In The Book of Songs, millet and millet are often referred to as one. The ancestor of Zhou clan called Hou Ji, and millet became the length of a hundred valleys. Millet appeared many times in the unearthed Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and millet was the most in the Neolithic grain remains unearthed in the Yellow River basin. Are millet and millet the same crop or two different crops? There have been arguments in the literature for thousands of years. Taking Xiaomi as Xiaomi, taking Xiaomi as Xiaomi, citing classics and arguing with each other, the accumulated words are dazzling, and there are complications and episodes of taking Xiaomi as sorghum. Believers are masters of Confucian classics and exegetics. Except that Xiaomi has been abandoned as sorghum, the debate between Xiaomi and Xiaomi is still not over. As far as its influence is concerned, it seems that Xiaomi's theory is still dominant. If Xiaomi is right, there is no need to waste pen and ink arguing. If Xiaomi is wrong, we can't let it go and return it to its true colors. Xiaomi can't be both millet and millet, so it will bring many problems, such as introducing ancient crops in museums or exhibitions, saying that Xiaomi is millet or millet will instill completely different concepts in visitors; Writing articles or textbooks on agricultural history will also encounter this problem. As for the academic discussion on the origin and species of ancient crops, and the compilation of special books such as Flora of China, we can't avoid this problem. Therefore, it is not a dead end to clarify this issue, but it still has its practical significance. The author advocates that millet is millet, so the discussion of this problem is carried out below, so in the agricultural field.

1. Plant taxonomic status, morphological characteristics and related characters of millet.

Previous articles on distinguishing millet were limited to historical conditions and did not talk about morphological classification. They blindly quote classics or toss and turn, which is tedious and daunting to repeat. Since there are conditions, we should change the way. First of all, it can be made clear that "millet" belongs to the genus Gramineae, and the scientific name of cultivated millet is millet. In plant classification, "Millet" belongs to Setaria italica, a Gramineae genus. They are two different genera. However, their requirements for culture conditions are very similar and their geographical distribution is also very consistent. There are many names (words) about millet and millet in ancient books. In order to avoid repeated references, we draw a simplified list of them as follows (table 1).

Table 1 Plant Morphology and Related Vocabulary of Millet and Millet

-| millet millet | millet millet

Plant Morphology | Oracle Bone Inscriptions | Oracle Bone Inscriptions | |

Related words | millet, millet, millet, * [original word is millet], millet, millet (black millet), millet (one meter) | grain, millet, millet, millet, millet, millet, millet.

The above table and the attached drawings are the preface of this paper, rather than tedious text quotations, aiming to show that (1) millet and millet have been clearly distinguished from each other since Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and the two sides in the debate are completely consistent on this point. (2) The problem lies in Xiaomi. Those who advocate Xiaomi belong to Xiaomi, and those who regard Xiaomi as Xiaomi belong to Xiaomi. (3) There are other synonyms, nicknames and type names. Between Xiaomi and Xiaomi, and there is basically no difference between the two sides. Let's review the history of Xiaomi first.

Second, the understanding of Xiaomi before the Northern and Southern Dynasties and the modern understanding of Xiaomi.

In order to reduce the quotation as much as possible, the notes on millet in ancient books before Qi Yao Min Shu in the Northern Wei Dynasty are summarized in Table 2.

Table 2 Explanations of Millet and Millet before Northern Wei Dynasty

Main Interpretation of Dynasty | Author | Works |

The Warring States Period | Mencius' Master | Mencius Teng Wengong | Li Yue; The governors helped to cultivate for the sake of prosperity. Zhao Qi in the Eastern Han Dynasty noted: "Hey, Xiaomi."

Warring States Period | | Mu Chuan | "Thirty Moggi Chariots" Eastern Jin Guo Pu Note: "Millet, developed. Membrane, unheard of. "

Western Han Dynasty | Edited by Dai Sheng | Book of Rites | "The Moon of Meng Chun, ... in the middle of winter, ... the first kind is not allowed." Zheng Xuan in the Eastern Han Dynasty noted: "The first kind is called millet."

Western Han dynasty (? |-| "Er Ya Cao Shi" | "Hey, Xiaomi." In the Western Han Dynasty, Qian Wei left a note for others: "Well, a millet. Millet, millet also. Today, Jiangdong is called Susu. " Guo Pu in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.

Eastern Han Dynasty | Xu Shen | Shuowen | Ji Ye Yan "Hehe."

"Well, * [the original word adds millet and hemp] is also." "Hey, hey."

Northern Wei Dynasty | Jia Sixie | Qi Yaomin Shu | See Zhigu No.3: "Gu, Su is also called Su." "Xiaomi IV" describes Xiaomi and Xiaomi respectively.

As can be seen from Table 2, before the Northern Wei Dynasty, critics in Han and Jin Dynasties all interpreted millet as millet, and there was no objection. But if you look at the modern dictionary, the explanation of Xiaomi is very different, and it becomes Xiaomi (Table 3).

Xiaomi's problems are not limited to China. In recent years, there are many similar controversies about Xiaomi in papers published abroad (see below for details).

Comparing Table 3 and Table 2, we can see that millet, recognized in Han Dynasty, has become the same crop in modern tool dictionaries. 1~8 in Table 3 represents different dictionaries and reference books at home and abroad. Their explanations of Xiaomi are the same, and the basis is the same, mainly from Compendium of Materia Medica (directly or indirectly). 9~ 1 1 The three dictionaries adopt a compromise way, that is, they explain without judgment, but they all tend to millet first and then millet.

Table 3 Examples of definitions of millet and millet in modern dictionaries

Introduction | Dictionary Name | Explanation and Main Basis of Xiaomi

1| Atlas of Higher Plants in China (Vol.5, 1976, Science) | Panicum belongs to Panicum, Panicum, Panicum, Panicum, Sorghum, Panicum (according to 2).

2| Economic Botany (Hu Xiansu, 1953, China) | Taking millet as millet, it is called scattered ear millet type; The millet with lateral panicle type is millet type, and the millet with dense panicle type is millet type. According to Compendium of Materia Medica

| English and Chinese Latin plant names (196 1 year, science) | Millet is millet, millet, and its scientific name is P. miliaceum.

4| Collection of Plant Names (Japanese) | Taking millet as millet, according to Compendium of Materia Medica by P. miliaceum.

5| Illustrated Plants (Japanese) | Taking millet as millet, according to Compendium of Materia Medica, millet grass.

6| Laocihai (China, 1939)| Taking millet as millet, according to the Compendium of Materia Medica, millet grass.

7| Contemporary Chinese-English Dictionary | Translated as Xiaomi, equivalent to Xiaomi.

8| English-Chinese Dictionary of Agricultural Science and Technology (Agricultural Press, 1976)| Broom corn millet is translated into millet and millet, and its scientific name is P. miliaceum.

9| New Ci Hai (China, 1979)| The explanation of millet is: all kinds of (1) millet, according to Compendium of Materia Medica;

(2) Sue's nickname, according to note in "erya";

(3) when it comes to sorghum, according to the "Nine Valley Test"

10| China Dictionary | Ji's explanation is: (1) Mi, which means Mi;

(2) millet, according to "erya" Qianwei scheeren note.

1 1| Xinhua Dictionary | Xiaomi: "In ancient times, some books said it was Xiaomi, and some books said it was Xiaomi."

Third, the literature review of millet

Li Shizhen is a great botanist in history, and Compendium of Materia Medica is an authoritative work. Later generations quoted and thought that the explanation of Xiaomi in Compendium of Materia Medica was easy to understand. However, it is not Li Shizhen's initiative to regard millet as millet, but also has its origin and basis. Therefore, it is necessary to review various school views that regard millet as millet in history. In order to avoid lengthy references, the following list (Table 4) is still adopted.

Table 4: Millet was regarded as millet in history.

The main basis of the works of writers in dynasties

Liang Tao Hongjing's Record of Famous Doctors (original book) "I don't know millet, but Siyin millet is similar to millet."

Tang Sugong's Notes on Tang Materia Medica (the original book has been lost) "The talent of millet is the same. Today, dreamers call it millet, and Guan Zhong calls it mi. " "Tao quoted a poem saying: I am afraid that millet is similar to millet, so I can benefit from it."

"A millet is a millet, and a millet is also called * [the original word is the same as two horizontal grains]" in Xu Kai's Shuowen Biography in the Southern Tang Dynasty ...

Song's "Illustration of Materia Medica" (original book) "Xiaomi Mi, now called glutinous rice."

Shen Songkuo's "Meng Qian's Bi Tan" "Ji is the present, and the people of Qi Jin say it is a sacrifice, which is its local accent and has no other meaning."

Song Cai Bian's "Shi Mao Shi" "Sacrifice it, sacrifice it, so sacrifice it, so it is called" Yi ".

Song Kouzong's "Materia Medica Yan Yi" "Millet, now called glutinous rice."

Joe's "Tongzhi" "Millet, ears like reeds ... Today people call it" Mo ". The second mistake is to treat it as millet. "

Song Luoyuan's "Er Ya Yi" "However, it is also awkward and awkward, especially Zhong Er."

Yinglin's "First Aid" is annotated with "Ji, also known as Mo" according to Xu Kai's "Literary Biography"

Chen Jiamo's "Herbal Mengquan" "Small rice is also very fragrant and beautiful. Vivi is the same as Xiaomi ... the south is famous."

Li Mingzhizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica "Millet and Millet are two kinds of one kind". The sticky person is Xiaomi, and the non-sticky person is Xiaomi. Millet can be used to cook and millet can be used to make wine. "In addition, there is a special paragraph describing the morphological differences between Xiaomi and Xiaomi.

Zhao Mingxing's Medicinal Materia Medica is "Ji surname, also known as Ji surname"

Qi's "Three People's Meeting", "Xiaomi Mi, which is now called glutinous rice ... Kansai is called rice, and Jizhou is called * [original word Ma Su], all of which are the same thing."

Wang Ming's genealogy "Ji, one person, one person"

In Fang Yizhi's Tong Ya in Qing Dynasty, "What you can do is millet", according to Meng Xi's written talk.

Wang Qinghao's "Guang Qun Fang Pu" "Ji, one is awkward and the other is awkward."

On the object of tea: "Ji, people are also, yes, it is also a matter of fact."

Zheng Zi Tong by Zhang Bolie in Qing Dynasty. When Xiaomi was nicknamed Qi Jin, people read it, and it accumulated into nothing, which was called nothing. Although the languages are different, they are all true. "

Gao Qing Cheng Bing's Compendium of Materia Medica "Xiaomi is famous because it is called ... sugar cane."

Textual research on the names of Wu plants in the Qing Dynasty: "Millet is called Mi, also known as ... and Tang Herbal Symbol."

In Ding's interpretation of Xiaomi in the Republic of China, "the sticky person is Xiaomi, and the non-sticky person is Xiaomi. Millet is not sticky, so it is also called glutinous rice. There is a millet, because it is sticky, so it is divided into two. "

Judging from the materials in Table 4, it was Tao Hongjing in the Southern Dynasties who first suspected that Xiaomi was not Xiaomi, but he just suspected and did not put forward any arguments. It was not until the Tang Dynasty that Su Gong first proposed that "millet is just a crop" and quoted Tao Hongjing's words to affirm his argument, while Tao Hongjing did not affirm that millet is a crop. After Su Gong quoted, Tao Hongjing was also said to be a crop. Since then, such as Xu Kai, Su Song, Shen Kuo, Cai Bian and so on. In the table, they just repeated the statement that millet is the only crop, without adding new demonstration materials. Zheng Qiao further said that Er Ya was "wrong" to regard crops as millet, but he didn't tell the wrong truth. Until the Ming Dynasty, Li Shizhen, with his extensive knowledge of botany, expanded and supplemented the argument that millet was only a crop. First of all, Li Shizhen put forward the difference between sticky millet and non-sticky millet, which became the basis for later generations to cite. In fact, the difference between sticky grains (that is, waxy or waxy) and non-waxy grains of cereal crops has long been mentioned in the Book of Songs. Of course, millet is sticky and non-sticky. It is clear in the Book of Songs and Oracle Bone Inscriptions that millet belongs to sticky (brewing). The question is not whether it is sticky, but whether it is glutinous or millet. Li Shizhen only said that all the non-sticky products are millet, not to mention millet. At first glance, compared with the previous literature, it gives people a reasonable distinction and a refreshing impression. Therefore, this view has become a "powerful" basis for future generations to quote. Similarly, Li Shizhen described the difference between millet (including millet and millet) and millet in detail (not quoted in the paper), [1] because the millet (millet and millet) he described was equivalent to millet and millet was equivalent to Italian millet (see table 65438). Hu Xiansu's Economic Botany was extended on the basis of Li Shizhen's argument (see below for details). I don't know, because I put on my hat and stood on Xiaomi's side, it is meaningless to distinguish Xiaomi from Xiaomi. Because if you put Xiaomi on Xiaomi's side, the difference between Xiaomi (millet) and Xiaomi is equally unambiguous. The question is not the difference between millet and millet, but whether millet is millet or millet. Later generations ignored this point when quoting Compendium of Materia Medica, and actually became preconceived, taking Xiaomi as millet to demonstrate the difference from Xiaomi, thinking that the argument was correct. Table 4 puts forward the argument that millet was the only crop from the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China. Generally, Shen Kuo, Su Gong, Li Shizhen and others said that there was no new development.

4. Literature review of reaffirming millet as millet after Song Dynasty.

From Su Gong's first suggestion that millet is only a crop, there are many echoes from Ming and Qing Dynasties to modern times, such as Table 4. But the situation is not one-sided. There are many documents reaffirming that Xiaomi should be Xiaomi. Here are some examples (Table 5).

In Table 5, Xu Guangqi, Lu, Shao, Shen Weizhong and others demonstrated that millet is millet, which is quite clear and powerful. But comparing the characters in Table 4, we can see that the characters in Table 5 are far worse than those in Table 4 in academic status, except Xu Guangqi. Tao Hongjing, Su Gong and Li Shizhen in Table 4 are all experts in herbal medicine and have great social influence. Luo Yuan, Wang, Wu. These things, although the argument that Xiaomi is Xiaomi is very strong, have a weak influence, and the mainstream is Xiaomi with different names. This is why most modern dictionaries in Table 3 take Xiaomi as the historical root of Xiaomi.

Hu Xiansu is a modern botanist. In his book Economic Botany, Hu translated three scientific names of western millet into Chinese as follows:

Millet variety millet type

(The branches of the cone ear spread out in all directions)

(2) Millet contracture type.

(Panicle bends slightly to one side)

(3) Dense branch millet type.

(Cone ears are dense and thick)

These three types (or varieties) are called (1) loose panicle type (2) lateral panicle type (3) dense panicle type in the books of crop cultivation in China, which is more clear than the above translation.

Hu's translation is obviously influenced by Li Shizhen and Wu. Because Li Shizhen advocated millet as millet, his morphological description of millet and millet is completely consistent with the taxonomic names of modern millet and millet; However, Wu painted a picture of millet in Textual Research on Plant Names, which was used as scattered-ear millet and lateral-ear millet. [2] Therefore, Hu takes "millet type" as "millet type" and "contracture type" as "millet type". Why do modern botanical dictionaries or monographs use millet as millet? The translation of millet is obviously based on Hu Xiansu's point of view.

Table 5 Examples of documents reaffirming millet as millet after Song Dynasty

Dynasty | Author | Works | Main Basis

Song | Xing Bing | "Er Ya" is sparse | "What grows is millet. ..... but it's all the same thing, Xiaomi and Xiaomi. "

Yuan | Chang | Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry | Taking millet as millet to attract Qi and Shu.

Yuan | Lumingshan | Summary of Agriculture, Mulberry, Food and Clothing | Draw Qi and Shu to take millet as millet.

Ming | Hu Shi | "Pearl Boat" | "There is no doubt that millet is millet, and the herbal medicine is wrong." (quoting Guo Puwen)

Ming | Xu Guangqi | Agricultural Administration Book | "The so-called millet in ancient times is also called millet today, or yellow rice. Only millet is another kind. People nowadays call Xiaomi by voice. In ancient times, the so-called millet, commonly known as millet, or millet. ..... The seedlings, leaves and ears are the same as millet, but the classics are not as good as the first millet. However, all the agricultural books in the world are called Xiaomi, so Xiaomi is different. "

Discrimination of Millet and Millet in Qing Dynasty

(1) | Calm the government records: "The so-called millet of today's customs; The so-called yellow rice is also awkward. "

(2) Focus on vitality "was not built in a day".

Qing | Cui Shu | "The Discrimination of Millet"

(1) | Quote "Mandarin Lu Yu" Zhao Wei's Note: "Weeds are like millet but not real." "Weeds are like valleys today, not like millet."

(2) There are four books but no crops.

(3) Xiaomi's voice is almost wrong.

4 citation.

Qing | Chen Menglei | Vegetation Code of Ancient and Modern Map Integration

| Xiaomi and Xiaomi draw a picture of Xiaomi and Xiaomi, which is equivalent to S. italica. Xiaomi draws a picture of Xiaomi, which is the same as this year's P. miliaceum (but confused in the literature excerpt).

Qing | Gui Fu | Shuo Wen Jie Zi | Quotations. Yan Shigu's Note: "There is one kind of millet, but it has two ears."

Qing | Shao | Er Ya Zheng Yi

| "The predecessors have explained many different views about Xiaomi. Let's test it today, which is the so-called millet in the north. " When training in Huainan, "one crop does not advance", he said with a high lure: "One hundred grains only grow millet, so it is called one crop ... Xiaomi is the length of five grains, so it is also a sacrifice. "

Qing Niu Shuyu criticized the mistakes in Jiu Gu Kao and agreed with the notes of Cao and Yan Shi Gu in Er Ya and Ji Jie Pian.

Qing | Xu Chengqing | "Shuo Wen Jie Zi Kuang Mu" | "In the north today, millet is called millet, and its rice is millet. The ancient Jews used millet as millet. " Quote Shao's views on

Qing | Zou | Nan Gaoping's Notes | "As many scholars have said, there are only two kinds of millet, and ... Materia Medica is not correct."

Qing | Shen Weizhong | "Xia Huikao" | "Because the Tang people mistakenly think that only millet is millet, it is not sticky. I don't know if Xiaomi is today's Xiaomi. What is not sticky is called millet, and what is sticky is called glutinous rice. Their ears are plump and drooping, while millet is like wheat, and their ears are loose and loose. "

Textual research on the name of Er 'ya Valley in the Republic of China | Gao Runsheng | "Millet, named millet ... is also today's millet. Either wheat, millet, or * [millet and hemp], or sorghum. " This book has correct and detailed arguments.

The development trend of millet problem since the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, agricultural historians hope to clarify the difference between millet and millet left over from history, and people have written articles to discuss this issue. Just like the differences in history, some people argue that Xiaomi is just Xiaomi, while others reiterate that Xiaomi is Xiaomi. There are still some scholars who don't discuss the problem of Xiaomi, but they have their own opinions when it comes to the article. The arguments put forward by both sides of the debate are more developed than in history, and some are very detailed. Now these trends are listed as examples in Table 6.

Table 6 Development trend of millet problem since the founding of the People's Republic of China [3]

Author | book | main arguments

Textual Research on Qi Sihe | Mao Shi's Ancient Famous Articles (China Historical Exploration 198 1)

(1) | Taking millet as a crop, it began in Tang Sugong; (2) Xiaomi's mistake is just a mistake, because the sound is close; (3) Ji may be the totem of Zhou people; (4) There are millet in archaeological excavations; (5) Ten cases of Cheng misusing millet as sorghum.

Discrimination between Zou | Millet and Millet in The Book of Songs (Collection of Studies on Agricultural History, Volume II, 1960)

(1) | Before the Jin Dynasty, Xiaomi was not mistaken; (2) Tao Hongjing first mentioned the similar mistakes between Xiaomi and Xiaomi; (3) Tang herbal medicine caused the mistakes at the beginning of Xiaomi; (4) Pointing out some mistakes of Li Shizhen.

Duan Xizhong | "According to the Three Rites, Su Fei Su" (Collection of Studies on Agricultural History, Volume II, 1960)

(1) | Zhou Li nobles eat millet and bitches eat millet, which proves that millet is not a thing; (2) The different display positions of Xiaomi in the ceremony can prove that Xiaomi is not the same thing; (3) The Book of Rites can also prove that millet is different.

Wan | Shen is Xiaomi (China Agricultural News 1962, No.7)

(1) | The archaeological excavation is mainly millet; (2) During the Spring and Autumn Period, the staple food in Henan and Shandong was millet; (3) The shapes of millet and millet in Oracle bone inscriptions are different; (4) Xiaomi's voice is close in some places; (5) Li Shizhen's mistakes in herbal medicine along the Tang Dynasty.

Xia | Interpretation of Zhou Li's Agricultural Provisions

(1) | Never in the Tang Dynasty, millet was regarded as the only crop; (2) After the Tang Dynasty, Xiaomi was mistaken for Xiaomi.

Praise William | Face up to the ancient grains in China | This paper points out twelve reasons why millet is different from millet, so don't confuse them. See agricultural archaeology 1982, No.2 for details.

Discrimination between Millet and Millet in Liu Yutang | The Book of Songs (Collection of Studies on Agricultural History, Volume II, 1960)

(1) | During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the staple food in the Spring and Autumn Period was millet; The warring States period is Xiaomi; Qin and Han dynasties were millet and wheat; (2) Millet and millet are not the same crop, and millet and millet are both good crops.

Hu| "Discussion on millet as millet" (China Agricultural News 1962, No.7)

|( 1) Wei Su was the confusion caused by the exegetists in Wei and Jin Dynasties; (2) Clarification after Tang Dynasty; (3) Li Shizhen is different from Ji Jie in plant characteristics; (4) Millet (millet) was only developed during the Warring States Period; (5) In the Book of Songs, "millet is heavy, and millet is husked wheat" shows that millet is not food.

Wang Yuhu | "Important Crops in China Since Ancient Times" (Agricultural Archaeology, 198 1,1) Yuan ago, there were millet and millet in agricultural books, but no millet; (2) Taking millet as millet is the textual research of exegetics, and taking millet as millet is more reliable in herbal medicine. (3) The Zhou family started from millet in Shaanxi, and initially called millet.

The main arguments of both sides extracted in Table 6 are relatively short, and some of them may be incomplete. Please refer to the full text for details. Although there are few papers about millet in the table, the popular view is still that millet is dominant (see Table 3). It should be pointed out that the arguments of Qi Sihe, Zou and others in the table reiterate in detail that Xiaomi is Xiaomi, but their papers are published in academic journals with small circulation, which ordinary people can't see, so the influence of Xiaomi left over from history is still dominant.

There are also two opinions on Xiaomi in foreign research works. For example, Xu Zhuoyun and Li Huiling [4] regard millet as millet, while He Bingdi, W Watson and C.W. Bishop tend to regard millet as millet. [5] Its roots are all from domestic literature.

Six, my views on the millet problem

Before expounding my personal views, the author can't help but review the literature and sort out the ins and outs of different views. Because there are too many clues, we should focus on the main contradiction and ignore some minor disputes (such as Xiaomi or Xiaomi, the difference between Xiaomi and Xiaomi, the confusion between Xiaomi and Xiaomi, the problem of Liang and so on). ), because as long as Xiaomi and Xiaomi have been solving, these derivative problems can be easily solved. In addition, the dispute between millet and millet also has complications, such as regarding millet as sorghum, because Qi Sihe's paper has pointed out its ten major mistakes, so I won't mention them here. Summarize the results of this consideration into the above six tables, which most briefly explain the background and ins and outs of the millet problem. On this basis, let's talk about the author's views on the problem of millet, some of which are supplemented and elaborated on the basis of previous arguments, while others are not mentioned by predecessors.

(1) From the perspective of "five grains" and "the first kind", millet "five grains" are the five main food crops frequently mentioned in ancient books since Mencius. Although the name of "five grains" is slightly different (one is rice, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice, and the other is hemp, millet, millet, wheat and glutinous rice), it is only the difference between rice and hemp, and millet is always the same. If millet is millet, then "five grains" will become "four grains". If there is no concept of modern plant classification in ancient times, sticky millet and non-sticky millet can be regarded as two crops, then is it logical to exclude millet, the most important and common crop, from cereals? Dong Zhongshu said, "Spring and Autumn ... he ye" [7] Here, Dong Zhongshu regards wheat and grain as the two most important food crops in the five grains. It has never been disputed that the grain is millet, not millet. If Xiaomi is not Xiaomi, but Xiaomi, then Dong Zhongshu is also wrong. Is it possible? Taking millet as the only crop and avoiding talking about "five grains" in the literature is the weakest link in his argument. It is impossible to justify saying that the whole grain does not include millet.

Millet is also called the length of a hundred valleys, the Book of Rites and the Moon Order is called the first kind, and Huai Nan Zi Shi Ze Xun is called the first crop. Zheng Xuan's note (Table 2) refers to millet (millet) in the first category correctly. The so-called first crop is the most important food crop, and of course it is also the crop with the largest planting area. If the climatic conditions are not conducive to the sowing of the first crop, it will have the greatest impact on people's livelihood. This is easy to understand, but some scholars who regard millet as millet explain the first one by sowing date in the morning and evening, saying that the sowing date of millet is earlier than that of millet, so millet is not millet but millet. As we all know, all kinds of crops have their own suitable sowing dates in a year, including spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing. If the earliest sowing date is the most important and the first kind, isn't it the most important to sow wheat in autumn at the latest? How to understand Dong Zhongshu's "Seeing saints is more important than wheat and grain"?

Closely related to Ji is his understanding of Hou Ji. As the ancestor of Zhou people, Hou Ji is said to be an expert in invention and planting. As for Hou Ji's statement, there is no disagreement between the two sides. The question remains: What crops does millet represent? Wang Yuhu and He Bingdi [8] emphasized that millet has a short growth period, is more drought-tolerant and barren-tolerant than millet, and has strong competitive ability with weeds, which is suitable for the natural conditions in Shaanxi and Shanxi, so Hou Ji is the ancestor of planting millet, and Zhoujia started from planting millet. "It used to be called Xiaomi." However, this statement ignores that millet is also a drought-tolerant crop. Millet (millet) is so called, even because the planting distribution areas of these two crops are actually the same. As for Xiaomi, it is an unconfirmed guess. On the contrary, as for the underground valley, it is an unconfirmed speculation that Xiaomi was originally called Xiaomi. On the other hand, the excavation of underground grain remains shows that a large number of millet were planted at that time (see below).

(2) From the perspective of archaeological excavation and crop domestication, since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the archaeological excavation of Neolithic sites has brought unprecedented rich underground material, which is a powerful basis for clarifying the dispute between millet and millet. According to the author's incomplete statistics, there are more than ten kinds of carbonized millet unearthed from Neolithic sites in the Yellow River basin (limited to public reports). From west to east, they are Lintao, Yumen, Yongjing and Ledu in Gansu, Baoji, Banpo and hua county in Shanxi, Wanrong and Linru in Shaanxi, Zhengzhou and Jiaoxian in Shandong. , and the most concentrated area is the ancestor of Zhou people (Hou Ji). Among them, Banpo 1 15 cellar is particularly eye-catching, and several barrels of millet are preserved. As for the unearthed millet, it is even rarer. Only the Dongkang site in Ning 'an County, Heilongjiang Province has the remains of millet and millet, which were identified as Schizostera italica and Schizostera millet respectively. [9] In the past, there were reports of millet unearthed from Wanrongjing village site in Shanxi Province, but there were different views on millet, which zay Xu discussed in detail. [ 10]

Hehu [1 1], who advocated that millet was millet, pointed out that millet was dominant in the Spring and Autumn Period of the Western Zhou Dynasty, in the Warring States Period and in the Qin and Han Dynasties. This distinction is artificial and arbitrary. Without considering the unearthed archaeological data, it was preconceived that millet was millet, and its status as a staple food was cut off and postponed to the Warring States period. Archaeological data now push the domestication and cultivation history of millet to 8000 years ago, but [12] was unexpected by many authors who advocated that millet was the same crop. Similarly, the statement that the Zhou family started from planting millet could not be confirmed by archaeological excavations, but was denied by archaeological excavations. Because millet is the staple food, Oracle Bone Inscriptions's grain (representing the plant morphology of millet) has become the head of all cereal crops (millet, millet, rice, etc.). ) and its organs (spikes, spikes, spikes, etc. ).

As for the domestication origin of millet, China millet has been recognized as the origin center in the world since vavilov put forward the eight origin centers of world crops, although it has been revised and supplemented repeatedly [13]. Millet varieties grown in western Europe were handed down through western Asia. As for the origin of millet, there are different opinions. It is generally believed that in Central Asia and the eastern Mediterranean, the earliest millet grains were unearthed in Ajisa, Greece, about 7950~6850 years ago. [14] Because millet is particularly drought-resistant and requires less water, it is suitable for the natural climate environment with drought, short rainy season and poor soil in this area. On the other hand, the literature also thinks that China has a long history of millet cultivation and is the primary center of millet. [15] It can be seen that it is not comprehensive to say that millet is most suitable for planting in the loess plateau, because millet can also be planted in worse conditions than the loess plateau, and the loess plateau is suitable for both millet and millet planting. Excluding millet is only a point inferred from the framework of millet as millet.

Modern studies on crop genetic domestication all believe that a wild plant will produce wild weeds related to the crop during domestication and cultivation. This related weed is thought to be the product of infiltration between cultivated species and wild ancestor species. According to Zheng's ancient books, millet and millet have their own associated weeds, and the associated weeds of millet are moss: "If you hate grass, you will be afraid of chaotic seedlings", and the seedlings mentioned by Mencius here are the seedlings of crops. The associated weed of millet is called Miancao, also known as Yicao, * [original word left millet and right humble], "Shuowen": "* [original word left millet and right humble], millet also belongs to". Duan Yucai's note: "* [The original word is left millet and right humble] is millet, but grain". Cheng's "Nine-Valley Examination" also said: "All ears and valleys are like millet." There are even millet, millet and weeds in ancient books. For example, the poem says "no grass means no life", and Mandarin and Lu say that frugality means "no grass means no life". According to Zhao Wei's annotation, "weeds are like millet without fruit." According to this and so on. [16] Because the combination of millet and weeds corresponds to each other, weeds and weeds are the accompanying weeds of millet and Setaria viridis corresponding to millet respectively. The millet here can't be called Cheng's sticky millet!

(3) From the point of view of agronomists and botanists, there is an interesting phenomenon in Tables 2, 4 and 5 of this paper, that is, all people who treat millet as one thing are botanists or botanists such as Tao Hongjing, Su Gong, Li Shizhen and Wang. Then, there are some exegesis. Most of them are agronomists, such as Chang, Lu Mingshan and Xu Guangqi. Then, there are some people with strong research and little fame. There are no comments and refutations on the argument that Jia Sixie and Xu Guangqi have the same name in the literature. It was not until the approachable argument felt that the problem could not be avoided that it was involved. For example, Mr. Wang Yuhu pointed out in his paper that Jia Sixie regards millet as millet, which is "obviously constrained or pressured by China and Confucian exegetics". To say that Jia Sixie "means that he doesn't dare to violate the orthodoxy of Han Confucian exegetics ... as if people think that he is hiding something ..." [17] commented on Xu Guangqi: "He obviously wanted to clear the name of Xiaomi in the north, so he fell into the mud of Confucian exegetics and didn't break free." The above two quotations are conclusive, giving the impression that China Confucianism regards Xiaomi as a powerful "orthodoxy", that is, mud. Anyone who agrees with China's Confucianism is under pressure and stuck in the mire. This is obviously unconvincing, let alone really understanding the correct arguments of Jia Sixie and Xu Guangqi. Although there are pedantic fallacies in the exegesis of Han and The Scholars, we should analyze the specific problems. Qianwei Scheeren, Zhao Qi, etc. It is one or two thousand years earlier than our descendants in the era of the Book of Songs. At that time, there was no objective dispute about Xiaomi, and everyone was familiar with Xiaomi. Their comments are naturally simple, which should be seen first. As Wu said: "Most of the Han and Confucianism are in the northwest, and they are cultivated the day after tomorrow. All kinds of millet are familiar, thinking that everyone knows that there is no trouble in exegesis. Therefore, Zheng's poem "Three Rites Note" is unknown. " [18] In his article, Mr. Wang Yuhu said that "Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty were casually annotated as millet", which was unfair. The research on textual research and exegetics in Qing Dynasty is rich and impressive. As far as millet is concerned, Cheng's Nine-Valley Examination is undoubtedly an authoritative work, but Cheng's Nine-Valley Examination turned millet into sorghum and became a joke. But those who agree with Cheng's point of view are all exegetics experts. For example, Duan Yucai praised: "According to Cheng Jiu Gu Kao, it is a detailed analysis ... It is said that Han He is millet and millet is sorghum: (that is, sorghum) ... It can really be said that the clouds are clear!" Others, such as Sun Yirang (Justice of Zhou Rites), Liu Baonan (Interpretation of the Valley) and Bao (Four Techniques), all agree with Cheng's textual research (not fully cited). this is