In ancient China, there was a saying of "Five Rites", in which the sacrificial ceremony was auspicious, the wedding ceremony was a ceremony, the guest ceremony was a guest ceremony, the military ceremony was a military ceremony, and the funeral ceremony was a fierce ceremony. The content of the Five Rites is quite extensive, from the sacrificial ceremony reflecting the relationship between man and heaven, earth and ghosts and gods to the communication ceremony reflecting the interpersonal relationship between family, relatives and friends, monarch and ministers. From the coronation, marriage, funeral and burial ceremonies that show the course of life, to the celebrations, disasters and funerals, people express their congratulations, condolences, condolences and pensions, which can be said to be all-encompassing, fully embodying the ancient spirit of courtesy and justice of the Chinese nation. Li Ji is the hand of Five Rites, which are mainly sacrificial ceremonies for gods, earthly gods and ghosts. Its main contents can include three aspects. The first is to worship the gods, that is, worship the gods; Sacrifice the sun, moon and stars; Sacrifice middle school, life, teacher Feng, teacher Yu, etc. The second is land worship, that is, the worship of the country, the five emperors and the five mountains; Sacrifice to the mountains and rivers; Sacrifice everything and so on. Third, offering sacrifices to people and ghosts, mainly to enjoy the sacrifices to the ancestors and ancestors in spring, summer, autumn and winter. Fierce rites are ceremonies of mourning, condolence and worry. Its main contents are: mourning, mourning ceremony, mourning disaster, mourning defeat and confusion. Among them, the funeral is the death of different people, which expresses different degrees of going north through the funeral process at a specific time; Famine ceremony is an unfortunate experience of famine and plague in a certain region or country. The king and his ministers took measures such as reducing meals and stopping entertainment to express sympathy. Hanging ceremony is a kind of etiquette to express condolences to allies or friends in the event of death or fire and water disasters. These three manners can be served by nobles at all levels. The ceremony was that one of the allies was invaded by the enemy and the urban and rural areas were broken. Allies should work with other countries to raise funds and materials to compensate their losses. Compassion means that a country suffers from foreign aggression or civil strife, and neighboring countries should give assistance and support. Guest gift is a gift for receiving guests. It mainly includes worship, religion, pilgrimage, meeting, meeting, agreement, questioning and appreciation. During the military ceremony, the division and brigade performed conquest, and the military ceremony mainly included the ceremony of the commander-in-chief, the grand marshal, the field ceremony, the war ceremony and the big seal ceremony. The master's ceremony is the ceremony of army conquest; The ceremony of "Dapingization" was a military review held by the king and vassals when they shared the land equally and collected taxes to appease the people. The ceremony in Daejeon was that the emperor regularly hunted and practiced fighting and reviewed the military horses; The ceremony of the great battle is a team review during large-scale civil engineering such as building cities, palaces, rivers and dikes initiated by the state; The ceremony of sealing the country is an activity of surveying the boundaries between the state, private fiefs and fiefs and setting up boundary markers. Gifts are the etiquette of interpersonal relationship, communication and contact feelings. The main contents of the gift include the gift of eating and drinking, the gift of wedding crown, the gift of shooting guests, the gift of Yan, the gift of relief and the gift of He Qingzhi.

According to folklore, etiquette includes four kinds of life etiquette: birth, coronation, wedding and funeral. Actually, etiquette can be divided into politics and life. Politics includes offering sacrifices to heaven, land, ancestral temples, sages of teachers, drinking ceremony in the hometown of respecting teachers, meeting ceremony, military ceremony and so on. Xunzi believes that the origin of life etiquette is "three books", that is, "the foundation of heaven and earth", "the foundation of ancestors" and "the root cause of teachers" In etiquette, the funeral is the earliest. Funeral for the dead is to appease their ghosts, and for the living, respecting the old and loving the young, filial piety and virtue have become a kind of etiquette. In the process of the establishment and implementation of etiquette, the patriarchal clan system in China (see the patriarchal clan system in China) was born. The essence of etiquette is the way to govern people, and it is a derivative of the belief in ghosts and gods. People think that everything is manipulated by invisible ghosts and gods, and performing etiquette is to please ghosts and gods to get happiness. Therefore, etiquette originated from the belief in ghosts and gods, and it is also a special embodiment of the belief in ghosts and gods. The appearance of "Three Rites" (Yili, Li Ji and Zhou Li) marks the mature stage of etiquette development. In the Song Dynasty, etiquette was combined with feudal ethics and moral preaching, that is, etiquette and ethics were confused and became one of the effective tools to promote ethics. Salute serves to persuade morality, and red tape makes full use of it. It was not until modern times that the etiquette was truly reformed. Both the etiquette of national political life and the etiquette of people's life became the new content of the theory of no ghosts, thus becoming the etiquette of modern civilization.

Ancient political etiquette

1. Sacrifice to heaven. Worship to heaven, which began in the Zhou Dynasty, is also called suburban worship. On the day of winter solstice, it was held in the southern suburbs of the capital. The ancients first paid attention to the worship of entities, and the worship of heaven was also reflected in the worship of the sun, the moon and the stars. All these specific worship, after reaching a certain number, are abstracted as worship of heaven. The worship of heaven in Zhou Dynasty developed from the worship of "emperor" in Yin Dynasty. The supreme ruler is the son of heaven, and offering sacrifices to heaven serves the supreme ruler. Therefore, the prevalence of worship of heaven did not come to an end until the Qing Dynasty.

2. Sacrifice the land. The solstice in summer is the day of offering sacrifices to the earth, and the etiquette is roughly the same as that of offering sacrifices to heaven. In the Han Dynasty, the Earth God was called Mother, and she was the goddess who blessed mankind, also known as the country God. The earliest place of sacrifice was blood sacrifice. After the Han Dynasty, Feng Shui belief prevailed. The rituals of offering sacrifices to the land include offering sacrifices to mountains and rivers, offering sacrifices to the land gods, the valley gods and the country.

3. Sacrifice in ancestral temple. The ancestral temple system is the product of ancestor worship. Ancestral temple is a place where people set up for the deceased before his death. The ancestral temple system consists of seven temples for emperors, five temples for princes, three temples for doctors and one temple for scholars. Temples are not allowed in Shu Ren. The ancestral temple, the emperor and the vassal are located on the left side of the door, and the doctor sleeps on the left and right sides of the temple. The common people set the ancestral hall next to the kitchen hall of the dormitory. When offering sacrifices, choose a corpse. Bodies are usually served by grandchildren. The god in the temple is a wooden cuboid, which is only placed when offering sacrifices. Sacrifices cannot be called by their first names. There are nine worships when offering sacrifices: kowtowing, nodding, empty bow, vibration, auspicious worship, fierce worship, strange worship, praise worship and su worship. The ancestral hall also offered sacrifices to the first generation of emperors. The Book of Rites Quli stipulates that all the ancestors who made contributions to the people, such as Yao, Shun, Yu, Huangdi, King Wen, should make sacrifices. Since the Han Dynasty, people have built cemeteries and shrines to offer sacrifices to the previous emperors. Ming Taizu was founded in Kyoto.

Emperors' temples were established in past dynasties. During the Jiajing period, the Emperor Temple was built in Fuchengmen, Beijing, to worship the first king and the 36th emperor.

4. Sacrifice the sage. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the Duke of Zhou was a saint and Confucius was a teacher. In the Tang Dynasty, Confucius was the sage and Yan Hui was the teacher. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, the ceremony of "releasing wine" has always been a ritual of learning and a ritual of offering sacrifices to Confucius. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, wine-releasing ceremonies were held twice a year in the spring and autumn, and Confucius and Yan temples were also set up in county schools all over the country. In the Ming Dynasty, Confucius was called "the most holy teacher". In the Qing Dynasty, Shengjing (Shenyang, Liaoning Province) established the Confucius Temple. After making Beijing its capital, imperial academy, the capital of Beijing, was elected as imperial academy and set up a Confucian Temple. Confucius called it "the forerunner from Dacheng to Wenshengxuan". Qufu's temple system, sacrificial vessels, musical instruments and etiquette are all based on Beijing imperial academy. Rural drinking ceremony is the product of offering sacrifices to sages.

5. Meeting ceremony. When subordinates meet their superiors, they should pay their respects to each other, and officials should also pay their respects to each other. When they meet, Volkswagen, Marquis and Ma Xu should pay tribute twice. The subordinates face west first, and the superiors face east first. When civilians meet, the young and the old salute, and the young salute. Say goodbye to the four foreign worshippers and pay homage nearby.

6. Military salute. Including conquest, taxation, hunting, construction, etc.

Ancient life etiquette ① birthday ceremony. From a woman's seeking for a child when she is not pregnant to a baby's first birthday, all etiquette revolves around the theme of a long life. Shu Gao's sacrifice is begging etiquette. At this time, an altar was set up in the southern suburbs, and all the empresses participated. During the Han and Wei Dynasties, Gao Qi offered sacrifices. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, a ceremony was made to worship Gao Qi. During the Jin Dynasty, Gao Qi offered sacrifices to Di Qing, and built a wooden square platform in the north of Yong 'anmen in the east of the imperial city. Gao Qi was placed under this platform. There was no sacrifice by Gao Qi in the Qing Dynasty, but there was a ceremony of "changing ropes" with the same meaning. Birthday ceremonies have a preference for sons over daughters since ancient times. Birthday ceremonies also include "Three Dynasties", "Full Moon", "Hundred Days" and "One Year". "Three Dynasties" is three days after the baby was born. The "full moon" shaves the fetal hair when the baby is one month old. In the "Hundred Days" ceremony, the uncle was recognized and named. When you are "one year old", you should grasp the rites of the week and predict the fate and career of your child. Adult ceremony, also known as coronation ceremony, is a coronation ceremony when men enter adulthood. The coronation ceremony evolved from the adult ceremony attended by young men and women who were popular in clan society at maturity. The Han dynasty followed the crown ceremony system of the Zhou dynasty. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, Jia Guan began to accompany with music. Crown ceremony was practiced in the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and was abolished in the Qing Dynasty. Many ethnic minority areas in China still have ancient adult rituals, such as pulling teeth, dyeing teeth, wearing skirts, trousers and tying a bun. (3) Strict food etiquette. Dining is held in the ancestral temple, and the cooking is too firm to drink guests. The emphasis is on etiquette rather than diet. Yan is a banquet, the ceremony is held in the bedroom, and guests and friends can enjoy drinking. Yan Li has a profound influence on the formation of China's food culture. Festive banquets have formed festive food etiquette in China's folk food customs. Eating Yuanxiao on the 15th day of the first month, cold rice and vegetables in Tomb-Sweeping Day, zongzi and realgar wine in Duanyang in May, moon cakes and laba porridge in Mid-Autumn Festival, and making friends to bid farewell to the old and welcome the new are all festive ceremonies. Eating certain foods on some festivals is also a kind of eating etiquette. Seats at the banquet, the order of serving, and the etiquette of persuading people to drink and toast all have the requirements of men and women, the relationship between elders and children, and the taboo of praying for blessings in social customs. 4 guest gifts. Mainly used to receive guests. There are different levels of gift etiquette for guests. When the scholars meet, the guests see the master, taking the pheasant as the guide; When doctors meet, they take geese as baskets; When you meet a doctor, you should take a lamb as a basket. ⑤ Five sacrifices. Refers to the door, door, well, stove and middle room. In the Zhou Dynasty, people visited households in spring, roamed around in summer, visited doors in autumn and visited wells in winter. During the Han and Wei dynasties, there were five sacrifices every season, and in March of Meng Dong, there was a total sacrifice. In the Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties, the theory of "Seven Sacrifices to Heaven Emperor" was adopted, offering sacrifices to Siming (a minor god in the palace), Zhong You, Guo Hang, (a wild ghost), Hu and Zao. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were still five sacrifices. After Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the special sacrifices of doors, households, middle schools and wells were abandoned, and the stoves were only sacrificed on December 23, which was consistent with the folk story of the kitchen god telling the sky on December 24. The national sacrificial ceremony adopted a folk form. 6 Nuo instrument. Originated in prehistoric times and prevailed in Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Nuo ceremonies in the Zhou Dynasty were designed to drive away evil spirits and epidemics in the four seasons. Zhou people believe that the operation of nature is closely related to the good or ill luck of personnel. With the change of seasons, the variation of cold and heat, the epidemic of plague and the taking advantage of ghosts, timely mourning is needed to exorcise evil spirits. Fang Shixiang is the main god in Nuo ceremony. Twelve animals formula Shixiang appeared in Nuo instruments in Han Dynasty. Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties followed the Han system, and entertainment elements were added to Nuo ceremonies, with musicians playing Fang and twelve animals. So far, the Nuo ceremony of Tujia nationality in Guizhou is the most complete and typical.

table manners

Dong Wenshen

The culture on the dining table is commonly known as "drinking culture". In old Beijing, under the influence of society, economy, habits and environment, different families have formed their own dining table culture. Many families have "family banquet", "guest banquet" and "informal banquet" in the way of dining-family banquet refers to the banquet set by families for their own festivals and various festive activities; A guest banquet is a banquet for relatives and friends; It's common to have a common meal. All kinds of etiquette at the dinner table in old Beijing are very particular, which gradually reflects the values of old Beijing in the long years, and consciously or unconsciously constructs a dinner table culture with "courtesy", "filial piety", "virtue" and "teaching" as its contents.

"Li" refers to the etiquette and etiquette of drinking. It reflects the etiquette, ceremony and personal courtesy requirements formed by family moral concepts and customs. Family banquets and informal banquets should be based on "long" (parents and elders), and guest banquets should be based on "guests". So many rules have been formed to bind family members, especially children.

There are formal ceremonies and waiting ceremonies. Formal ceremony refers to the ceremony embodied in the form and atmosphere of etiquette, such as the choice of banquet place, the grade of etiquette, the creation of environment, the preparation of utensils, etc., all of which should reflect a kind of respect for guests. Ceremony refers to the etiquette of entertaining and serving guests. For example, the seating arrangement of banquets is based on the principle of seniority, respect from teachers and respect from afar, that is, the seating is arranged according to seniority, the tutor is given priority, the relatives and friends from afar are given priority, and the relatives and friends from poor families are given special care. The host should spend more time communicating with them, toast more and consciously introduce their "unique skills" to the guests. At the same time, the housekeeper and servants are strictly required not to treat these people ill.

Although every banquet depends on the identity of the guests and the characteristics of etiquette and customs, there are differences in the choice of dishes, quality grades and restaurants, but guests must never be allowed to pick out "no" Pay attention to etiquette in the whole process of greeting, toasting, talking, dining and farewell.

Before the banquet begins, the host should introduce the important guests to everyone and make a concise and enthusiastic toast; When opening a banquet, the host should personally pour the wine and propose a toast to the elders and guests in order, which cannot be forced; Take the initiative to pour wine for the guests who are not good at drinking and pay tribute to the guests; When providing food to guests, we should pay attention to the eating habits of guests, not many times and not much quantity, otherwise it will embarrass guests; The host should pay attention to the universality of mutual communication during the dinner, not to be hot and cold, and if there are female guests, pay more attention to the content of the conversation and respect for the female guests; The host can't put down the dishes and chopsticks in front of the guests, and can't leave the banquet before the guests say they have a good meal; The host should accompany the guest of honor, rinse his mouth and wash his hands before going to another seat for tea.

When cooking in a big family, the chef is required not to have food stains around the plate when serving. When serving, he should hold the plates and bowls with both hands, and don't pick the edges of the plates and bowls with his fingers. Fill rice and soup, not too full when pouring tea, but full when pouring wine, but don't overflow; The action of pouring tea should be standardized. It is forbidden to buckle the bowl cover on the table with the teapot mouth facing the guests. Pour tea and step back before turning away; When lighting a cigarette for a guest, you should put it on a plate. Don't pass cigarettes, light a few people with matches, blow out matches with your mouth, throw away match stalks at will, sweep the floor and dust the table in front of guests, especially don't spill tea leaves on the ground.

In addition, in front of the guests, the host can't reprimand the children and servants; If the host has an argument with the guest's children, the host should take his children away. No matter who is right or wrong, he should apologize to the other party, but he can't teach his children in front of the guests, otherwise the guests will feel uncomfortable.

Children are generally not allowed to attend banquets. I remember when I was a child, I asked my children to be polite, polite and educated. There are three things that are not allowed: no noise and chopsticks knocking on the table, no smacking, no false respect. The second grandma said that it was disgusting to hear squeaking while eating, and it was unbearable to show humility while eating. And let the child who coughs and burps continuously take the initiative to get off the table. Don't drag chairs and stools to avoid making harsh sounds. This is the requirement of silence; Second, it is forbidden to "talk". Children are not allowed to hold food first without their elders moving chopsticks. They are not allowed to put anything in their mouths. They are not allowed to wolf down their food. They are not allowed to stand up and take food that they can't reach. They are not allowed to use chopsticks to pick and rummage things on the plate. They are not allowed to stare at the food on the table while eating. They are not allowed to point at others with chopsticks. They are not allowed to throw things they don't like, and their mouths are dirty. The most taboo is that children directly insert chopsticks into their rice bowls; Third, children are absolutely not allowed to drink. At that time, the two grandmothers liked to play with the children, play some games at the dinner table, and give a performance if they lost. After dinner, they also want to show the children whose rice bowl and desktop are the cleanest, and the warm atmosphere at the dinner is very strong.

The "filial piety" family banquet pays attention to respecting the elderly and loving filial piety.

When I was a child, grandma and grandma sat in the upper position. Because my third grandmother is paralyzed, she can't attend, but she should leave a place to show her position in the family. When the old woman said "Come and sit", everyone sat down in the order of ranking, and the younger children had to go to another table for dinner. Several aunts and my mother can only stand behind their families, serving food, wine, tea and towels.

At every family dinner, the two grandmothers will order their favorite dishes for their daughter-in-law to reward their daily hard work, which they call reward dishes at family dinners. Grandma is kind and dignified. At the dinner table, everyone should observe the mood of the two old ladies. When you are in a bad mood, you must act according to the rules. We must toast and flatter, we must use different words, and we can't favor one over the other, so everyone is very cautious. When in a good mood, parents also talk and laugh, and lesbians often praise each other's children. Grandma will say at this time: "Everyone is just playing together. Why are you still so disciplined?" At this time, everyone will relax and the atmosphere will be harmonious and happy. Adults will also take their children to the main table to greet the elderly. My sister will please the old man and take out a few peanut beans or candy bars from her pocket and stuff them into his hand. The two parents were very happy and full of praise for their granddaughter. Second grandma is more casual. She would go to the children's table in Doby and ask them to order food and feed it to her mouth. The children are happy, too. Everyone is enjoying family happiness in a positive and harmonious atmosphere.

This kind of "filial piety" is not only the respect and respect of the younger generation to the older generation, but also the care of the older generation to the younger generation. Therefore, the younger generation will respect their elders more, be more filial to the elderly, and cast a sincere filial piety in everyone's heart.

"Virtue" is a kind of conduct, and family drinking requires "concession, moderation and frugality".

"Let" is to ask everyone to be humble to each other, not to rush to eat delicious food, to let others eat first, even if they all eat up, there can be no resentment, to be the first; "Degree" requires eating and drinking moderately, not overeating, and not persuading people to drink too much and get drunk. "Thrift" means to be thrifty and not to waste, especially to ask children not to waste food. The two grandmothers often told the banquet not to be extravagant. After the banquet, everyone should take home the dishes that have not been touched by chopsticks or served on the table.

"Teaching" means family education in drinking. Through example, I inherited the old rules and customs of my family. When having dinner with a tutor, grandma always asks several teachers to "give lectures" to her children and put forward new requirements for them according to social fashion. When I see bad phenomena, I will give them some suggestions to let the children know what to do and what not to do.

Influenced by courtesy, filial piety, morality and teaching, children have developed good eating habits, and then formed a table culture that attaches importance to form, psychology, behavior and inheritance, which is also a microcosm of old Beijing culture.

Campus etiquette

When it comes to caring for public property, some people may think it's a cliche, because I'm afraid even kindergarten children can say a few slogans such as "It's glorious to care for public property, it's shameful to destroy it" and "It's everyone's responsibility to care for public property".

But what have we done in real life? Careful observation reveals that vandalism can be found everywhere on campus: some students trample on the lawn in order to cut corners; Accidentally damaged the doors and windows of the classroom while playing football; Damaged the desks and chairs, railings and trash cans in the campus during outdoor sports; You often see all kinds of graffiti on desks and chairs ... Have you ever thought that whether intentionally or unintentionally, these behaviors have caused damage to public property, brought unnecessary troubles to other students' study life, and increased the maintenance cost of school proofreading public property, which is not a small expense?

Yes, what these people lack is "public morality", they don't talk about social morality, they don't obey the rules and discipline. They never realize that they are also the "owners" of these public properties, and they don't know that public properties are common items, and everyone has the obligation to take care of them.

"Without virtue, the people will not stand, and without virtue, the country will not prosper." Citizen's moral quality reflects a nation's mental state and affects the rise and fall of a nation's cause. A person's words and deeds often show the level of personal quality, which in turn affects the overall quality of the whole collective. Whether a citizen cares about public facilities can reflect a person's moral quality and school spirit. Generally speaking, it also reflects a country's civilization and national quality. The "Implementation Outline of Citizen's Moral Construction" promulgated by our country puts forward social morality with the main content of "being polite, helping others, caring for public property, protecting the environment and obeying the law". As citizens of China people, we should all regulate our behavior according to this requirement.

The ancients said: "Don't do it with small goodness, don't do it with small evils." In fact, caring for public property is also very simple to do. As long as you have a sense of public morality and abide by the rules and regulations of the school everywhere, you can ensure the integrity and normal use of public facilities.