The application of mind mapping helps to cultivate students' lifelong learning ability. Below I have carefully compiled the mind map of the second volume of history for seventh grade for your reference. I hope you like it!

Appreciation of the mind map of the second volume of history for seventh grade students (1) < /p>

Lesson 1: The Prosperous Sui Dynasty

1. Reunification of the North and South

1. The Establishment of the Sui Dynasty

Time: 581 Founder: Yang Jian, Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty Capital: Chang'an

2. Unification of the Sui Dynasty

Time: 589

2. The rule of Kaihuang?< /p>

The ruling measures of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty:

① Reform the system ② Develop production ③ Pay attention to official administration

During the reign of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty, the country was unified and stable, and the people's burden was lighter , the economy prospered and developed, and the rule of Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was called the "Kaihuang Rule" in history.

3. The Grand Canal of the Sui Dynasty

1. With Luoyang as the center, it reaches Zhuojun in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.

2. The purpose of excavation: ① Strengthen north-south transportation ② Consolidate the Sui Dynasty's rule over the country.

3. Significance: It has greatly promoted economic exchanges between the North and the South.

Lesson 2? The rule of Zhenguan?

1. The establishment of the Tang Dynasty

Time: 618 Years Founding Emperor: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan Capital: Chang'an

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2. The Governance of Zhenguan

1. Pay attention to summarizing historical experience and lessons, and attach importance to the power of the people;

2. Pay attention to the development of production and reduce the burden on the people;

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3. Advocate frugality;

4. Appoint talented people and accept advice with an open mind.

During the Taizong period of the Tang Dynasty, the politics were relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, prosperity appeared, and the national power gradually became stronger. Historically, the rule at that time was called the "Government of Zhenguan".

3. Empress Wu Zetian

Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in Chinese history.

Historically, Wu Zetian’s rule is called "Government of Kaiyuan and Administration of Macro Zhenguan"

Lesson 3: The Prosperous Age of Kaiyuan

1. The Rule of Kaiyuan

The performance of Tang Xuanzong’s efforts in governance:

(1) Appointing talented people (Yao Chong) (2) Paying attention to official governance (3) Advocating frugality

2. The prosperity of the economy in the prosperous age

1. Agriculture

(1) Development of farming technology: seedling transplantation and cultivation

(2) Development of tea production

Tang The world's first tea monograph "Tea Classic" appeared in the dynasty, and the author Lu Yu was called the "Tea God" by later generations.

(3) Improvements in agricultural tools: curved shaft plows and bobbin carts

2. Handicraft industry

(1) Silk weaving industry

(2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain, Tang Sancai

3. Commerce

(1) Famous metropolises: Chang'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou, Chengdu< /p>

(2) Chang'an, the capital of the Tang Dynasty, was the center of exchanges between various ethnic groups and an international metropolis.

Lesson 4: The Creation of the Imperial Examination System

1. The Birth and Improvement of the Imperial Examination System

Characters

Contributions

< p> Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty

began to select officials by subject examination

Birth stage

Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty

officially established the Jinshi Department. The official birth of the imperial examination system

Taizong of the Tang Dynasty

Expanding the scale of Chinese studies and increasing the number of people taking exams

Performance stage

Wu Zetian

Added palace examinations and martial arts examinations

Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty

Poems and poems became the main examination content of Jinshi subjects.

2. The impact of the imperial examination system

1. The employment system was improved, allowing talented scholars to have the opportunity to serve in governments at all levels.

2. Promote the development of education.

3. Promote the development of literature and art.

Lesson 5? We are one family?

1. Songtsan Gampo and Princess Wencheng

1. The customs and habits of Tubo

< p>①Living area: Qinghai-Tibet Plateau area.

②Production: Nomadicism is the occupation, and some make a living from farming.

③Advocate for military exploits and take pride in dying in battle.

2. Princess Wencheng enters Tubo

What is the significance of the marriage between Princess Wencheng and Songtsan Gampo?

① It maintains peace and strengthens friendship

② Intensified economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides

3. Princess Jincheng entered Tubo

2. Ethnic minorities around the Tang Dynasty

Ethnic groups

Activity areas

Relationship with the Tang Dynasty

Ancestors of today’s He clan

Tufan

Northwest

In the same family: Songtsen Gampo and Princess Wencheng, Chidai Zhudan and Princess Jincheng intermarried.

Tibetans

Uighurs

Northwest

Pei Luo, the sealing power of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, was Huairen Khan.

.

Manchu

Nanzhao

Southwest

Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty granted Piroge the title of "King of Yunnan".

Yi Nationality and Bai Nationality

Lesson 6: Friendly Exchanges with Foreign Countries

1. Friendly Exchanges with Foreign Countries

Main cities for friendly exchanges with foreign countries: Chang'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou, Yangzhou.

2. Friendly exchanges between the Tang Dynasty and Japan

1. Jianzhen’s eastward journey

2. The impact of Tang Dynasty culture on Japan: political system, writing , architecture, coins, customs, etc.

2. Xuanzang’s Journey to the West

Destination: Tianzhu (ancient India)

Achievements: "The Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty" has become a major source of research on Central Asia, the Indian Peninsula and An important classic on the history and Buddhism of the Xinjiang region of my country.

Lessons 7 and 8: The splendid culture of the Sui and Tang Dynasties

1. Superb architectural level

1. Zhaozhou Bridge

Design Author: Li Chun, Sui Dynasty

Zhaozhou Bridge is the oldest existing stone arch bridge in the world.

2. Chang'an City in Tang Dynasty was the largest city in the world at that time.

2. The invention of woodblock printing

1. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodblock printing was invented

2. The Diamond Sutra

The world's earliest extant engraved print with an exact date.

3. The glorious poetry world

Poet

Representative works

Characteristics

Li Bai

< p> "Early Departure from Baidi City" and "The Difficult Road to Shu"

Heroic and unrestrained, rich in imagination.

Poetry

Du Fu

? Three officials? Three farewells?

Reflect social reality.

Poets

Bai Juyi

"Qin Zhongyin" and "New Yuefu"

Easy to understand, reflecting social reality.

IV. Brilliant calligraphy and painting

1. Calligraphy

Calligraphy

Calligrapher

Representative works

Yan Ti

Yan Zhenqing

"Yan Family Temple Stele"

Liu Ti

Liu Zongyuan

"Mysterious Tower Stele"

2. Painting

Yan Liben

"Stepping Chariot Picture"

Wu Daozi< /p>

"The Picture of the King Sending His Son"

The Painting Saint

5. Art Treasure House Mogao Grottoes

One of the largest art treasure houses in the world .

6. Grand and joyous music and dance

Famous songs and dances include "The Music of the King of Qin Breaking the Formation" which praises Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, and "The Song of Colorful Clothes and Feather Clothes" which Tang Taizong participated in the composition.

Lesson 9: The Era of Coexistence of National Governments

1. The Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty

(1) The Establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty: Zhao Kuangyin and Chen Qiao Mutiny in 960

(2) A glass of wine releases military power: The method of holding a banquet relieves the military power of the generals and strengthens centralization of power.

2. The peace war between the Northern Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty

During the reign of Zhenzong of the Song Dynasty, the Liao and Song Dynasties formed an alliance with Chanyuan: the Liao Dynasty withdrew its troops, and the Song Dynasty gave Liao Sui coins.

2. The confrontation between the Jin and the Southern Song Dynasty

1. Yue Fei resisted the Jin

2. The Southern Song Dynasty professed vassalage to the Jin Dynasty and gave golden coins; both sides used the Huaihe River to Dashanguan line demarcates the dividing line. A confrontation between Song and Jin took shape.

Government

Establishment of nation

Time of establishment

Founder

Capital

Liao

Khitan

Early 10th century

Liao Taizu Abaoji

Shangjing

Northern Song Dynasty

Han nationality

960 years

Zhao Kuangyin, Taizu of the Song Dynasty

Tokyo (now Kaifeng)

Xixia

Dangxiang

Early 11th century

Li Yuanhao

Xingqing

Jin

Jurchen

Early 12th century

Jin Taizu Aguda

Huining, later moved to Zhongdu

Southern Song Dynasty

Han nationality

< p>1127

Zhao Gou, Emperor Gaozong of the Song Dynasty

Lin'an (now Hangzhou)

Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of history for seventh grade (2)

Lesson 10 The southward shift of the economic center

1. The development of southern agriculture

1. The performance of Jiangnan agricultural development:

(1) The development of crop varieties Introduction of (Champa rice)

(2) Substantial increase in the production of grains mainly rice (? Suhu is ripe, the world is sufficient?)

(3) Tea, cotton, etc. Promotion of cash crop planting (cotton: from Guangdong and Guangxi, Fujian to the Yangtze River Basin)

2. What are the reasons for the rapid development of agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River?

(1) Economic factors: South China has a large population in the Central Plains Migration increased the labor force in the south and brought advanced technology and production experience;

(2) Natural factors: The climate in the north and south became colder in the Song Dynasty, and the south was relatively suitable for the growth of crops; the natural conditions in the south remained relatively good. .

(3) Political factors: There are fewer wars in the south, which provides a relatively stable social environment for economic development.

2. The prosperity of the southern handicraft industry

1. The improvement of the level of the silk weaving industry (the silk weaving industry in Shu is called Guan Tianxia?)

2. The rise of the cotton weaving industry (development from Hainan Island to the southeast coast)

3. Achievements in the porcelain industry (ice-cracked porcelain from Ge Kiln; Porcelain Capital: Jingdezhen)

4. Shipbuilding The development of the industry (the shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty became the first in the world at that time; the shipbuilding industry in Guangzhou and Quanzhou was developed)

3. The prosperity of southern commerce

1. The development of southern commercial cities (commercial cities : Kaifeng, Hangzhou)

After Hangzhou was changed to the capital Lin'an, its prosperity far exceeded that of Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty.

2. The development of overseas trade

(1) The world-famous large commercial ports: Guangzhou and Quanzhou;

(2) Chinese merchant ships are as close as North Korea, Japan, reaching as far as the Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa;

(2) The establishment of the Municipal Shipping Department (an agency to manage overseas trade)

3. Changes in the monetary system (the emergence of the world in Sichuan) The earliest paper currency: Jiaozi)

Lesson 11: The social scene of the Song Dynasty in all its various aspects

1. Changes in customs such as food, clothing, housing and transportation

Clothing: Early Song Dynasty Frugality was advocated; workers wore short clothes with small sleeves and narrow body; the bad habit of women's foot binding gradually spread.

Food: Mainly pasta in the north, rice in the south; mutton in the Northern Song Dynasty, and fish in the Southern Song Dynasty;

Living: huts, tile-roofed houses, houses.

Line: ox cart, donkey cart; sedan chair, donkey and mule riding.

2. Lively Wazi and joyful festivals

1. Wazi: a place for entertainment and business.

2. Festivals: Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival.

Lesson 12 The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

1. A Generation of Geniuses Unifying Mongolia

1. A nation on horseback? Mongolia

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2. A generation of genius? Genghis Khan

In 1206, the Mongolian nobles elected Temujin as the Great Khan, respectfully called Genghis Khan, and the Mongolian state was established. Since then, the Mongolian grasslands have ended the long-term melee and achieved unification.

2. Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty

1. The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty

Time: 1271 Capital: Dadu Founding Emperor: Kublai Khan, the founder of the Yuan Dynasty

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2. The Yuan Dynasty destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty and Wen Tianxiang fought against the Yuan Dynasty

3. The politics and economy of the Yuan Dynasty

1. The main measures taken by Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty to restore and develop agriculture

　2. Frequent exchanges between China and foreign countries

A famous envoy of foreign exchanges during the Yuan Dynasty was Marco Polo.

5. The establishment of the provincial system

The Mongol Empire was unprecedentedly vast. In order to implement effective rule, the Yuan Dynasty established the provincial system.

Central Committee: Zhongshu Province,

IV. The development of ethnic integration and the formation of the Hui nationality

The splendid Song and Yuan culture of Lessons 13 and 14

< p> 1. The invention of movable type printing, the application of compasses and gunpowder

1. The invention of movable type printing

(1) During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, our people invented woodblock printing;

(2) During the Northern Song Dynasty, Bi Sheng invented movable type printing;

(3) In the 15th century, movable type printing appeared in Europe, about four hundred years later than China.

2. Application of the compass

(1) During the Warring States Period, the world’s earliest compass instrument was made? Sinan;

(2) In the Northern Song Dynasty, the compass began Used in navigation;

(3) In the Southern Song Dynasty, the compass was widely used in navigation;

(4) The compass was introduced to Europe by the Arabs.

3. The application of gunpowder

(1) In the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there were records of gunpowder formulas.

(2) In the late Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used. In the military,

(3) During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder weapons were widely used in warfare.

(4) In the 13th and 14th centuries, gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were introduced to Arabia and Europe.

2. Historical Achievements

In view of the past, "Zi Zhi Tong Jian" is qualified for governance. ?

The two Sima in history?

Historians

Era

Works

Style

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Narrative Scope

Sima Qian

Western Han Dynasty

"Historical Records"

Biographic General History

Yellow Emperor By the time of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty

Sima Guang

Northern Song Dynasty

"Zizhi Tongjian"

Chronological General History

From the Warring States Period to the Five Dynasties

3. Song Ci

Representative figures of Song Ci:

Lyricist

Representative works

Style

Euphemistic style

Li Qingzhao

His style is euphemistic, his feelings are sincere, he is good at using spoken language, and he looks fresh and natural.

The Bold School

Su Shi

"Niannujiao? Chibi Nostalgia"

Impassioned and heroic.

Xin Qiji

4. Yuan Opera

(1) It consists of Zaju and Sanqu.

(2) The best playwright: Guan Hanqing, whose representative work is "The Injustice of Dou E".

5. Painting

(1) Song Dynasty painting is highlighted in: the creation of landscape paintings, flower-and-bird paintings and genre paintings.

(2) Li Gonglin, known as "the best painter in Song Dynasty".

(3) Zhang Zeduan's "Along the River During the Qingming Festival" depicts the scenery along the Bianhe River in Tokyo during the Northern Song Dynasty.

(4) Zhao Mengfu’s paintings are known as “divine”

6. Calligraphy

Four masters of calligraphy in the Song Dynasty: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang. < /p>

In the autumn of 1368, the Ming army captured Dadu, ending the Yuan Dynasty’s rule across the country.

2. Spy rule

The Jinyiwei was established during the Hongwu period and was personally presided over by the emperor. It was responsible for protecting the emperor's safety. The words and deeds of detective officials and ordinary people were not bound by the law and could be directly arrested.

3. Eight-part essay to select scholars

Scope of proposition: Four Books and Five Classics.

Answer requirements: Answer the question based on the specified point of view, no personal opinions.

Style: "Eight-legged essay".

3. The Battle of Jingnan and the relocation of the capital to Beijing

1. The enfeoffment of vassal kings by Ming Taizu

2. The elimination of vassals by Emperor Jianwen

3. Battle of Jingnan

4. Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty strengthened his monarchy

(1) In 1421, he moved the capital to Beijing to strengthen the central government’s control over the north;

(2) Policy of reducing vassal status;

(3) Adding a secret service agency? Dongchang.

Lesson 16 Exchanges and Conflicts between China and Foreign Countries

1. Zheng He’s Voyages to the West

1. Summary of Zheng He’s Voyages to the West

Character

Zheng He

Time

1405?1433

Number of times

7 times

< p> Number of people

More than 27,000 people

Number of ships

More than 200 ships

Reaching range

Asia and Africa More than 30 countries and regions, as far as the Red Sea coast and the east coast of Africa

Equipment

Compass needle

2. The conditions for Zheng He’s voyages to the West

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(1) The strong national power in the early Ming Dynasty;

(2) The widespread use of the compass;

(3) Zheng He’s personal spirit and courage to explore;

(4) The development of shipbuilding technology in the Ming Dynasty.

3. The purpose of Zheng He’s voyages to the West? To strengthen ties with overseas countries.

4. The significance of Zheng He’s voyages to the West: it promoted economic exchanges and friendly relations between China and Asian and African countries.

2. Qi Jiguang’s fight against Japanese pirates

Japanese pirates: At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, Japanese samurai, merchants and pirates often harassed my country’s coastal areas. Coastal residents called them “Japanese pirates”.

1. Japanese pirates harassed China’s coast

2. Qi Jiguang’s fight against the Japanese

Why was Qi Jiguang successful in his fight against the Japanese?

(1) Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese struggle was a just cause to resist foreign aggression and received support from the broad masses of the people.

(2) The Qi family army led by Qi Jiguang fought bravely and had strict discipline.

3. Portugal seized the right to reside in Macao

1. In the 16th century, European colonists began their aggressive activities;

2. In 1533, Portugal seized the right to live in Macao The right of residence;

3. Long-term residence after 1557, but the sovereignty of Macao belongs to China;

4. On December 20, 1999, the Chinese government resumed its exercise of control over Macao sovereignty.