Q version of Zhuge Liang’s simple drawing of the golden ratio

Q version of Zhuge Liang’s simple drawing of the golden ratio 1

Q version of Zhuge Liang’s simple drawing of the golden ratio 2

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Q version of Zhuge Liang’s simple drawing of golden ratio, three introductions and stories of Zhuge Liang

Zhuge Liang was born in the fourth year of Emperor Guanghe of the Han Dynasty (181) to an official in Yangdu County, Langye County. The Zhuge family is a prominent family in Langxie. The ancestor Zhuge Feng once served as a Sili school captain during the Yuan Dynasty of the Western Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang's father Zhuge Gui served as the magistrate of Taishan County in the late Eastern Han Dynasty; [2]? When Zhuge Liang was 3 years old, his mother Zhang's family He died of illness, and Zhuge Liang lost his father when he was 8 years old. Together with his younger brother Zhuge Jun, he followed his uncle Zhuge Xuan, who was appointed as the prefect of Yuzhang by Yuan Shu, to Yuzhang. The Eastern Han Dynasty court sent Zhu Hao to replace Zhuge Xuan, and Zhuge Xuan went to Jingzhou to Liu Biao. [7]

In the second year of Jian'an (197), Zhuge Xuan died, and Zhuge Liang started farming in Longzhong. He often read "Liang Fu Yin" and often compared himself to Guan Zhong and Le Yi. People at that time They all looked down upon him. Only his friends Xu Shu and Cui Zhouping believed in his talents. [8]

Zhuge Liang had friendships with Sima Hui, Pang Degong, Huang Chengyan and others who were famous in Xiangyang at that time. Huang Chengyan once said to Zhuge Liang: "I heard that you want to choose a wife. There is an ugly girl in my family with yellow hair and dark skin, but her talent can match yours." Zhuge Liang agreed to this marriage and married her. People at that time used it as a joke, and there was even a proverb in the village: "Don't be like Kong Ming when choosing a wife, or you will get an ugly girl like A Cheng." However, there is also a saying that Huang Yueying is extremely beautiful, so she is disliked by other young women in the village. He disparaged her appearance out of jealousy.

Longzhong Countermeasures

Main entry: Three visits to the thatched cottage and Longzhong decision-making

Zhuge Liang

At that time, Liu Bei was attached to Liu Biao and stationed troops in New field. Later, when Sima Hui met with Liu Bei, he said: "Those Confucian scholars are all ignorant people. How can they understand the affairs of the world? Only those who understand the affairs of the world are outstanding. At this time, only Wolong (Zhuge Liang) and Fengchu (Pang Tong) )."[9] ?Zhuge Liang was recommended by Xu Shu, and Liu Bei hoped that Xu Shu would invite Liang to see him, but Xu Shu suggested: "This man can go to see him, but he should not be condescended to come here."[ 10] ?Liu Bei went to visit him in person. He visited Zhuge Liang three times before meeting him (called "Three Visits to the Thatched Cottage" in history). After meeting Zhuge Liang, Liu Bei asked others to avoid him and asked him: "Now the Han Dynasty is in decline, traitors are using the emperor's orders to do things, and the emperor has lost his power. I did not measure my own virtue and ability, and wanted to revive the world with great righteousness, but my wisdom and strategies were short and insufficient, so I often failed, until today. However, my ambition has not yet calmed down. Do you have any plans to help me? ”

Zhuge Liang then presented to him the plan of dividing the world into three parts, and analyzed the situation in which Cao Cao was unavailable and Sun Quan could assist him; It can be exploited, and only by owning these two states can we conquer the world; he also told Liu Bei the strategy of attacking the Central Plains, which was later called "Longzhong Dui". After hearing this, Liu Bei praised it and strongly invited Zhuge Liang to help. Liu Bei often discussed with him, and their relationship became increasingly close. Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others were very unhappy. Liu Bei explained to them: "I have Kong Ming, just like a fish in water. I hope you will stop talking." .""Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and others no longer complained. [11] The "Longzhong Dui" proposed by Zhuge Liang was the basic national policy of Liu Bei and the Shu Han in the following decades.

The Battle of Chibi

Main article: Battle of Chibi

In the 13th year of Jian'an (208), Liu Biao's wife Liu Qi's stepmother Cai made repeated slanders, and Liu Biao gradually became dissatisfied with Liu Qi. Liu Qi asked Zhuge Liang several times for advice. Zhuge Liang always refused, so Liu Qi used the strategy of going up to the house to take out the ladder during a banquet to make Zhuge Liang come up with a solution. Zhuge Liang asked Liu Qi: "Don't you see that Shen Sheng was in danger during the Spring and Autumn Period, but Can Chong'er (referring to Duke Wen of Jin) be safe outside? "At that time, Huang Zu was killed by Soochow, and Liu Qi recommended him as the prefect of Jiangxia to protect himself.

In August of the same year, Liu Biao died of illness, and his second son Liu Cong succeeded him. Hearing the news that Cao Cao was going south, he sent envoys to surrender. After Liu Bei found out about it in Fancheng, he led his army and people to flee south. Cao Jun caught up with Liu Jun at Changban in Dangyang and defeated Liu Jun. [12]

Liu Bei was defeated

Zhuge Liang argued with the Confucian scholars

and left for Xiakou. Sun Quan had previously sent Lu Su to observe the situation and suggested to Liu Bei Sun Quan asked for help, and Zhuge Liang recommended himself to Chaisang as a lobbyist and became friends with Lu Su.

After arriving at Chaisang, Zhuge Liang met Sun Quan and first gave Sun Quan two choices using a dichotomy: "If we can compete with the Central Plains countries with the military strength of Wu and Yue, it is better to break off diplomatic relations with Cao Cao as soon as possible"; One option is to provoke the generals, "If you think you can't resist, why don't you stop military operations and surrender to the north!" Sun Quan asked Zhuge Liang why Liu Bei didn't surrender. Zhuge Liang then raised Liu Bei's status, saying that Liu Bei had integrity and would never surrender, in order to show Liu Bei's determination to Sun Quan. Sun Quan was furious and vowed not to surrender to Cao Cao, but he was worried about how many troops Liu Bei still had to fight. Zhuge Liang finally analyzed the situation of the two armies. He first said that the scattered troops from the army returned and Guan Yu's navy had ten thousand people. In addition, Liu Qifan's Jiangxia soldiers were no less than ten thousand. He then said that Cao's army was exhausted from afar. When chasing Liu Bei, he used Qingqi to attack Liu Bei. After traveling more than three hundred miles day and night, it was "the end of the strong crossbow, and the force could not penetrate Lu Zhen"; and the northerners were not used to water warfare, and the people of Jingzhou were forced to obey Cao Cao, not convinced; in the end, it was definitely said that Cao Cao could be defeated. Sun Quan was very happy. Later, he was persuaded by Lu Su and Zhou Yu and decided to join forces with Liu to fight against Cao Cao. He sent Zhou Yu, Cheng Pu, Lu Su and others to lead 30,000 naval troops to go to war with Cao Cao.

Zhuge Liang returned to Liu Bei with his army; in November, Cao Cao's army was attacked by Sun and Liu in Chibi. Cao Cao's army suffered heavy losses. At this time, a plague broke out in Cao Cao's army, and Cao Cao had no choice but to lead his army. Return to the north. [13]

Sufficient food and sufficient soldiers

Main entry: Battle of Yizhou, Battle of Hanzhong

After the Battle of Chibi, Liu Bei was on the 13th day of Jian'an In December of the same year, Zhuge Liang was pacified.

Zhuge Liang was appointed as the commander of the four counties of Jingnan. He lived in Linxian and supervised the three counties of Lingling, Guiyang and Changsha. Responsible for adjusting taxes and enriching military resources. [14]

In the 16th year of Jian'an (211), Yizhou Mu Liu Zhang sent Fazheng and Meng Da to ask Liu Bei to assist Zhang Lu. Zhuge Liang, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others guarded Jingzhou. By December of the following year, Liu Bei broke with Liu Zhang and also attacked Chengdu. Zhuge Liang, Zhang Fei, Zhao Yun and others went to Shu to help, leaving Guan Yu in charge of the defense of Jingzhou, dividing his troops to pacify various counties, and together with Liu Bei besieged Chengdu. In the 19th year of Jian'an (214), Liu Zhang surrendered and Liu Bei took control of Yizhou.

Zhuge Liang received five hundred catties of gold, one thousand catties of silver, fifty million yuan, and one thousand pieces of brocade. He was also appointed as military advisor general and assigned to the left general's office. Whenever Liu Bei sent out troops to conquer, Zhuge Liang was responsible for guarding Chengdu and providing Liu Bei with enough food and troops. For example, in the Battle of Hanzhong, he provided financial support for Liu Bei.

In the first year of Yankang (220), the first year of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Cao Pi usurped the Han Dynasty and established himself on his own. In the second year of Wei Huangchu (221), the ministers heard the news of the murder of Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty and persuaded Liu Bei, who had become the king of Hanzhong, to ascend the throne as emperor. Liu Bei did not agree. Zhuge Liang used the story of Geng Chun to persuade Liu Xiu to ascend the throne to persuade Liu Bei. So Liu Bei agreed, appointing Zhuge Liang as prime minister, recording ministerial affairs, and taking a holiday. In the same year, Zhang Fei was killed, and Zhuge Liang took the post of Sili Xiaowei. [15]

The First Lord Tuogu

Main entry: Liu Chan and Zhuge Liang’s Southern Expedition

In August of the second year of Zhangwu (222), Liu Bei was in the east On the way to recapture Jingzhou, he was defeated and retreated to Yong'an. Zhuge Liang sighed: "It's a pity that Fa Zheng has passed away, otherwise his majesty's eastward expedition would have been prevented." In February of the third year of Zhangwu (223), Liu Bei was seriously ill and summoned Zhuge Liang. When he arrived in Yong'an and took care of the funeral affairs with Li Yan, Liu Bei said to Zhuge Liang: "Your talents are ten times that of Cao Pi. You will definitely be able to settle the country and achieve great things. If the heir (Liu Chan) can help, then help him; if he If you have no talent, you can take it upon yourself." Zhuge Liang cried and said, "I will do my best to repay my loyalty until my death!" Liu Bei also asked Liu Chan to regard Zhuge Liang as his father.

In April, Liu Bei died and Liu Chan succeeded to the throne.

Baidi City

Zhuge Liang was granted the title of Marquis of Wuxiang and opened official offices. Soon, Liu Chan took over the post of Yizhou Mu again. Liu Chan relied on Zhuge Liang for all political matters, big and small, and was decided by Zhuge Liang. Originally, the Nanzhong region took the opportunity to rebel due to the death of Liu Bei. Zhuge Liang did not send troops because the country had just lost its monarch, but sent Deng Zhi and Chen Zhen to Soochow to repair it. [16]

In the spring of the third year of Jianxing (225 years), Zhuge Liang led his army to the south. Before leaving, Liu Chan gave Zhuge Liang a golden axe, a curved cover, one each for the front and rear feathers, and six tigers. Ten people. Later, Zhuge Liang went deep into the barren land to attack Yong Kai and Meng Huo. Zhuge Liang adopted Ma Di's suggestion of joining the army and focused on attacking the enemy's mind. He first defeated Yong Kai's army, then captured and manipulated Meng Huo seven times, and in the autumn all chaos was put down. The Shu Han settled in Nanzhong and obtained a large amount of resources, and formed a powerful force called the Wudang Flying Army. After long-term accumulation, we have the foundation for the Northern Expedition. [17-18]

Northern Expedition to the Central Plains

Main entry: Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition

In the spring of the sixth year of Jianxing (228), Zhuge Liang raised his voice in advance and turned away. Gu Dao took Yi and asked Zhao Yun and Deng Zhi to set up suspicious troops to attract Cao Zhen's heavy troops, and then he led the army to attack Qishan. The three counties of Nan'an, Tianshui and Anding in Longyou rebelled against Wei and attached themselves to Shu, and Guanzhong was shaken. When Emperor Wei Ming went to Chang'an in the west, he ordered Zhang He to lead 50,000 people on foot and cavalry and break the horses in the street pavilion. At the same time, Zhao Yun was outnumbered and lost to Jigu. Zhuge Liang took more than a thousand families from Xi County back to Hanzhong. The first Northern Expedition failed. [19]

In the winter of the same year, Zhuge Liang took advantage of the Wei soldiers' eastward movement and the weakness of Guanzhong. He took advantage of the northern expedition and sent troops to disperse from Guan (southwest of today's Baoji City, Shaanxi Province) to surround Chencang (east of today's Baoji City, Shaanxi Province). After Hao Zhao refused, Zhuge Liang failed to persuade him to surrender, and because he could no longer supply food and grass, he had no choice but to return to Hanzhong. Wei general Wang Shuang came to pursue him and was beheaded.

Zhuge Liang’s Northern Expedition

In the spring of the seventh year of Jianxing (229), Zhuge Liang sent Chen Shi to attack Wudu (around today’s Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Yinping (now Wenxian County, Gansu Province) Surrounding) two counties. Guo Huai, the governor of Yongzhou, led troops to rescue him. Liang moved out to Jianwei (today's west of Xihe County, Gansu Province). Guo Huai retreated and gained two counties.

In the autumn of the eighth year of Jianxing (230), the Wei army attacked Hanzhong in three directions. Sima Yi took Xicheng (now northwest of Ankang City, Shaanxi Province), Zhang He took Ziwu Valley, and Cao Zhen took Xie Valley. Zhuge Liang stationed troops in Chenggu (east of today's Chenggu County, Shaanxi Province) and Akasaka (twenty miles east of today's Yang County, Shaanxi Province). It rained heavily for more than thirty days, and the Wei army retreated. In the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan and Wu Yi to the west to enter the Qiangzhong, and defeated Wei Hou General Fei Yao (Yao) and Yongzhou Governor Guo Huai in Yangxi (in Nan'an County, southwest of Wushan in present-day Gansu Province). [20]

In February of the ninth year of Jianxing (231), Zhuge Liang led his army to attack Qishan and began to use wooden oxen to transport it. At that time, Cao Zhen was seriously ill, and Sima Yi, the commander-in-chief of Guanzhong, refused to go out. Zhuge Liang cut wheat in Shanggui (now Tianshui County, Gansu Province). Sima Yi pursued Liang to Lucheng (now between Tianshui City and Gangu, Gansu Province), dug a camp to defend himself, and was ridiculed as "fearing Shu as much as fearing a tiger".

According to the "Han, Jin, Spring and Autumn Annals", in May of the same year, Zhuge Liang sent Wei Yan, Gao Xiang, and Wu Ban to resist and defeated Sima Yi. The Han army gained 3,000-level soldiers, 5,000 collars of black armor, and horned crossbows. Three thousand one hundred pieces, so Sima Yi returned to Baoying. This historical material was later cited in Zizhi Tongjian. "Book of Jin" records that the Wei army removed its armor and light equipment, marched day and night, and met Zhuge Liang in Hanyang. Sima Yi sent general Niu Jin to lead his light cavalry as bait. Zhuge Liang retreated to Qishan Mountain, stationed troops in Lucheng, occupied the two mountains in the north and south, blocked the water and built walls. The Wei army broke through and defeated the Shu army, capturing and beheading tens of thousands of people. [21] ?There is no record of either statement in "Three Kingdoms" written by Chen Shou.

Zhuge Liang

In June, Li Yan called Zhuge Liang to return to his army due to the failure in transporting food. Zhang He chased Liang and retreated to Mumen, where he was shot to death by an arrow - this was his second departure from Qishan. [22]

In February of the twelfth year of Jianxing (234), Zhuge Liang led his army out of Xiegu Road. According to Wugong Wuzhangyuan (today’s south of Qishan, Shaanxi Province), he stationed fields on Weibin and fought with Sima Yi on Weinan. , and asked Wu Guo to send troops together.

During this period, Zhuge Liang not only sent envoys to declare war repeatedly, but also sent women to dress up to anger Sima Yi. However, Sima Yi endured the humiliation and refused to leave, and used the clever strategy of "asking for battle from thousands of miles away" to calm the general's anger.

Sima Yi once asked an envoy from the Shu Han Dynasty how much Zhuge Liang slept, ate and did, without asking about the military situation. The envoy replied: "Zhuge Gong gets up early and goes to bed late. All punishments of more than twenty sticks are personally reviewed; The food he eats is less than a few liters. "Sima Yi told people: "Zhuge Kongming eats less and has trouble with his affairs. How long can he live?" [23]

Zhuge Liang then divided his troops into farming and settled in Wei. The people in the territory were self-sufficient in growing the same food as those in Wei State, and planned to stay there for a long time, but Zhuge Liang became seriously ill due to overwork. [24]

Died of illness in Wuzhangyuan

Liu Chan sent his minister Li Fu to greet him and inquire about national affairs. When Li Fu arrived, Zhuge Liang finished his conversation, said goodbye, and came back a few days later. Zhuge Liang said: "I know your intention of coming back. Although we have been talking all day recently, some things have not been explained yet, so I have come to hear the decision again. Jiang Wan is suitable for what you want to ask." Li Fu apologized and said: "I really didn't ask before. If you think about it, who can take on the important task after this year, so I asked him again, who can take on the important task after Jiang Wan? "Zhuge Liang said, "Fei Yi can take over." Zhuge Liang did not answer. [25]