Pinyin name Shēnɡ Shu
The English name "Horizon of Sword Like Atractylodes"
Rhizome Chinese Atractylodes
Rhizome Japanese Atractylodes
Rhizome Korea Atractylodes
Rhizome of Swordlike Atractylodes
Rhizome of Simplicifolious Atractylode
Alias mountain essence, red art, horse thistle, green art and fairy art
source
The source of medicinal materials: the rhizome of Atractylodes lancea, Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes lancea in Compositae.
Latin plant and animal mineral name:1.atractylodes lancea (thunb.) DC. [atractylis lancea thunb.; Atractylodes ouata (Thunb.) DC.]2.Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC.var. chinensis (Bunge)Kitam. [A.chinensis (DC.)Koidz.; Atractylis chinen-sis (Bunge) DC.]3.Atractylodes japonica Koidz.ex Kitam.[A.japonica (Ditag.)]
Harvest and storage: after 2-3 years of cultivation, from the first ten days of September to the first ten days of 1 1 month or February-March of the following year, the roots are excavated, the residual stems are removed, the soil is shaken off, the roots are dried in the sun, the roots are removed or dried to 90% dryness, then the roots are burned off by fire, and then dried to full dryness.
Original form
1. Atractylodes lancea is a perennial herb. Rhizomes transverse, jointed. Stems with many longitudinal edges, 30- 100m high, unbranched or slightly branched at the upper part. Leaves alternate and leathery; Leaf blade is ovate-lanceolate to elliptic, 3-8cm long and 1-3cm wide, with an acuminate apex, a tapering base, a large central lobe, an oval shape, spiny serrations or teeth on the edge, dark green on the upper side, glossy, light green on the lower side, veins raised, sessile, undivided, or the lower leaves are often 2-lobed, with sharp lobes and extremely large lobes at the apex. The head is born at the apex of the stem and branch, with leaflike bracts 1 row, pinnately parted and spiny lobes; Involucre cylindrical, involucre 5-8 layers, ovate to lanceolate, ciliate; There are many flowers, bisexual flowers or unisexual flowers with many different plants; Corolla tube-shaped, white or reddish, about 1cm long, slightly enlarged at the upper part, 5-lobed at the apex, and strip-shaped lobes; Bisexual flowers have many pinnately divided crown hairs; Unisexual flowers are generally female flowers with 5 linear staminodes and slightly curled tips. Achene obovoid, densely yellow-white pilose. The flowering period is August-1October, and the fruiting period is September-1February.
2. The difference between this species of Atractylodes lancea and Atractylodes lancea is that the leaves are wide, oval or long-oval, generally pinnately 5-parted, the upper leaves of the stem are 3-5 pinnately shallowly or indehiscent, and the leaf margin has irregular spiny serrations, usually without petiole; The head is slightly wider, and the total bracts are 56- layered, which is slightly wider than Atractylodes lancea. The apex of staminodes is round and not curly. The flowering period is July-August and the fruiting period is August-September.
3. The main differences between this species and the above two species are: the leaves have long petioles, the upper leaves have 3 leaves, the lower leaves are pinnately 3-5, the lobes are oblong, obovate or oval, the base gradually narrows and descends, and the edges have prostrate or incurved bristles. The flowering period is August-September and the fruiting period is September 9- 10/October.
Habitat distribution
Ecological environment: 1. Born in thickets and grass on hillside.
2. Born in shrubs, forests and dry places on shady slopes of low mountains.
3. Born on hillsides, forest margins, oak forests or bushes.
Distribution of resources: 1. It is distributed in Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Henan, Hubei, Sichuan and other places, and is cultivated in many places.
2. Distributed in Northeast China, North China, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Gansu, Shandong, Henan and other places.
3. Distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Hebei and other places.
cultivate
Biological characteristics like cool climate, drought tolerance, avoid water accumulation. The optimum growth temperature is 15-22℃, and the seedlings can withstand low temperature of-15℃. It is suitable to cultivate sandy loam with semi-yin and semi-yang, deep soil layer, loose and fertile soil, rich humus and good drainage.
Cultivation techniques propagate with seeds or rhizomes. Seed propagation: when the outer hairs of seeds are yellow-brown in August 8- 10/0, the inflorescences are picked in batches, dried in the shade, threshed, lifted, and stored in cloth bags for later use. By direct seeding or seedling transplanting. In the direct seeding method, holes are opened from mid-March to early April according to the row-to-plant spacing of 20cm× 10cm, and 4-5 seeds are sown in each hole, covered with thin fine soil, and watered according to the degree of covering seeds. Seedling transplanting method, sowing, covering with straw, watering and moisturizing. The seed germination rate is about 50%, and it takes about10-15 days to emerge at the temperature of 16- 18℃. Culturing 1-2 years, transplanting in early March, opening holes according to row-to-row spacing of 20cm×20cm, hole depth of 6-8cm, planting with digging, 2-3 plants per hole. Rhizome propagation: combine harvesting, dig rhizomes, cut off rhizomes with buds, and use the rest for medicine. After the incision is dried, open holes according to the row-plant spacing of 20cm×20cm, plant one piece in each hole, and cover the soil for compaction.
Weed and loosen the soil frequently in the field management seedling stage, apply dilute human excrement or ammonium sulfate 1-2 times, apply seedling-lifting fertilizer once in May, increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in July-August, furrow and apply it circularly, and combine with soil cultivation to prevent lodging: when the stems are pulled out and blossomed in June-August, the flower buds should be removed to promote rhizome hypertrophy; In rainy season, it is necessary to clean up the furrow and eliminate the accumulated water in the field to avoid root rot. /kloc-cultivate soil and protect seedlings from winter in October.
Pest control diseases include root rot, which occurs in May and June. Attention should be paid to ditching and drainage, and the diseased plants should be pulled out immediately. It should be poured with 50% wettable powder 1000 times solution or 1% lime water, and the red can be sprayed with 800 times solution of 50% thiophanate. Insect pests such as aphids damage leaves and tender shoots, especially in spring and summer, which can be controlled by chemicals or1:1:10 tobacco limewater. There is also a small black tiger.
character
Character identification (1) The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea is irregular nodular or slightly beaded cylindrical, and some of them are curved, usually one branch, with a length of 3- 10cm and a diameter of 1-2cm. The surface is yellowish brown to grayish brown, with thin longitudinal lines, wrinkles and a few residual fibrous roots. There are often shallow transverse grooves constricted at nodes, and there are round stem marks at nodes, often with residual stem bases at one end, occasionally with stem marks, and some with white flocculent crystals precipitated on the surface. Solid, easy to break, slightly uneven cross-section, white-like or yellowish-white, scattered with most orange-yellow or brownish-red oil chambers (commonly known as cinnabar spots), exposed for a long time, white fine needle-like crystals can be precipitated. The cross section does not show blue fluorescence under ultraviolet lamp (254nm). The aroma is rich, and the taste is slightly sweet, bitter and pungent.
(2) The rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala is mostly lumpy, and some of them are nodular and cylindrical, often curved with short branches, with a length of 4- 10cm and a diameter of 0.7-4cm. The surface is black and brown, and the outer color is oil chamber, which does not break out of crystals after being placed. The aroma is weak and the taste is bitter and pungent.
(3) The rhizome of Atractylodes Guan is mostly nodular and cylindrical, with a length of 4- 12cm, a diameter of 1-2.5cm and a dark brown surface. Lighter in weight and fibrous in broken surface. The gas is extraordinary, pungent and slightly bitter.
It is better to have solid quality, many cinnabar spots on the cross section and strong aroma.
Microscopic identification of rhizome cross section: (1) cork layer of Atractylodes lancea 10-40 rows of cork cells, with intermittent tangential stone cell bands 1-2. The parenchyma of cortex is broad, with large oil chambers scattered, with a long diameter of 260-945μm and a short diameter of 210-650μ m.. Outer tough vascular bundle ring. Form a layer and form a ring. The wood fiber bundles in xylem are arranged at the same interval as the vessel groups. The pith is larger. X-ray and pith are scattered with oil chambers. Thin-walled fine-colored fluorescence, North Atractylodes showed bright blue fluorescence.
(3) Thin-layer chromatography with 50- 100g powder of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae and Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae respectively, and volatile oil was extracted by a volatile oil extractor. Absorb a certain amount of volatile components, and dilute them with ethyl acetate into a 10% deep solution, which is used as the deep solution of the test sample. In addition, the mixed solution of atractylone, atractylone, piperonyl alcohol and cineol was used as the reference substance. Take the deep solution of the test sample and the reference solution, and spot them on the same silica gel G (Qingdao) thin-layer plate. Benzene-ethyl acetate-hexane (15:15: 70) was used to expand, and the spreading distance was 20cm. Take it out and dry it. Spray with 10% sulfuric acid deep solution containing 5% p-dimethylaminobenzal to develop color: after spraying, bake at 100℃ for 5 minutes. The chromatogram of the test sample shows spots of the same color in the corresponding position with the reference sample. That is, after spraying the developer, atractylone immediately turns red and turns purple after baking; Atractylodes, Curcumol and Eucalyptol do not develop color after spraying the developer, but Atractylodes turns green after baking, while Curcumol and Eucalyptol turn brown.
Chemical composition 1. The rhizome of Atractylodes lancea contains 3.25%-6.92% of volatile oil, including 2- carene, 1, 3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5,5-trimethyl-2h-.
4α-bridged ethylene naphthalene (1, 3,4,5,6,7-hexahydro-2,5,5-trimethyl-2h-2)
4 α-ethanaphthalene), β-olivine (β-maalinene), chamigrene, caryophyllene, elemene, humulene, seline, patchoulene. 9- Aristolodiene (1, 9-aristodiene), guaiol, elemol, atractylone, Celedienone [seli-na-4( 14).
7 (11)-Diene-8-one], atractylodin, hinesol, β-Eude * * * ol [1,2], etc. The rhizome also contains furfural (furlade-hyde)[3], 3β-acetoxyatractylone, 3β- hydroxyatractylone [4], Atractylodes macrocephala (Butenolide) B [5] and so on. Tryptophane, 3,5-dimethoxy -4- glucoxyphenyl allyl alcohol (3,5-dimethoxy-4-glucosyloxy phenyl allyl alcohol) and 2-( 1
4α- dimethyl -3- gluconoxy -2- keto -2,3,4,4α 5,6,7,8-octanaphthalene -7- yl) isopropanol glucoside [2-( 1, 4α-dimethyl-3-glucosyloy-2-oxo]
three
four
4α5
six
seven
8-octohydraphthalen-7-yl)-isopropanol glucoside], 2-[8- methyl -2,8,9-trihydroxy -2- hydroxymethylbicyclo [5] 3。 0] decyl -7- yl] isopropanol glucoside
pharmacological action
1. Anti-hypoxia effect: The mouse hypoxia model induced by potassium cyanide proved that 750 mg/kg of acetone extract from Rhizoma Atractylodis could obviously prolong the survival time of mice and reduce the relative mortality. The main anti-hypoxia active component of Atractylodes lancea is β-cineole.
2. Effect on digestive tract: The volatile oil contained in Rhizoma Atractylodis has the effect of expelling wind and invigorating stomach, and the bitter taste also has the effect of invigorating stomach and promoting appetite. Experiments show that Atractylodes lancea has obvious anti-intestinal spasm caused by acetylcholine, a parasympathetic neurotransmitter. Atractylodes lancea can reduce the tension of small intestine in normal rabbits. Atractylodes rhizome preparation can promote the amplitude recovery of adrenaline inhibition on rabbit intestinal muscle relaxation caused by sympathetic nerve medium adrenaline. In addition, Atractylodes rhizome can also antagonize acute gastritis caused by hydrochloric acid and gastric ulcer caused by pyloric ligation in rats by antagonizing choline. In addition, Atractylodes alcohol can promote gastrointestinal motility and slightly contract gastric smooth muscle.
3. Effect on cardiovascular system: Rhizoma Atractylodis has a slight inhibitory effect on toad's heart and a slight dilating effect on toad's hind limb blood vessels. Low dose intravenous injection of atractylodes rhizome extract can slightly increase blood pressure in rabbits, while high dose can decrease blood pressure.
4. Central inhibitory effect: a small amount of volatile oil from Atractylodes lancea has sedative effect on frogs, and at the same time makes spinal cord hyperreflexia; A large amount of it has an inhibitory effect and eventually dies of respiratory paralysis. Its inhibitory components are mainly β-cineole and atractylol. Atractylodes lancea and its β-cineole also have anti-convulsion effect in mice caused by electric shock.
5. Effect on liver: Rhizoma Atractylodis decoction can obviously promote the synthesis of liver protein by gavage to mice for 7 days every day 10g crude drug/kg. Crude drugs and their contents of atractylol, atractylone and B- cineole have significant preventive effects on the damage of primary cultured rat hepatocytes induced by carbon tetrachloride.
6. Effect on blood sugar: Take orally or subcutaneously 8 g/kg of Rhizoma Atractylodis decoction or alcohol infusion to make the blood sugar of normal rabbits rise slightly. The same effect was obtained by gavage with its decoction 10g/kg. However, when the same dose of decoction was given to the stomach, the blood sugar of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits increased slightly and then decreased to 10 day after administration, and the difference was significant. After 7- 14 days of drug withdrawal, the blood sugar did not rise to the level before administration. Atractylodes has a great hypoglycemic effect on mice, rats and rabbits, and at the same time reduces muscle glycogen and liver glycogen, inhibits glycogen production, reduces oxygen consumption and increases blood lactic acid content. Its hypoglycemic effect may be related to its Pasteur effect on the body.