I'm not surprised that celebrities in the entertainment circle were caught taking drugs. This circle has become a fashion, and not smoking has become a minority. More celebrity drug addicts just didn't get caught at the scene. I have no opinion about Mr. Zhou's drug-related arrest, but I think I can teach you what crack cocaine (cocaine) is, that is, the drugs found in Mr. Zhou's car.
Cocaine is an alkaloid extracted from the leaves of a plant with a long history, which mainly grows in the Andes of South America, that is, coca plants. Peru, Bolivia and Colombia in South America account for 60%, 22% and 15% of the global cocaine production respectively. Local aborigines have long known the functions of these plants, which are used to refresh their minds, relieve pain and enhance their resistance to harsh natural environment, mountain reaction, fatigue and hunger. Archaeologists found a large number of coca leaves in ancient tombs in Peru more than 2000 years ago. At present, some indigenous people in the mountainous areas of the country still have the habit of chewing coca leaves and drinking coca tea, but taking cocaine is two different things.
1750, French botanist Sui Yu transported the first batch of coca bush samples to Europe. In La Paz, Bolivia, an indigenous uprising broke out in 178 1. Soldiers guarding the city lived on coca leaves for a while without military rations, which made many people in Europe know the efficacy of coca leaves. Therefore, some missionaries proposed to use coca leaves to solve the famine in Europe, and some scholars suggested that the crew should eat more coca leaves, which could not only enhance the physical strength of the crew, but also replace alcohol with coca leaves to solve the problem of alcoholism of the crew.
1855, German chemist G. Friedrich first extracted anesthetic components from coca leaves and named them Erythroxylon. 1859, Austrian chemist Albert Neiman refined a substance with higher purity and named it cocaine. It is also said that 1862, German chemist Albert Niemann first proposed to extract cocaine alkaloids from coca leaves. The content of cocaine in coca leaves is 0.6% ~ 1.8%, and the extractable pure cocaine in 1 kg coca leaf pulp is about 90g. At this time, people are completely addicted to its anti-fatigue effect and euphoria.
In 1980s, halsted, the "father of modern surgery", made cocaine into a local anesthetic, which was used for topical anesthesia of ophthalmic surgery and local anesthesia of nerve plexus injection. Then Sigmand Frend, a famous Austrian psychologist, first recommended cocaine as a local anesthetic, a sexual stimulant and an antidepressant, and used it for a long time to treat delusions. He called it "a magical substance". However, in the later use process, people found that the use of cocaine gradually changed from initial euphoria, euphoria and energy to severe depression, anxiety and incompetence, and even caused cardiotoxicity, psychosis, convulsions and death.
Cocaine, morphine and heroin are controlled together in 19 14. Governments of various countries have promulgated laws and regulations on pure foods and drugs, strictly stipulating that cocaine cannot be added to over-the-counter drugs and foods, and all patented drugs must be accurately labeled with ingredients. The World Health Organization has issued a ban on drinking coca tea.
However, Pandora's box has been opened, how can it be closed again? The abuse of cocaine continues to this day, especially in the United States. The number of cocaine, coca leaves and coca paste in the world is increasing year by year, and the use of cocaine in countries such as Western Europe, America, CIS, Australia, Africa and West Asia is also on the rise. Like marijuana, cocaine and cocaine are minority drugs in China.
Cocaine is a powdery white crystal and a central stimulant, so what does "crack" in the title mean? In fact, it is a kind of high-purity cocaine, which belongs to the refined products in cocaine. Crack, also known as crack, has a purity of 70%-90%, and gives off a special cracking sound when heated, hence the name crack. Like heroin or methamphetamine, crack can be smoked and then smoked and abused, but cocaine can't.
Taking large doses of cocaine will produce incredible absurd and terrible behaviors, such as aimless stiff movements and even psychotic manifestations, excessive excitement, forgetfulness, loss of self-control, trembling, spasm, muscle distortion, deformation, and even inhibition of the entire nervous system, leading to respiratory failure and death.
There are many ways to take cocaine, which is similar to heroin. It can be taken, applied, inhaled and injected.
Nasal inhalation
Divide cocaine into small pieces and inhale through one nostril, or block one nostril and inhale through the other nostril. Volatile organic solvents can also be inhaled from the nasal mucosa through the nose. This way of smoking is common in TV dramas or movies, and it is often used for cocaine and K powder, and some heroin is also smoked in this way.
Hot smoking (crack cocaine)
Put heroin powder in tin foil and utensils, then light it with the lighter below, heat it to make the drug produce smoke, and then inhale the smoke through your mouth and nose.
Cocaine acts on the central nervous system, excites the cerebral cortex, and then turns from overexcitation to inhibition. Users will immediately feel a high degree of euphoria, excitement and self-sufficiency, and the drug effect will last for about 30 minutes, so users can engage in long-term and high-intensity mental and physical labor without fatigue. When these feelings gradually fade away, they will experience corresponding low tide, with symptoms such as irritability, trance, severe depression, constipation, spasm and nausea. , forcing drug addicts to re-use and increase the dose to restore euphoria. The dose and frequency of smoking will continue to increase, and tolerance will develop very quickly. It usually takes a few weeks to form addiction, resulting in strong physical and psychological dependence, and some even develop to take drugs all day.
The reaction after crack is basically the same as cocaine, but the feeling of "rushing up" after smoking is faster and stronger than cocaine, and the time required for addiction is shorter, and the individual's desire for crack is stronger. Because of the high content of cocaine in crack, it is a very dangerous drug, and a small sip can make people "happy" for nearly half an hour. Smoking "crack" can produce the pleasure of punching in 10 second. However, this experience lasts for a short time. When the effect of the drug is slightly weakened, the abuser must take it again immediately to eliminate the extreme discomfort caused by the weakening effect of the drug. Therefore, the abuse mode of "crack" is often "binge smoking", that is, continuous smoking for 24 hours until financial resources, drugs or physical strength are exhausted.
1), nervous system
Cocaine stimulates the central nervous system, which makes people get euphoria quickly, so that they are full of emotions and spirits. This euphoria and emotion depend on the increase or decrease of blood drug concentration, and the purpose of cocaine is to destroy this normal balance regulation of body mechanism and damage the nervous system and lose its original function. Cocaine is also a kind of convulsion, which can induce seizures. Repeated use will lead to epilepsy for a long time. Imagine an epileptic seizure, once the rescue is not timely, it will die suddenly. In addition, during cocaine abuse, it can also cause cerebral hemorrhage, convulsions, persistent or mechanical repetitive movements, ataxia and abnormal gait (did you think of Zhou Libo driving a snake car).
2), cardiovascular system
Cocaine can change and increase the probability of heart disease, and can cause arrhythmia, bradycardia, premature ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, myocardial insufficiency, hypertension and other diseases. That is to say, your heart beat will be abnormal, and then your blood pressure will be abnormal, which may lead to spontaneous bleeding or cerebrovascular accident.
3), respiratory system
Cocaine inhalation can easily cause nasal ulcers, loss of sense of smell, atrophy and bleeding of nasal mucosa, perforation of nasal septum and other diseases. This is because cocaine is irritating and will constrict blood vessels after being absorbed by nasal mucosa. Cocaine can cause many diseases through the respiratory central system, such as dyspnea, alveolar hemorrhage, hemoptysis, cough, fever, pulmonary edema, pulmonary asthma, interstitial pneumonia/fibrosis, pulmonary congestion/hemorrhage, respiratory tract injury and pneumothorax.
4), the influence on sexual function
After taking cocaine, even without the stimulation of sexual organs, it can induce sexual excitement and even spontaneous ejaculation, so many people think that cocaine can improve sexual desire and have crazy sex after frequent abuse. However, after serious addiction, when they find that the pleasure of sexual intercourse is not their focus, they turn to the desire for cocaine, because the sexual excitement of this external stimulus enhances their tolerance. Over time, smokers have various sexual dysfunction, mainly including male loss of sexual interest and impotence, female menstrual disorder, lactation, menopause, no sexual excitement and infertility.
5), immune system
Cocaine can be injected and smoked, which has sexual excitement. It is easy to damage the immune system through injection and promiscuous infectious diseases, thus weakening the body's resistance to foreign viruses. Cocaine users are easy to infect and spread hepatitis B virus, hepatitis, sexually transmitted diseases (especially syphilis), AIDS and other infectious diseases.
6), pregnancy and fetal effects
Female smokers are prone to miscarriage during pregnancy, and the fetus in the abdomen may have nervous system development defects, growth retardation, placental injury, premature peeling and so on. The most important thing is that there is a great chance of giving birth to a "poisonous baby", that is, neonatal withdrawal syndrome, which endangers the baby's life.
7), mental disorders
Generally seen in injecting drug users, after taking it, there will be various mental disorders, such as hallucinations, hallucinations, mania, irrationality, paranoia, euphoria, depression and even insanity, which will make people seriously decadent and hate themselves.
Severe addiction can lead to excessive vigilance (always suspecting that someone is trying to kill himself), similar to the suspicion and paranoia of schizophrenia. At the same time, it is accompanied by different degrees of rigidity of movement, fixation of delusion, loss of insight, lack of daily excitement or emotional delay; Social skills decline, interpersonal sensitivity, anxiety, tension or anger, and judgment decline, giving people a neurotic feeling.
8), personality disorder
This is a common problem of drug addicts, who basically have borderline personality disorder and induce excessive anger and violence through drugs. I don't know why I thought that Mr. Zhou suddenly got angry and had a bad temper in the entertainment program.
9), other adverse reactions
Cocaine abuse can cause specific adverse reactions through different ways of abuse. For example, hyperprolactinemia may interfere with the inhibitory effect of cocaine on prolactin secretion; Weight loss, rhabdomyolysis; Cocaine abuse can cause intestinal ischemia and intestinal vasospasm; Intravenous injection can cause bacterial or viral endocarditis, honeycomb fire, encephalitis, cerebral hematoma, septicemia, arterial embolism, renal infarction and thrombophlebitis, cocaine stains, keratitis, thumb and tooth injuries, etc. All kinds of cocaine abuse can lead to sudden death.
10), acute overdose poisoning.
Acute poisoning generally occurs in the first relapse after a period of detoxification, and excessive poisoning is the first time for some inexperienced teenagers to take it. Excessive poisoning is mainly manifested as tachycardia or bradycardia, pupil dilation, hypertension and hypotension, sweating or chills, nausea or vomiting, weight loss, psychomotor agitation or retardation, confusion, seizures, dyskinesia, muscle tension or coma.
The main causes of death caused by cocaine abuse are respiratory depression, arrhythmia, heart failure, high fever, acidosis and seizures. The most poisonous thing is that drug dealers will add other chemicals to cocaine for profit, resulting in the death of drug addicts.
I want to thank Mr. Zhou Libo for his great help in publishing this article. Without his performance, I would even forget the popular science cocaine. These drugs are mainly circulated in Europe, America and West Asia, but they are not popular drugs in China, and they belong to between popular science and non-popular science. But "crack cocaine" has become a popular search keyword, so I quickly touched a hot spot to popularize science, hoping to let everyone know what kind of drug it is.
From his ex-wife to various gossip reports, Mr. Zhou is suspected of playing K(K powder/ketamine), skating (ice) and possessing cocaine. If it is true, it shows that Mr. Zhou has become a typical representative of multi-drug abuse. The so-called multi-drug abuse means that users not only take one drug, but also belong to multiple drugs to get pleasure together. Cocaine is another traditional drug after heroin, king of drugs. Its harm and addiction are comparable to heroin, which is extremely harmful to various organs of the body and mental state. Once addicted, it is difficult to give up. I hope the world stays away from this monster.