geography
Berlin lies on the lowland plain in the northeast of Germany. The average altitude is below 70 meters. The stratum is sandy, and spree river and a large number of lakes and canals dot it, which provides rich groundwater for Berlin, and also makes the forest in Berlin flourish.
Berlin has a temperate continental climate. But the warm humid air mass in western Europe makes its winter climate warmer. Summer is cool and pleasant, and the annual rainfall distribution is even.
climate
The hinterland of Berlin is covered with forests and many lakes (Havel River).
The hinterland of Berlin is covered with forests and many lakes (Havel River).
Berlin has a temperate/humid climate (Cfb) according to Cobain's climate classification. The average annual temperature in Durham, Berlin (located in Steglitz-Tze Lehndorff) is 9.4 C (48.9 F), while the average annual precipitation is 578 mm (22.8 inches).
Berlin was originally divided into 23 districts. In 200 1 year 1 month, Berlin implemented administrative reform and merged 23 districts into 12 districts (Bezirke). Each district is subdivided into Stadtteile, which represents the traditional urbanized place. After the administrative reform, the reorganization among local governments continues. At present, there are 96 local governments in the 12 area of Berlin, and each local government is composed of several streets (Kiez).
Berlin 12 District has its own District Council (Bezirksamt) with five assessors (Bezirksstadtr? Te) and a district head (Bezirksbürgermeister). Members of the District Council are elected by the District Assembly (Bezirksverordnetenversammlung). However, the district of Berlin is not an independent city, because the power of the district government is limited and it belongs to the senators in Berlin. The district heads of all districts form the District Council, which is led by the mayor of Berlin and advises the Senator of Berlin.
Divisions do not have their own governments.
Berlin's industries are mainly concentrated in the east, and most of them are backward enterprises left over from the East Germany period. The main industrial sectors are mechanical processing, food and daily consumer goods production. The German government has adopted policies such as government grants, low-interest loans and tax incentives for enterprises in East Berlin. West Berlin is a consumer city and has long relied on large-scale investment from West Germany. After reunification, Berlin is based on developing into a city with commerce, finance and service industries as the mainstay, supplemented by light industries such as handicraft manufacturing and food.
According to the latest statistics, the total population of Berlin is 3,405,259.
Berlin has many opera houses, theaters and orchestras. There are also a large number of cinemas, nightclubs and dance halls.
* Deutsche Oper Berlin
:: Deutsche Staatsoper
* Komische Oper.
* Berliner Ensemble
* Berlin Theatre (Schauspielhaus Berlin)
* Berlin Philharmonic.
List of sports teams in Berlin:
Hertha Football Club Berlin (Bundesliga Football League)
Berlin once successfully hosted the Olympic Games in 1936.
Berlin has a well-developed subway system, which has 336 stations, and Berlin also has one of the oldest tram systems in the world, with 398 stations.
There are three commercial airports in Berlin-Tegel International Airport (TXL), Pekhov International Airport (THF) and Najfeld International Airport (SXF). In 2007, three airports * * * received more than 20 million passengers, and flights could reach 173 destinations in the world. At present, Tampell Hof Airport only handles domestic short-haul flights, and plans to close it in 2008. At the same time, SheNajfeld Airport has begun to expand on a large scale. By 20 12, all commercial flights in Berlin will be transferred to this airport, and Tegel Airport will be closed permanently.
The famous scenic spots and tourist and traffic gathering points in Berlin are as follows:
* Berlin Central Station
* Museum Island
:: German Chancellery
* German Museum of Science and Technology
:: German National Museum
* The Capitol.
* Brandenburg Gate
* June17th Street
* Bodhi Tree Lower Street
:: Checkpoint Charlie
* Berlin TV Tower
* Potsdam Square
* Yulin Square
* St. Hedwig's Cathedral
* Berlin Cathedral
* Nikolai Community
* Alexandria Square
* Berlin Zoo
* Elected Emperor Hou Street
* Charlottenburg Palace
* Jewish Museum in Berlin
* East Berlin
:: West Berlin
There are four famous universities in Berlin:
:: Free University of Berlin
* Humboldt University
* Technical University of Berlin
* Berlin University of the Arts
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Munich (German: München) is the capital of Bavaria, Germany. In 2006, the population was1300,000 [1], making it the largest city in southern Germany and the third largest city in Germany (after Berlin and Hamburg). The population of the metropolitan area reached 2.7 million.
Munich is located on the Hisard River at the northern foot of the Alps in southern Germany. It is one of the main economic, cultural, technological and transportation centers in Germany and one of the most prosperous cities in Europe. At the same time, Munich retains the quaint customs of the capital of the former Bavarian kingdom, so it is called "the village of one million people".
The original meaning of the name Munich is the land of monks. Therefore, the city's emblem shows a monk called "Münchner Kindl". Black and gold, the colors of the Holy Roman Empire, have been the official colors of the city since the era of Louis IV. For many years, the city's official motto has been "Die Weltstadt mit Herz". However, it has recently been changed to "München mag dich".
Munich is located in Upper Bavarian high plains, Bavarian Free State in southern Germany, only about 45 kilometers away from the northern foot of the Alps, with an altitude of about 520 meters. The Hisard River, a tributary of the Danube, runs through the city along the southwest-northeast direction, and it is the main river in Munich, stretching for 13.7 km. The German Museum is located on one of the small islands, and numerous lakes in the city form numerous parks.
Munich belongs to the front of alpine glaciers. The city is located in a sandy highland, and the northern part of this highland is a very fertile flint area, which has not been influenced by the folding movement in the Alps; In its southern region, it is covered with moraine hills. Near Munich, which is located between the two zones, there is an ice water deposition zone formed by glacial action. Where the sediment becomes thinner, groundwater seeps into the surface of the gravel layer and fills the area, resulting in the formation of a swamp in northern Munich.
Munich has a continental climate and is strongly influenced by the neighboring Alps. Because the city is close to the northern slope of the Alps, the altitude difference is large and the precipitation is large. Heavy rains often fall unexpectedly. The temperature difference between day and night and between winter and summer is very large. Burning wind from the dry heat in the Alps can completely change the temperature in a few hours, even in winter.
Winter in Munich lasts from1February to March, which is quite cold, but snowfall is rare in winter. The coldest month is 1 month, and the average temperature is MINUS 2 degrees Celsius. It will snow for at least 2 weeks in winter. Munich is warmer in summer (May-September), and the average temperature in the hottest July is 19 degrees Celsius.
In July 2007, the population of Munich was1340,000, of which 300, 129 were of non-German nationality. The city has a large Turkish and Balkan community. The largest number of aliens are Turks, with 43,309, followed by Albanians (30,385), Croats (24,866), Serbs (24,439), Greeks (22,486) and Austrians (21,4/. 37% of foreigners come from EU countries. The Greater Munich Metropolitan Area has 2.6 million residents.
In 1700, the population of Munich was only 24,000, and then it doubled every 30 years, reaching over100000 in 1852 and over 250,000 in 1883, and190/kloc. Munich became one of the major cities in Germany at this time. 1933 The population of Munich reached 840,000, and 1957 exceeded1100,000.
By 20051February 3 1 day, 39.5% of the population in Munich were Catholics; 14.2% are Protestants.
Munich has the strongest economic strength among all German cities [4], with the lowest unemployment rate (5.6%) among three German cities with a population of over one million, and the other two cities are Berlin and Hamburg [5]. The city is also the economic center of southern Germany. In 2006, Neue Soziale Marktwirtschaft and WirtschaftsWoche magazine rated Munich as the highest in the comparative survey for the third time. In February, 2005, when Capital magazine predicted the economic prospects of 60 German cities from 2002 to 20 1 1 year, Munich was ranked first. Munich is listed as a global city, one of the centers of German new economy, and the center of bioengineering, software and service industry, with BMW (automobile), Siemens (electronics), Allianz Insurance, Munich Re, MAN AG (truck manufacturing), MTU Aero Engines (aircraft engine manufacturing), Krauss-Maffei (injection molding machine manufacturing) and Arri. In addition, the European headquarters of many multinational companies such as McDonald's, Microsoft, Cisco and Precision Plus are also located in Munich. In 2007, among the cities with a population of more than 500,000 in Germany, Munich's per capita purchasing power reached 26,648 euros, ranking first.
Munich is the second largest financial center in Germany (next to Frankfurt), with Yubao United Bank (HypoVereinsbank) and Bayerische Landesbank; In the insurance field, Munich is better than Frankfurt, where Allianz Insurance Company and Munich Re are headquartered.
Munich is the largest publishing center in Europe, with Sü ddeutsche Zeitung, one of the largest daily newspapers in Germany, and many publishing houses (second only to new york).
Located on the outskirts of Grünwald, Bavarian Film Studio is one of the largest and most famous film studios in Europe.
Lufthansa has set up its second hub in Munich: franz josef strauss International Airport, which is the second largest airport in Germany, second only to Frankfurt International Airport.
The headquarters of Max Planck Institute and Goethe Institute are all located in Munich.
Munich is a leader in scientific research, with a long list of Nobel Prize winners, from wilhelm konrad rontgen in 190 1 year to Teodore Hensch in 2005. The University of Munich and technical university of munich in this city are both world-famous universities, and they have been awarded the title of elite universities by a selection committee composed of members of universities and the Federal Ministry of Education and Science. Only two universities in Munich and Karlsruhe University have won the honor of the first batch of "elite universities" and millions of euros in funds.
* University of Munich (LMU), 1472 was founded in Ingolstadt, 1826 moved to Munich.
* technical university of munich (TUM), founded in 1868.
:: Fraunhofer Association
The famous Sü ddeutsche Zeitung, Bavarian Courier, Focus Magazine and Bertelsmann Group are headquartered in Munich. 1900, the first issue of the all-Russian Marxist secret newspaper Mars founded by Lenin was published in Munich. Munich is the largest publishing center in Europe, second only to new york.
Munich is the birthplace of Richard strauss, a famous composer and conductor. There are more than 20 opera houses and theaters in the city, and it is a world-famous music city. The Bavarian National Opera House, built at the beginning of19th century, is a world-class opera house.
There are several important art galleries in the city, most of which are concentrated in the art district, including the old painting gallery, the new painting gallery and the modern art gallery on Tregien Road (which enjoys a high reputation for collecting the works of Picasso and other masters). The old painting gallery has collected the works of European masters from14th century to18th century, which reflects the eclectic taste of the Vitelsbach family for four centuries. The main exhibits include the self-portrait of German painter Diu Lei, The Four Apostles, the paintings of Italian painter Raphael, Cangian Sancta familia and Notre Dame Temby, and the two-story The Last Judgment by Belgian painter Rubens. This art gallery has one of the richest collections of Rubens' works in the world. Before the First World War, blue rider artists created in Munich, and many of their works were collected in the municipal Lenbachhaus.
Important collections of Greek and Roman art are collected in the ancient sculpture exhibition hall and the state museum of cultural relics. King Ludwig I managed to obtain these famous sculptures, such as Medusa, from the temple of Aphaea in Aina, Greece. With the completion of the Egyptian Museum, the art district will be further expanded.
In addition to the art district, another art district is the Lehel district between the old town and the Isar River: the state ethnographic museum on maximilian Street is the second largest collection of prehistoric artifacts outside Europe, while the Bavarian state museum and the state archaeological collection near Prinzregenten Street are both major museums of cultural and artistic history in Europe. The nearby Schackgalerie is an important art gallery for collecting19th century German paintings.
Dachau concentration camp is located thousands of meters outside the city.
Bavaria is a relatively conservative state in Germany. As the capital of Munich, people's life has two sides: traditional conservatism and modern openness. Munich is rich in beer, and its drinking volume ranks first in the world, so it has the title of "Beer Capital". The world-famous Oktoberfest is a traditional folk festival in Munich with a history of 170 years. Bavarian local food has typical local characteristics. Pretzels (toast), roast pork elbow with sauerkraut, sausage, etc.
Munich has always been famous for its top quality of life in the world. According to a survey conducted by Mercer HR Consult in 2007, it ranked eighth in the world among the 10 cities with the highest quality of life in the world. [9]。 Munich's economy is quite prosperous,
Public transportation is very efficient, with a large-scale subway system (U-Bahn) and suburban railway system (S-Bahn). The crime rate is much lower than other big German cities such as Hamburg and Berlin. Because of its relatively high quality of life and safety, it has been named "Millionendorf Villages", also known as "Toytown" in English.
The grain market is the most popular food market in Munich, selling all kinds of fresh food and cooked food. A very old program of the carnival in Munich is the dance of the proprietress of the grain market (Marktfrauen) wearing funny clothes.
Auer Dult Fair is held three times a year in the square around Mariahilf Church. It is one of the oldest fairs in Munich and is famous for its sundry auctions and antiques. About 300 stalls, selling precious ancient books, men's clothing, many kinds of porcelain and kitchen utensils, as well as hair and skin care. You can also find many traditional Bavarian clothes here, such as leather shorts and tight dresses. The entertainment provided by Auer Dult includes horse riding, puppet show, merry-go-round, bumper cars and shooting range.
Three weeks before Christmas, there are Christmas markets in Notre Dame Square and other squares in the city to sell Christmas goods.
Munich has a wonderful coffee culture, especially in summer. There are many restaurants with different cooking styles to choose from. Perhaps the most important leisure activity in summer is the biergarten. There are about 20 major open-air garden beer halls here, four of which are located in English gardens, and the largest one is located in Hirschgarten.
Oktoberfest is the most famous festival in Munich. It was first held on 18 10 10/2 to celebrate the wedding of Prince Ludwig I of Bavaria and Princess Teresa of Saxony-Sidberghausen. The first celebration ended with a horse race. The following year, horse racing continued, and later it developed into October Festival (Oktoberfest in Munich). Although it is called October Festival, most Oktoberfest festivals are held in September, lasting for two weeks, and are closed on the first Sunday of1October every year. If the German unification day on1October 3 falls on Monday or Tuesday, the Oktoberfest will be postponed until that day. The Palace Brewery, located in the center of Munich, is the most famous beer hall in the city and the second largest tent in Munich during Oktoberfest.
Traditionally, Munich's specialty Bavarian white sausage (Wei? Würste) is only eaten before noon 12, usually accompanied by sweet mustard and freshly baked bagels. Bavarian baked sausage bread is often served with potato salad.
Perhaps the most famous soup is croutons (Leberkn? Del) soup.
At lunch or dinner, stewed pork is served with potato (or white bread) balls, cabbage, pork elbows, and sometimes pig heart, lung and spleen.
Popular desserts include traditional Bavarian apple-filled snacks with vanilla soup, fermented meatballs with custard or doughnuts.
Munich is famous for its brewery and white beer (wheat beer, Wei? Bier) is famous. The golden translucent Helles is the most popular beer in Munich today. This kind of beer is not ancient, and it started at 1895. The most popular beer in Munich in the19th century was Munich dark beer, whose dark color came from burnt malt. Starkbier is the strongest beer in Munich, with an alcohol content of 6 -9%, dark amber color and strong malt flavor.
Munich has several professional football teams, including Bayern Munich Football Club and 1860 Munich, the most popular teams in Germany. There are currently 3 teams in Munich.
Munich once hosted the 1972 Summer Olympic Games, and was also the host city and opening place of the 2006 World Cup. The Olympic Park and Stadium was built for the 1972 Summer Olympic Games. The design of this building is quite unique, and it was inspired by cobwebs. Visitors can watch the panoramic view of Munich and the Alps from the top of the Olympiaturm Tower, which is also used as a radio and television tower. In 2006, the18th World Cup soccer tournament opened in the professional football field Allianz Stadium in Munich. This stadium is the home of the Bundesliga powerhouse Bayern Munich and the Bundesliga team Munich 1860 Football Team.
Munich International Airport (airport code MUC) is the second largest airport in Germany after Frankfurt International Airport. It transports 34 million passengers every year and is located 30 kilometers northeast of the city center [10]. It can be reached by suburban train S 1 line in the east of the city or by suburban train S8 line in the west of the city. It takes 40-45 minutes to get there from Hauptbahnhof. At one time, there was a plan to build a maglev train with a speed of 400 km/h between the main train station and the airport, reducing the journey time to 10 minutes [1 1], but in March 2008, the plan was cancelled due to the huge cost [12]. This airport was put into use in 1992 to replace Munich -Riem airport, which was used in 1939.
The Bavarian state government has announced plans to expand Oberpfaffenhofen commercial airport to the west of Munich, but many residents in Oberpfaffenhofen area oppose it.
Compared with its population, Munich has one of the largest urban public transport systems in the world, including U-Bahn, S-Bahn, Trambahn and buses. The whole system is managed by Mü nchener Verkehrs-Undarif Verbund (MVV).
Munich main railway station is located in the city center, and there are two smaller railway stations: Pasing station in the west of the city and Munich East Railway Station. These three railway stations are connected by public transportation system to form a transportation hub.
The ICE high-speed train only stops at Pasing Station and the main train station. Intercity and EuroCity trains to destinations east of Munich also stop at Munich East Station. On May 28th, 2006, the high-speed railway from Munich to Nuremberg via Ingolstadt was opened to traffic, with a speed of 300 kilometers per hour.
As a famous historical and cultural city, Munich has many baroque and Gothic buildings, such as the new city hall, Notre Dame Cathedral, Old Peter Cathedral and St. Kyle Cathedral, which are typical representatives of the European Renaissance. At the same time, there are many modern buildings in Munich, among which BMW headquarters, Olympia Stadium and Allianz Stadium are outstanding representatives.
The street near Maria Square
The street near Maria Square
Asam's Church
Asam's Church
Munich is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Germany, known as the "secret capital of Germany".
Munich Metropolitan Area stretches in the Alps foothills plain, and a number of ancient Bavarian towns have become part of Munich suburbs today: Dachau, Erding, Freising, Gr? Benzell), Haar, Starnberg, Ontehaxing, etc.