Botanical characters:
The tender shoot has a green background, no additional color, medium fluff and extra large stipules. The leaf blade is large, relatively flat, heart-shaped or round, the upper side is shallow, open or closed, the lower side is shallow, open, the upper surface is smooth, the lower surface is densely covered with yellow-white wool, the leaf margin is moderately serrated, both sides are straight, and the petiole is open, which is a broad arch with a flat and tapering bottom. Flowers are bisexual. The ear is large, with an average ear weight of 558 grams and an ear weight of 850 grams. It is conical or oblong-conical, with no secondary ear or small secondary ear, and the ear stalk is short.
The fruit is moderately dense, with an average grain weight of12.5 ~13.3g and a grain weight of 20g. It is oval or nearly round, dark purple, with medium fruit powder, thick skin, medium meat, rich juice, sweet and sour taste, grassy grape fragrance and soluble solid content of14.2% ~.
The plant has strong growth potential. The fruiting branches account for 47.8% ~ 53.4% of the total number of bud eyes, and the average number of fruit ears on each fruiting branch is1.5 ~1.9. The secondary shoots have strong fruiting ability and can be harvested twice a year. The output is higher.
The growth days from germination to full maturity of the fruit were143 ~146 days, and the active accumulated temperature was 3341.2 ~ 3433.7 degrees. It matured in late July in Fuzhou, late August in Beijing and mid-September in Shenyang. Strong adaptability, moisture resistance, resistance to black pox, moderate resistance to white rot and anthracnose, weak resistance to downy mildew and good transportation resistance.
Trestles and hedgerows can be cultivated, and short shoots should be pruned. Its disadvantage is that the flowers and fruits fall seriously, and the ears are easy to loosen when people enter the full fruit period. During cultivation, we should control fertilizer and water before flowering, and pay attention to coring, thinning, pruning and thinning before flowering.
High-quality and efficient cultivation techniques of Kyoho;
1, garden selection
Kyoho grape requires a good ecological environment, and should be selected with good isolation conditions, convenient irrigation and drainage, relatively high terrain and platform, sunny ventilation, fertile soil and high organic matter content, and gravel loam and sandy loam with PH value of 6.5-7 are suitable.
2. Selection and planting of fruit seedlings
On the basis of fully understanding the local climatic conditions, select suitable high-quality Kyoho grape varieties with strong resistance and no virus. The suitable planting time of fruit seedlings is February-March every year, and the suitable planting density is row spacing of 2.5 meters, plant spacing 1.8 meters, and planting 148 plants per 667 square meters.
3, timely bud, reasonable pruning.
After the grapes germinate in spring, erase the double buds and small buds as soon as possible and keep the strong buds. Before flowering, the main shoot should be cored for 2 ~ 3 times, and the auxiliary shoot should be erased in time, so that more nutrients can be transported to the floral organ, and at the same time, some inflorescences should be properly thinned, and1/4 ~1/5 at the end of the inflorescence should be pinched off 3 ~ 5 days before flowering, so that nutrients can be supplied to the remaining fruit particles in a centralized way. In winter, the medium and long shoots should be pruned, and it is advisable to leave about10 ~15 new shoots per square meter, staggered up and down, so as to ensure that the grape growth per spike reaches15 ~ 25 leaves, and the yield per mu should be controlled within 2500 kg. In this way, the ear of the fruit can be compact, the fruit grains are neat and mature, and the flavor and color of the berries can be improved.
In order to pursue high yield, many fruit farmers do not sparse inflorescences or pinch the tips of ears in summer, which makes the nutrient supply scattered and the fruit size mature. When cutting in winter, cut lightly and put long, leaving more branches and vines, causing the fruit parts to move up quickly, so that the fruit ears are concentrated in the upper part of the frame surface. Due to overload and uneven distribution, nutrition is out of balance, and it is difficult to form high-quality fruit.
In order to improve the light conditions on the shelf surface, reduce diseases, promote flower bud differentiation and enrich the vines, the lush vines should be pruned with leaves after grape harvest. Sparse the overgrown branches on the upper part of the shelf surface, the weak branches on the lower part, and the branches and vines in improper positions, reduce nutrient consumption, cultivate strong fruiting vines, and at the same time reduce the air humidity under the shelf to avoid diseases.
4. Strengthen fertilizer and water management to prevent premature senescence of trees.
Kyoho grapes have strict requirements on fertilizers. Usually, every harvest of 100 kg berries requires pure nitrogen 1.5 kg, phosphorus 1.0 kg and potassium 1.5 kg. At the same time, during the growth of berries, sufficient water can increase fruit grains and increase yield. However, if excessive irrigation is carried out from berry coloring to maturity, the sugar content of the fruit will be low, the acidity will be high, the coloring will be poor, and the fruit cracking will easily induce gray mold and late rot, which will affect the color, aroma and taste of Kyoho grape and reduce its quality. Therefore, irrigation should be appropriate, especially before picking15-20 days.
It is necessary to control the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer and increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer to prevent plants from overgrowth, closed branches and leaves, poor ventilation and insufficient light, so that grape berries can not grow and mature normally, and the fruit stems are crisp and tender, and the peel is thin, and the resistance to various germs is poor. Therefore, the quality of berries can be improved by spraying 800 times of potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution on the leaves during the coloring period of berries and spraying it again every half month. After defoliation in autumn, apply 2,000-3,000 kilograms of decomposed organic fertilizer with 2% phosphate fertilizer per mu. At this time, the ground temperature is higher, which is beneficial to the decomposition of organic fertilizer and the absorption and utilization of nutrients by roots.
5, pest control
Spraying 5 Baume lime-sulfur mixture before germination of Kyoho grape in spring to prevent powdery mildew and felt disease; Spraying the same amount of Bordeaux solution 200 times a week after flowering to prevent and control black pox; Since early June, spray 600-800 times of 50% dimethoate for 3-4 times every10-15 days, and spray 400 times of fosfomite to prevent downy mildew, and spray1000-1500 times of 40% dimethoate emulsion to prevent floating. If the damage of grape penetrating wing moth is found on the branches, 50% dichlorvos can be poured into the wormhole, and then the wormhole can be closed with clay. In order to prevent grapes from being contaminated with pesticides after listing, spraying pesticides should be stopped about half a month before picking.
6. Measures to improve the fruit setting rate of Kyoho grape.
It is a common problem in the production of Kyoho grape to drop flowers and fruits. The main reasons are the poor development of flower organs, inability to pollinate and fertilize normally, harsh climatic conditions during flowering and malnutrition in trees. The following technical measures should be taken in production to improve the fruit setting rate of Kyoho grape.
7, fruit picking
The growth period of Kyoho grape is130 ~150 days, and the effective accumulated temperature is 3000 ~ 3200℃. It germinates in Anhui in early April, blooms in mid-May, and ripens in middle and late July. From the end of July, when the grape berries are purple, the sugar content is above 15%, the acid content is 0.6% ~ 0.8%, and the fragrance is strong, they can be picked. It is not appropriate to seize the market in early July and pick the fruit, because the sugar content and aromatic substances are low. Spraying 700 ~ 800 times thiophanate methyl 7 ~10 days before picking can significantly reduce the incidence of grape diseases (such as gray mold) during storage and sales. Picking should be carried out in the morning or afternoon after dew is dry, and it is not suitable to harvest in cloudy or foggy days, so as to minimize the humidity and field heat of grapes. At the same time, cut and put it gently to avoid breaking fruit particles and wiping off fruit powder.