory was established in 1908, and then gradually spread to other regions. The main producing area is north of latitude 40, including three producing areas: Northeast, North China and Northwest China, among which Northeast China is the most planted area, accounting for about 65% of the total beet area in China. These areas are all spring-sown sugar beet areas, with short frost-free period, less accumulated temperature, longer sunshine, larger temperature difference between day and night, high yield and sugar content of sugar beet and light disease. In the southwest, such as Bijie and Weining in Guizhou Province, Aba Plateau in Sichuan Province, Enshi in Hubei Province and Qujing in Yunnan Province, although the latitude is low, they all belong to spring-sown beet areas due to high altitude and great vertical climate change. Summer-sown sugar beet area in Huanghuai Valley is a new area developed in China in recent years, accounting for only 5.5% of the total sugar beet area in China.

morphological character

The root system belongs to the straight root system, and the fleshy root is formed by the hypertrophy of the main root, which is mainly wedge-shaped, conical, spindle-shaped and hammer-shaped. Root tuber is divided into three parts: root head, root neck and root body: the upper part of root head is connected with root neck, the root body is located from the lower end of root neck to the diameter of main root 1 cm, and the root tail with the diameter below 1 cm. There is a root groove on each side of the root body, and a large number of fibrous roots grow. The sugar content in root head is the lowest, the root neck is higher and the root body is the highest. From the root cross section, the sugar content in the middle layer is the highest, followed by the inner layer and the outer layer is the least. The young roots extend about15cm into the soil at the time of emergence, and the main roots reach 30cm and the lateral roots 5 ~10cm when two pairs of true leaves are born. By the time of harvest, the taproot was buried about 2 meters deep. The leaves are simple leaves, which grow from the leaf buds at the top of the root head and cluster on the root head in a spiral arrangement, with petioles, and the leaves vary greatly, but the leaves of the same inbred line or the same clonal plant propagated asexually are basically the same in shape. The leaves of annual diploid plants are shield-shaped, heart-shaped, share-shaped, oblong, fan-shaped and willow-shaped. The petiole is rib-shaped, and the cross section is generally triangular. Most petioles form an angle of 70 with the ground, which is called upright leaf cluster; Most petioles form an angle below 30 with the ground, which is called creeping leaf cluster; Between them, it is called oblique vertical leaf cluster.

The seed plant enters the reproductive growth stage in the second year. From the bud of the root head to the flower branch, the terminal bud of the root head develops into the main branch, and the axillary bud develops into the lateral branch. The flower branch born from the main branch and the lateral branch is the 1 branch, and the second branch is regenerated from the 1 branch. The base of the flower branch is cylindrical; The top is triangular or ribbed. Plants can be divided into three types according to the flower branch morphology: single branch type, mixed branch type and multi-branch type. Bisexual flowers, usually consisting of 3 ~ 5 flowers clustered on the flower branches. The lower end of the aggregated flower has 1 bracts, and each flower consists of perianth, stamen and pistil. After flowering, a cluster of flowers and fruits is formed, and there are 3 ~ 5 or 7 ~ 8 seeds in the fruit, which is called a multi-grain seed ball; A solitary flower forms a single fruit with 1 seed, which is called a single seed ball. The bulb of beet is the middle type of nut and capsule. The seeds are kidney-shaped and relatively flat.

physiological property

The first 1 year is mainly vegetative growth, which can be divided into four stages: seedling, lush foliage, sugar growth and sugar accumulation in root tuber. The second year of growth is mainly reproductive growth, which can be divided into four stages: foliage, bolting, flowering and seed formation. Beet is a thermophilic crop, but it has strong cold tolerance. The whole growth period requires the accumulated temperature above the base temperature 10℃ of 2800 ~ 3200℃. The suitable average temperature of root tuber growth period is above 19℃. When the soil temperature is above 15℃ at the depth of 5 ~10 cm, the root tuber grows fastest, and it almost stops growing below 4℃. The temperature difference between day and night is directly related to the increase of root tuber and sugar accumulation. When the daytime temperature15 ~ 20℃ and the nighttime temperature is 5 ~ 7℃, it is beneficial to improve photosynthetic efficiency, reduce nighttime respiratory intensity and increase sugar accumulation. The maximum soil water holding capacity suitable for root tuber growth is 70 ~ 80%. When the water holding capacity exceeds 85%, the growth of root tuber is inhibited; Above 90%, the root tuber begins to suffocate and eventually dies. When the water holding capacity of sugar accumulation period is lower than 60%, the root growth is slow, the root body is small, the lignification degree is high, and the quality is poor, which is not conducive to sugar processing. The root tuber needs little water in the early growth stage, enough water in the middle growth stage and less water in the later growth stage. The precipitation in the whole growth period should be 300 ~ 400 mm, and it should be less before harvest 1 month, otherwise the sugar content will be significantly reduced. The suitable sunshine hours are10 ~14 hours. Under the condition of weak light, the photosynthetic intensity decreased and the root growth was slow. Insufficient sunshine hours will increase the total nitrogen, harmful nitrogen and ash content in root tuber, and reduce the purity and sugar content of beet. Under shading condition, monosaccharide in root tuber is dominant, and the quality changes significantly.

cultivate

Spring sowing areas are ridge planting areas in Northeast China, North China and East Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. The central, western and northwest areas of Inner Mongolia (Gansu and Xinjiang) are flat farming areas. Formerly used as wheat, corn or beans, it is leisure in winter. In order to ensure the whole seedling, strong seedling, high yield and high sugar content of sugar beet, the standard requirements of seed bulbs are more than 2.5 mm in diameter, more than 20 grams in weight of 1000 seed bulbs, the purity rate is over 98%, and the germination rate is not less than 75%. Generally, sowing should be carried out in the first half of April, when the daily average temperature at the depth of 5 cm in the soil reaches above 5℃, and the sowing date in the northern production area should not be later than the first half of May. Seed germination needs to absorb120 ~160% of the weight of the seed ball. If the soil moisture is less than 60%, it will affect germination, so irrigation in autumn and winter or early spring is often carried out in areas with irrigation conditions. In areas without irrigation conditions, it is necessary to grab soil moisture for sowing or water for sowing. Summer sowing can avoid the harm of brown spot disease in the double cropping system area of Huanghuai River Basin. In areas where the final frost period is late and the wind is strong in spring, frost prevention and windproof measures should be taken after the seedlings are unearthed. In summer sowing areas with double cropping in one year and sugarbeet areas in the west and northwest of North China with irrigation conditions, paper tube seedling raising and transplanting have a good effect on sugarbeet seedling protection in saline-alkali land and spring drought conditions, and the yield and sugar content of root tuber can also be higher than that of direct sowing. Using plastic film mulching cultivation is beneficial to obtain early seedlings, whole seedlings and strong seedlings, and to promote the maturity of root tuber in advance. There are more than 50 seedlings per meter when drilling, and more than 20 seedlings per hole when drilling. After emergence, seedlings should be thinned and fixed in time.

The planting density in ridge farming area in Northeast China is generally 4000 ~ 6000 plants per mu, and in north China, northwest China and summer sowing areas, most of them use border farming with narrow row spacing, and the planting density is generally 5000 ~ 7000 plants per mu. Sugarbeet growth needs a variety of nutrients. It takes about 4.5 kg of nitrogen, 5.5 kg of phosphorus pentoxide 1.5 kg of potassium oxide to produce one ton of beet tubers. Generally, spring-sown sugar beet began to absorb a large amount of nutrients from early July, and the nutrients absorbed from mid-August to early September accounted for about 90% of the total absorption. Summer-sown sugar beet has the peak period of nutrient absorption from mid-September to1early October. Fertilization is mainly based on base fertilizer to promote seedling development; Late topdressing to prevent premature aging. In the late growth stage, attention should also be paid to protecting the functional leaves of plants and reducing sugar loss.

Maturity and harvest period of beet

Beet is a biennial crop, and the first year is only a vegetative growth stage, so it can't blossom and bear fruit, so it can't reach botanical maturity, and its biological maturity can only be determined according to the biological characteristics of plants in the late vegetative growth stage. The characteristics of biological maturity of sugar beet are as follows: most old leaves turn yellow and wither; The leaves are scattered, and the leaves are inclined or prostrate; The petiole has obvious sweetness when chewed with the mouth, but the salty taste becomes weak; The root tuber grows slowly and tends to stop, the texture becomes brittle, the sugar content reaches the highest level, and the purity reaches about 85%. When more than 80% plants in the whole plot have the above characteristics, they can be harvested.

Sugar beet sugar factories often start harvesting sugar beets at the technological maturity before the biological maturity of sugar beets. The main signs of maturity of beet technology are: the root weight and sugar content meet the requirements of sugar standard, the content of non-sugar components in root is low, and the purity is over 80%. Its external form is that most leaves turn from dark green to light green, while old leaves turn yellow and a few wither; The leaf posture is mostly inclined and partially prostrate.

Due to the different climate, soil, varieties, cultivation techniques and other conditions, the maturity of sugar beet is not consistent in different planting areas or different plots in the same area. In areas with long frost-free period, the maturity is later than that of hillock or sandy loam plots; It is rainy in the late growth period of sugar beet and the maturity is delayed in high temperature years; In the years of drought, abundant sunshine and large temperature difference between day and night, the maturity is advanced. Under the same external conditions, the maturity of high-yield varieties is later than that of high-sugar varieties. According to the specific situation of sugar beet in each plot, a higher sugar yield can be obtained by reasonably determining the harvest period and arranging the harvest sequence. Because the harvest is not only related to the yield of root tuber, but also to the sugar content and impurity content of root tuber. The results showed that under normal conditions, sugar content in sugar beet increased by1~1.5 degrees every 10 day. Therefore, premature harvest not only has low yield and low sugar content in root tuber, but also has many non-sugar substances and poor quality. On the contrary, if the sugar beet is harvested too late, it will be vulnerable to freezing injury, which will increase the content of invert sugar and reduce the sugar yield of sucrose, and the root tuber will not be able to be preserved. At the same time, harvesting too late also affects autumn ploughing and soil preparation and autumn irrigation, which is not conducive to the growth of subsequent crops. According to the research results of Sugar Beet Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the suitable harvest period of sugar beets should start when the average daily minimum temperature in autumn reaches the critical temperature of sugar beet growth (5 degrees) and end before the "withered frost" comes. The suitable harvest period of sugar beet in northeast planting area is from late September to early and middle of 10; North China is in the middle of 10; Northwest China is in the middle and late months of 10. Of course, the specific harvest time should be determined according to the actual situation of beet growth in that year.

At present, except for a few qualified state-owned farms that use mechanical excavation, they generally use animal-powered harvesting or manual excavation. That is to say, the beet ridge will be bored15 ~18cm with a shovel boring plow or a plow pulled by animal power. In order to prevent the boring from deviating from the ridge, the front wheel of the shovel boring plough can be removed and two transport wheels can be installed, and the wheel pitch is equal to the ridge width. When boring, the two wheels walk in the furrow, which can ensure the smooth progress of the plow.

Mechanically harvesting sugar beet, the tractor is mainly used to pull off the four-share plough or five-share plough to dig. The depth of ploughing is 20 ~ 22 cm. Nongtian 1GZ-2 cultivator designed and manufactured by Sugar Beet Research Institute of China Academy of Agricultural Sciences is very suitable for digging sugar beets. The machine is towed by a small four-wheel tractor, and each time two ridges of sugar beet are dug loose, the tail root is cut off, and the root tuber is loosened in situ without losing water, which can prevent the root tuber of sugar beet from freezing and meet the operation requirements of starting, piling and cutting. At the same time, it can be dug loose in advance, with less soil in the root and convenient cutting. The working efficiency of this machine is 4 mu/hour.

Sugarbeet digging, picking and piling should be done continuously to avoid long-term wind and sun exposure, water loss, wilting or freezing damage, and reduce the quality. When sugar beet is piled, the soil on the root should be shaken off first, with the root facing inward and the leaves facing outward, and stacked into a round pile or a long pile to prevent the root from losing a lot of water or being damaged by freezing.