Cultural change refers to the structural and functional changes, forms and internal changes of a culture caused by internal development and external contact. Under the background of social conditions, the timely change of culture has become an inevitable law of social development. William ogburn, a famous sociologist, once put forward the theory of "cultural distance" when studying cultural changes, arguing that material culture always changes with intangible culture. The two are not synchronized, which means that any culture is not static, but a dynamic speech process. In the study of Miao village cultural change, the author thinks that we can discuss it according to traditional and modern templates, especially from traditional template to modern template.

(A) the traditional template of Miao culture

Man is the creator and disseminator of culture, whether it is material culture or spiritual culture system culture. According to the survey, Miao village, an ancient village, has long experienced and managed the traditional culture with Miao characteristics. The epitome of this traditional culture can still be found today.

1, the traditional material culture of Miao nationality. Material culture is created by people in the process of adapting to and transforming nature, and its main purpose is to maintain the basic needs and development of human society. Here, the author discusses the traditional material culture from the aspects of agricultural technology, food, clothing, housing and transportation.

(1) traditional agricultural production technology. Miao village has been a typical farming village since ancient times, and agricultural economy is the main economic lifeline of the village. The survey shows that, especially before the reform and opening up, the agricultural production technology in this village was quite backward. At that time, there was no chemical fertilizer for farming, and the fertility of the land was supplemented. Every household went to pick up cow dung and even went far away. In terms of production, working by strength, many things are carried on the shoulders. There is a popular saying, "In the past, people planted shoulders to carry heavy burdens, and people loosely carried half of them on one shoulder ..." It can be seen that farmers worked hard, the quality of crops was poor, and crops could not stand the wind and rain. "It really depends on the weather," said Wu Shuo, the secretary interviewed. Not only that, people were very conservative and didn't understand science at that time. In this way, it is difficult for people there to eat decent food. The extreme backwardness of production technology has aggravated the poverty of villages.

(2) Traditional residential culture. The influence of Miao people's living culture on Tujia people's living culture can also be traced back to the period of "Tusi". At that time, Miao folk houses were not as gorgeous as Tujia folk houses, but they also attracted attention. Miao village has been an ordinary village for generations. For hundreds of years, there has not been a powerful person, so there is no difference in residents' housing. Generally speaking, it is mainly made of wood structure, which is proved by the fact that most houses in this village are more than half a century old. Especially under the influence of Han culture, Miao house is also very particular about "selecting and cutting beams, and erecting beams on beams". Generally speaking, the deep wood of houses is mainly Chinese fir or paulownia, because these two kinds of trees germinate easily. In the words of Secretary Wu, they are willing to "grow up"-that is, the population is prosperous (which obviously has a certain impact on the fertility culture). Cut the beam the day before getting up, and the beam can only fall up, and the person who cuts the beam should be the main relative of the owner, and there is still a pressure. No one is allowed to cross the beam. After the beam is cut, cut off both ends, mark each saw end in red, and then two people carry it up. Red envelopes and colored cigarettes are hung at each end, and you can't stop halfway. If the journey is long, four people will usually be chosen to go. When you arrive at the construction site, you must put down both ends at the same time, and put them on the beam at the same time. Then the carpenter will say something flattering and prepare other matters. This is about building a house. Of course, the basic layout of the house is still "a main room and a side-by-side house". Miao people's houses are similar to Tujia people's, and some have diaojiao buildings, but the locals call them diaolou. Generally speaking, towers will be built when the main building is high and the sides are low. If the main room is low and the sides are high, build the wing. Its housing use is not much different from that of Tujia nationality, with people living above the diaojiao building and livestock feeding below. In the past, houses in the village also paid attention to facing the door. In a big courtyard, there is a door called Dachangmen, and the door of every household is called Xiaochaomen.

(3) Traditional food culture. Due to the influence of backward production technology, the living standard will naturally not be high. Before Miao village, the grain output was less than 300 Jin/mu. Miao village itself is a place with many fields and Shaolin. The lack of food, coupled with the large population, naturally makes it difficult to achieve happiness in life. Lao Zhang Man Mingde, who was investigated, said: "At that time, potatoes were not peeled, and food was often not enough. I often ate wild vegetables on the slope. At that time, it was even harder to eat a bite of rice! " Because the problem of people's eating was not solved well, few people fed animals at that time.

2. Miao traditional institutional culture.

Miao village is an ancient village with a long history, so it also has a long system and cultural history. Patriarchal clan system should be regarded as an earlier system in the village. At that time, it was stipulated that all gamblers should be summoned by the patriarch and dealt with by the patriarch: with water on their heads, they should be beaten with sticks. Only the criminal's uncle can guarantee it. The insured lights incense paper candles in the hall and runs around the house, begging for the blessings of all the people in the house; For those who don't change, bury them alive, dig holes in the ground, and offenders will jump themselves, and then the people will bury the soil. Teacher Yang in this village is an example. Then there is the governance system. In the village security Committee, each group is a security group. Security Committee is a help and education organization, which was born in party member, and is measured by political system and Mao Zedong's quotations. , and no corporal punishment.

3. Miao traditional spiritual culture.

The survey shows that there are shrines on the walls of almost every household in the village, which describe their family background and origin. In addition, there is a special symbol on Yang's "four-character hall" shrine. According to the explanation of the village chief Yang, this "four-character hall" is said to be the descendant of the corps commander. In order to commemorate, future generations used this symbol to indicate that other Yang surnames did not; According to Secretary Wu Guanzhi, before the reform and opening up, some people in the village once believed in Christianity, and of course some villagers had white tiger totems. In addition, there used to be a temple named "Tianwang Temple" in the village, dedicated to eighteen arhats, Guanyin Bodhisattva and Mulian Bodhisattva. The temple was built with collective funds, and a Guanyin meeting was held every year. In addition to the residents of the village, there are many foreign worshippers. 1959 Demolition of the temple.

(2) The modern template of Miao culture.

Productivity determines the relations of production, and the development of productivity will certainly promote the development of the whole society. Miao village, a village deeply influenced by traditional culture, has been or is being baptized by modernization in the tide of modernization.

1, the modern template of Miao Village's material culture. The development level of material culture also reflects the overall economic development level and people's living standards of a region to a great extent.

(1) Modernization of agricultural production technology in Miao village. The investigation shows that although the villagers still use traditional agricultural tools for intensive cultivation in production, under the promotion of modernization and the guidance of the government, great changes have taken place in agricultural farming techniques, with advanced agricultural tools, high quality and high yield of crops and increasingly modern farming techniques. The awareness of scientific farming has been obviously enhanced, and new tools (such as seedling raising devices), excellent varieties, seedling raising pieces and scientific fertilization have been continuously popularized, which has improved the efficiency of farming and saved labor and time. In addition, some farmers also bought micro agricultural products processing machines (such as mills, bean sprouts machines, shredders, etc.). Increase the added value of agricultural products through processing; Finally, the use of small agricultural transport vehicles has also reduced the labor of farmers. At present, there are two tricycles and three four-wheeled vehicles in the village, which is conducive to the development of agricultural modernization.