In the process of fighting diseases for thousands of years, the working people in our country have gradually accumulated rich medical knowledge through practice and continuous understanding. Due to the lack of literature in Archaean period, this knowledge can only be dictated by teachers. Later, when there were words, it was gradually recorded and medical books appeared. These books have played a role in summarizing the experience of predecessors and facilitating their circulation and promotion. China's medicine has a history of thousands of years, which is a very rich summary of our people's long-term struggle against diseases and has made great contributions to the prosperity of the Chinese nation. Because herbs account for the majority of drugs, books recording drugs are called "materia medica". According to textual research, during the Qin and Han Dynasties, there were many popular materia medica, but unfortunately, all these materia medica were lost and could not be searched. The earliest known herbal work is called Shenyi Herbal Classic, whose author is unknown. According to the place names recorded in it, it may have been revised by doctors in the Eastern Han Dynasty.

Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica contains 365 kinds of drugs, including animals, plants and minerals, and each drug item has its nature, taste, function and indications. Another orderly example briefly describes the basic theory of medication, such as toxicity, four gases and five flavors, compatibility, medication methods and dosage forms such as pills, powders, ointments and wine, which can be said to be In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Tao Hongjing in the Liang Dynasty (452-536 AD) compiled and supplemented Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, which added 365 kinds of drugs used by famous doctors below the Han and Wei Dynasties, which was called Bielu of Famous Doctors. Each medicine not only supplements the original taste, function and indications, but also increases the origin, collection time and processing method, which greatly enriches the content of Shennong Herbal Classic. In the Tang Dynasty, due to the development of productive forces and the increasingly frequent external traffic, foreign drugs were imported one after another, and the variety of drugs increased day by day. In order to meet the needs of the situation, the government appointed Li Ji and others to preside over the revision of the herbal classics annotated by Dow, which was called "Tang Materia Medica", and then ordered Su Jing and others to revise them again and add 1 14 kinds of medicines, which were published in the fourth year of Xianqing (AD 659) and called "Newly Revised Materia Medica" or "Tang New Materia Medica", which was revised and published by the then government. This materia medica contains 844 kinds of drugs and is accompanied by a drug atlas, which sets a precedent for graphic comparison of Chinese materia medica works. It not only has a great influence on the development of pharmacology in China, but also spreads abroad soon. It has made important contributions to the development of world medicine. The above are three summaries of ancient Chinese drug knowledge. Since then, new summaries have appeared at regular intervals due to the continuous enrichment of drug knowledge. For example, "Kaibao Materia Medica" and "Jiayou Buzhu Materia Medica" in the Song Dynasty are all summative. In the late Northern Song Dynasty, Tang Shenwei, a doctor of Shu Dynasty, compiled a "Materia Medica for Emergency Preparedness of Classics, History and Syndrome" (referred to as Syndrome Materia Medica for short). He merged Jiayou Buzhu Materia Medica with Illustrated Materia Medica, adding more than 500 kinds of medicines, collecting many unilateral prescriptions from doctors and people, and supplementing a large number of drug materials obtained from historical documents, which made the book more substantial in content and complete in style. The government sent people to revise it three times, adding the titles of Daguan, Zhenghe and Shaoxing. Li Shizhen (A.D.1518 ~1593), a great medical scientist in Ming Dynasty, made a thorough revision on the basis of "Materia Medica of Syndrome", and compiled a masterpiece of materia medica that met the needs of the development of the times. This book contains 1892 kinds of drugs, with more than 1 1000 attached. In this book, Li Shizhen comprehensively sorted out and summarized the drug knowledge of Chinese people before the 16th century, and made great progress. He changed the drug map, corrected the mistakes, and divided it into 16 classes and 60 categories according to the natural properties of drugs. Under each drug, it was divided into explanation, collection, treatment, indication, invention, attached prescription and related drugs, etc. It was the greatest work in the history of Chinese materia medica and an extremely brilliant achievement in the history of Chinese science. For a long time, Li Shizhen personally went up the mountain to collect herbs, inquired about local customs, and traveled all over the country. He conducted on-the-spot investigation and sorting out research on drugs, and with a scientific attitude of seeking truth from facts, he tried to break the fallacy of pedantic Confucianism and denounced the heresy of alchemists, and corrected many mistakes in the varieties and efficacy of drugs in ancient materia medica, so that the book Compendium of Materia Medica reached a level far from that of the previous generation. This book was circulated at home and abroad at the beginning of the 16th century and has been used many times. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, Zhao Xuemin compiled a book "Compendium of Materia Medica", which made some corrections and supplements, adding 7 16 kinds of medicines. From the Han Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, there were more than 100 kinds of materia medica works, each with its own strong points, but it can be called summative, only the above-mentioned books. The rest are local Materia Medica of Southern Yunnan (Ming Lan Mao) and Materia Medica of Haiyao (Tang Li Xian), which specializes in foreign medicines. Materia Medica for Dietotherapy (Tang Meng-xi), Materia Medica for Relief (Ming Zhu-yi), Materia Medica Yanyi (Song Kou Zong-huang), Canning Theory (Liu Song Lei Yi in Northern and Southern Dynasties), which focuses on drug processing, and is easy to learn and read. During the Daoguang period of Qing Dynasty, Wu Qijun's two books devoted to plants, Textual Research on Plant Names and Facts and Compilation of Plant Names and Facts, were published. The former recorded 17 14 species of plants, while the latter described 838 species of plants. The various flavors, uses and origins of each plant are described in detail, with accurate illustrations, especially focusing on the medicinal value of plants and the textual research of foreign bodies with the same name, so it is not a drug monograph, but also has important reference value. In addition, the knowledge of ancient Chinese people about drugs was also planted in many medical and prescription works. For example, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber written by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Elbow Reserve Emergency Prescription written by Ge Hong in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dry Gold Reserve Emergency Prescription written by Tang Sun Simiao and Thousand-Daughter Wing Prescription written by Song Shiwen and Chen Shiwen, and Puji Prescription written by Ming Zhuyu and so on. Many drugs and prescriptions contained in these books are still widely used and have good curative effects. The efficacy of many Chinese herbal medicines has not only stood the test of long-term medical practice, but also been confirmed by modern scientific research institutes. The effective components and molecular structures of some Chinese herbal medicines have also been fully or partially studied. For example, ephedrine, an effective component of ephedra for relieving asthma, dichroine, an effective component of Changshan for treating malaria, tetrahydropalmatine (tetrahydropalmatine), berberine (berberine), an antibacterial component of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and sennoside, an effective component of Radix et Rhizoma Rhei for relieving pain. In order to ensure the curative effect of drugs, the working people in our country have accumulated rich experience in the cultivation, harvesting, processing, processing and storage of drugs in the long-term practice. A large number of facts have proved that the medical heritage accumulated by working people in ancient China through long-term practice is extremely rich and precious. We should cherish this great treasure house of Chinese medicine and strive to explore and improve it. Looking back at the development of foreign drug knowledge, Egypt and India were the earliest. Drugs have been recorded in "papytus" (paper herb) in Egypt around 1500 BC and "Ajur veda" (Life Veda) in India after that. Greece, ancient Rome and Arabia also have a long history in the development of medicine, such as "Materia Medica" by Dioscorides, a Greek doctor, and "Materia Medica" by Galen (A.D.131~ 200) in ancient Rome. "Canon Mediclnae" written by Arab doctor Avicenna (AD 980) is a specialized pharmaceutical work, which has great influence on the development of ancient medicine.

Development and survey of modern Chinese medicine science;

Republic of China (1912 ~1949)

The establishment of the Republic of China ended the feudal monarchy for more than 2,000 years, but China has not changed its semi-feudal and semi-colonial social nature. Coupled with years of national wars, social unrest and economic recession, China's scientific and technological development is slow and unbalanced, far behind Europe, America and Japan, and it has lost China's leading position in the world's science and technology before16th century. With the influx of western science, technology and culture, the coexistence of Chinese and western medicine has emerged. Accordingly, the traditional China medicine has gradually been called "traditional Chinese medicine" and "traditional Chinese medicine", and the modern western medicine has gradually been called "western medicine" and "western medicine". Because the Kuomintang government adopted the policy of abolishing Chinese medicine, it hindered the development of Chinese medicine, which triggered a general struggle in the field of Chinese medicine. In academic medicine workers, despite many difficulties, materia medica or traditional Chinese medicine has developed. According to incomplete statistics, there are more than 260 kinds of monographs on traditional Chinese medicine in the Republic of China, most of which are novel in style, diverse in types and practical. Because their discussion scope, style and language are different from traditional materia medica, or for popular reasons, they are generally not named after materia medica. In the meantime, there are many comprehensive Chinese medicine works and lectures, most of which are clinical practical. The former is represented by Jiang Yubai's China Pharmacology Integration. The book has two parts: general introduction and various theories. In general, the basic theoretical knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine is summarized. According to the classification of efficacy, each treatise describes the aliases, smells, shapes, functions, preparation methods, toxicity, dosage, contraindications and prescriptions of more than 400 kinds of drugs. Its style and content are basically similar to the former, but it is more concise and practical. For example, Qin Bowei's Pharmacology is divided into divergent, diuretic, qi-regulating, blood-regulating, warm and cold-cooling drugs 12, and Zhang Shanlei's Materia Medica Justice belongs to the nature of traditional medicine theory. This book discusses the medicinal properties, functions, identification, processing, decocting method, etc. of traditional Chinese medicine, which has a good influence.

There are also many kinds of traditional local materia medica, among which Xiao Budan's Records of Herbs Collected in Lingnan and Gao Zongyue's Records of Taishan Medicines are more distinctive, which also enrich the varieties of medicines. Dietotherapy materia medica has made great progress, most of which are rich in content and practical. For example, Qin Bowei's Dietary Guide is characterized by tradition and simplicity; Yang Zhiyi, Shen Zhonggui's Common Sense of Food Treatment and Lu Guanbao's Edible Materia Medica are mostly based on experience. In other aspects, for example, Cao Bingzhang's "Added Counterfeit Drug Stripes Discrimination" based on Zheng Xiaoyan's "Counterfeit Drug Stripes Discrimination" in the late Qing Dynasty contains 1 10 kinds of drugs, and discusses or compares the origin, shape, smell and indications, which provides valuable experience for identifying the authenticity of drugs. Yang Huating's "Textual Research on Drugs" quotes herbal literature, makes a scientific textual research on drug varieties, and attaches a map, which is of great reference value. In terms of processing pharmaceuticals, such as Yang Shucheng's China Pharmaceutics and Zhou Fusheng's Updated Pharmaceutical Guide, the relevant contents are more practical. At that time, in addition to the traditional expression, the works of Chinese medicine also produced a combination of Chinese and western medicine. Huitong medical scientists use some achievements of natural science and western medicine to supplement the expression of the source, composition, efficacy and pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine, or explain the interaction between Chinese and western pharmacology; In the meantime, the depth, gains and losses are uneven. Among all kinds of works, Guo Wang's New Sense of Chinese Medicine, Wen Jingxiu's Latest Experimental Pharmacology and Ruan Qihydrocarbon's, Wang Yiren's and Dong Keren's New Notes on Materia Medica are more representative. In view of the large number and extensive knowledge of traditional Chinese medicine in this period, it has been inconvenient for the study and dissemination of traditional Chinese medicine, so not only a lot of introductory books on traditional Chinese medicine are read and included, but also a new dictionary of traditional Chinese medicine is produced. Among them, 1935 Chen Cunren's Dictionary of Pharmacy in China was the most influential one. The book contains 2.7 million words and 4,300 items of medicines. Each medicine is introduced in 2 1 item, such as naming, ancient book alias, basic, origin, shape, nature, composition, efficacy, indications, historical records and textual research, discrimination, approachable theory, coordinated application, dosage, application taboo and reference materials. The information is rich and comprehensive, and it brings together relevant expositions from ancient times to modern times, with attached drawings. It is the first large-scale dictionary in the history of Chinese medicine development. In addition to the above, reflected in the academic progress of materia medica or traditional Chinese medicine, it is worth mentioning that the efficacy and indications have been clearly separated, the efficacy expression is more accurate, the dosage of traditional Chinese medicine has been increased, and the basic source of traditional Chinese medicine has been gradually expressed by family, genus and name. During this period, medicinal botany and pharmacognosy have become new disciplines to study the natural sources (classification), characteristics or identification of plant Chinese medicines, and have made outstanding achievements. For example, Zhao Yi-huang's New Sketch Notes of China, Qi Zhou's Medicinal Notes, Modern Materia Medica Pharmacognosy and Pei Jian's Notes on Chinese Medicinal Plants are all very representative. At the same time, a lot of research work has been done on some commonly used Chinese medicines from the aspects of chemical composition and pharmacology. Among them, Chen Kehui has made the most in-depth research on the composition and pharmacology of Ephedra, and has attracted the attention at home and abroad. Other scholars have studied more than 100 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines, such as Datura flower, Rhizoma Corydalis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Changshan, Areca catechu, Brucea javanica, Motherwort, Aconitum, Chuanxiong and Angelica, in terms of composition, pharmacology or clinic, which has opened up the way for modern research of traditional Chinese medicines. During the Republic of China, there were many Chinese medicine associations and colleges, which were privately run, but they played an important role in spreading academics, exchanging experiences and cultivating talents.

1927, in the area led by the * * * production party in China, great attention has been paid to the popularization and development of Chinese medicine, and a lot of experience and achievements have been made in the development of drugs and the prevention and treatment of diseases. It laid the foundation for the cause of Chinese medicine after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

Since the founding of the People's Republic of China (1949 ~)

1949 After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China * * * Production Party and China People's Government attached great importance to the cause of Chinese medicine, formulated a policy of Chinese medicine centered on uniting Chinese and Western medicine and inheriting Chinese medicine, and adopted a series of effective measures to develop the cause of Chinese medicine. With the rapid development of modern natural science and China's economy, culture and education, Chinese medicine has made great progress. Since 1954, the state has organized and published a number of important ancient herbal books in a planned way, including Benjing, Newly Revised Materia Medica, Syndrome Materia Medica and Compendium. Since 1960s, more than ten kinds of materia medica, such as Wupu Materia Medica, Bielu, Newly-revised Materia Medica, and Materia Medica Supplement, have been compiled, which is of great significance to the study and preservation of ancient herbal literature.

With the development of Chinese medicine and academia, a large number of new Chinese medicine works have emerged, with a wide range and complete categories. Among them, a number of works on traditional Chinese medicine reflect the contemporary level: ① Annals of Traditional Chinese Medicine compiled by Institute of Pharmacology, China Academy of Medical Sciences, the original book is divided into four volumes, and the revised book is divided into six volumes, of which the first and second volumes are roots and rhizomes, containing 206 kinds of drugs; Three volumes are seeds and fruits, containing 138 kinds of drugs; Four volumes are all grasses, containing 135 kinds of drugs; Five volumes are leaves, flowers, bark, rattan, resin, algae and others, containing 148 kinds of drugs; Six volumes are animals and minerals, to be published. Each volume of medicine is accompanied by ink-line drawings, photographs and color photographs. Each drug introduces the history, original plants (animals), collection and processing, medicinal materials and production and marketing, chemical composition, identification of medicinal materials, taste and efficacy, pharmacological action and clinical application, notes and so on. ② The Compilation of Chinese Herbal Medicines compiled by the Compilation Group of Chinese Herbal Medicines in 1970s * * * contains 2288 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines, with more than 2 100 drawings. The source, morphological characteristics, habitat distribution, cultivation or feeding points, collection and processing, processing, chemical composition, pharmacological action, taste and taste function, indication and prescription of each medicine are introduced, which are comprehensive and brief. It broadly reflected the resources and application of Chinese herbal medicine in China at that time. ③ The Dictionary of Traditional Chinese Medicine compiled by Jiangsu New Medical College after long-term efforts contains 5767 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines. Each drug is described in 19 by its name, nature and taste, meridian tropism, main function and prescription selection, clinical reports and various discussions. It contains the ancient and modern contents of traditional Chinese medicine. ④ The Manual of Primary Color China Materia Medica compiled by the Compilation Committee of Primary Color China Materia Medica Manual contains 25 volumes, including 5,000 kinds of painted traditional Chinese medicines, with text explanations, including the original, plant (animal) morphology, collection and processing, chemical composition, pharmacology, sexual and taste efficacy, indications, dosage and notes. ⑤ The Journal of Ethnic Medicine in China, compiled by the Institute for the Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products of the Ministry of Health and the Yunnan Institute for Drug Control, introduced more than 200 kinds of multi-ethnic drugs/kloc-0 in China for the first time. Each drug is divided into national drug name, source, national medicinal experience, medicinal material inspection, scientific research data, etc., and the basic source, scientific name, medicinal parts, morphology and drawings, historical status, function, composition, pharmacology and clinical application of the drug are introduced in detail. In addition, Xu Guojun's Pharmacognosy, Xie Zongwan's Discussion on Varieties of Traditional Chinese Medicine and Liu Shoushan's Literature Summary of Traditional Chinese Medicine reflect the research results of traditional Chinese medicine from different angles and have great influence at home and abroad.

Since the founding of New China, the government has organized many forces and resources to conduct large-scale investigations and collect data. Most of these achievements are reflected in the works of traditional Chinese medicine, medicinal plants and animals all over the country. At present, there are 12807 kinds of Chinese medicine resources, including1146 kinds of plants, 158 1 medicinal animals and 80 kinds of medicinal minerals. On the basis of the investigation of traditional Chinese medicine resources, remarkable achievements have been made in the development and utilization of domestic resources of some imported medicinal materials, such as Rauvolfia, benzoin and Aquilaria sinensis, which have been produced in China. The protection of traditional Chinese medicine resources, the introduction of plant medicines in different places, the domestication of medicinal animals and the comprehensive utilization of traditional Chinese medicine have also achieved considerable results. American ginseng, gastrodia elata, pilose antler, bear gall, ginseng and Uncaria are typical examples in these aspects.

Most of the modern research on traditional Chinese medicine has made remarkable progress: ① The basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine has been systematically and comprehensively sorted out, and a lot of research has been done on its properties, meridian tropism and eighteen anti-drugs, and the experimental research on eighteen anti-drugs has achieved great results. However, the research in this field is difficult, and there are many problems to be solved. (2) Pharmacognosy and identification of traditional Chinese medicine, in addition to general source and character identification, microscopic, physical and chemical methods are also widely used in identification of traditional Chinese medicine. Moreover, the identification technology has developed rapidly and accurately with a small amount of samples. (3) Through the modern research on the processing technology and principle of traditional Chinese medicine, the processing science of traditional Chinese medicine has been greatly developed. Accordingly, the processing of many traditional Chinese medicines has been improved and standardized, and many advanced equipment and technologies have been adopted to improve the quality of decoction pieces. ④ The chemistry of traditional Chinese medicine was established, and the chemical constituents of traditional Chinese medicine were extensively studied. Most commonly used Chinese medicines have identified the main effective components, and some have clarified their chemical structures. ⑤ Pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine was established. The pharmacology of most commonly used Chinese medicines was systematically studied. A large number of drugs have been screened for antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, antipyretic, diuretic and antihypertensive effects. Polysaccharides, tannins, amino acids, peptides, etc., which were not paid attention to in the past, have been found to have many biological activities. It plays an important role in clarifying the efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine. ③ With the development of traditional Chinese medicine preparations, the increase of new dosage forms and the improvement of quality inspection and control methods, the production of Chinese patent medicines has been modernized. In order to unify the formulation of drug standards, the Ministry of Health established the Pharmacopoeia Compilation Committee as early as possible, and later changed it to the Pharmacopoeia Committee of China, at 1953, 1963, 1977, 1985, 1990 and/kloc-0. Since 1963, Pharmacopoeia has been compiled in two parts. "Part I" is a part of traditional Chinese medicine, which mainly contains traditional Chinese medicine and prescription preparations of traditional Chinese medicine, and there are also general rules of preparation and methods of testing traditional Chinese medicine in general examples and appendices. All editions of the collected Chinese medicines have been adjusted. 1995 edition of Pharmacopoeia "Part I" collected 920 kinds, including 522 kinds of medicinal materials and vegetable oils, and 398 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions and single-taste preparations. According to different varieties and dosage forms, the contents of traditional Chinese medicine are listed in turn: Chinese name, Chinese pinyin and Latin name, source, prescription, preparation method, characteristics, identification, inspection, extract, content determination, taste and tropism, function and indication, usage and dosage, attention, specifications, storage, preparation and so on. The contents of the appendix and advanced detection methods have been greatly increased. At the same time, the state has always attached great importance to the construction of drug administration and law, and has successively formulated a number of management measures on traditional Chinese medicine, and then 1984 the state passed the Drug Administration Law of the People's Republic of China. The promulgation of the Drug Administration Law is of great significance to protecting people's health, developing China's medical and health undertakings and improving China's drug use.