First, the principle of allergic reaction.
Allergic reaction, medically known as allergic disease, is an immune dysfunction, which refers to the combination of foreign antigen substances with specific antibodies in vivo. Mast cell basophil. A group of clinical syndromes caused by the release of a large number of allergic mediators. The main manifestations are local vasodilation, enhanced vascular permeability, contraction of organ smooth muscle and enhanced gland secretion.
Allergies often occur in some relatively fixed people, because they have allergic constitution, belong to congenital immune dysfunction, and are often hereditary, which means that people with this constitution may be allergic for life.
Second, the mechanism of allergic reaction
Allergy is a complex and abstract process.
The mechanism of type I allergic reaction can be divided into three stages.
First, the sensitization stage.
After the allergen enters the body, you can choose to induce allergen-specific B cells to produce antibody reaction. This antibody binds to the surface of mast cells and basophils (that is, some cells in skin, respiratory tract, digestive tract mucosa and blood), so the body is sensitive to allergens. (Mast cells are distributed in subcutaneous tissue, connective tissue around small blood vessels and submucosa, while basophils are mainly distributed in peripheral blood. )
Usually, this allergic state can last for several months or longer. If you don't contact allergens for a long time, the allergic state can gradually disappear on your own.
Second, the excitation stage.
Refers to the stage in which the same allergen re-enters the body, and through specific binding with antibodies on the surface of sensitized mast cells and basophils, such cells release bioactive media.
The bioactive media released at this stage are:
Histamine (mainly), prostaglandin d2, leukotriene, platelet activating factor, etc.
Their functions are similar:
1, which can cause smooth muscle contraction;
2. It can cause telangiectasia and enhance permeability;
3, can increase gland secretion.
Third, the effect stage.
Refers to the stage when bioactive agents act on effective tissues and organs, causing local or systemic allergic reactions.
According to the speed and duration of reaction, it can be divided into early reaction and late reaction.
Early reaction: caused by histamine, it usually occurs within a few seconds after exposure to allergens and can last for several hours.
Late reaction: caused by leukotrienes and platelet activating factor. It occurs 6 to 12 hours after allergen stimulation and can last for several days.
There is a term here, helper T cells.
Helper T cells (Th) are white blood cells. These cells can be divided into two parts according to their functions, responses to different cell molecules and their ability to secrete cell molecules.
1, Th 1, helper 1 T cells, secreting interleukin and interferon, etc. , mainly mediating immune questions and answers related to cytotoxicity and local inflammation. The production of helper antibody is related to cellular immunity and delayed hypersensitivity inflammation. This is an inflammatory T cell. This is a good cell. 2, T and 2, assist type 2 T cells, stimulate B cell proliferation, and produce immunoglobulin E(IgE) antibodies, which are related to humoral immunity and mediate immediate hypersensitivity. It's terrible.
Two passages in the human body.
1 and Th 1 channels.
Allergens bind to helper 1 T cells and send signals to B cells through interleukin, which will synthesize immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M, and finally kill the pathogen.
2.Th2 channel.
Allergens combine with helper type 2 T cells and send signal hormones to B cells through interleukin, and B cells will synthesize immunoglobulin E. Immunoglobulin can be divided into: mast tissue, eosinophils and basophils. Among them, mast tissue will release histamine, anti-kinin, serotonin and so on.
After histamine is released, it can promote capillary dilation; Promote the enhancement of permeability of capillary and venule wall; Promote smooth muscle contraction and so on. , and then cause inflammation.
Th2 channel, namely allergic channel, should be stopped as much as possible!
Th2 pathway is more susceptible to allergies. Too irritating to allergens, especially skin, mucous membrane and respiratory tract.
There are dendritic cells in our body, such as skin and mucosa, which look like branches. These dendritic cells are not fixed. They wander in our bodies, just like a soldier on patrol. Their function is to capture two kinds of things in our bodies: 1, substances that may cause harm to our bodies, generally referring to polysaccharides from bacteria and viruses, which are what we call bacteria and viruses. 2. The antigen composed of protein is also called allergen. After catching these bacteria, pathogens and allergens, it gives them to T cells (T cells are a very large family), and then different T cells will be derived according to the antigens received by T cells, so there are helper 1 T cells and helper type 2 T cells.
Different types of allergic mechanisms.
Allergy is that our immune system is activated by external allergens, causing a part of our body to be damaged, which is closely related to our immune system.
First, early reaction: 1 type allergy.
For 1 type allergy, the antibody of immunoglobulin e is very high. This kind of allergy will not produce allergic symptoms at the first contact with allergens, but in the sensitization stage, our body will remember these substances, and when it comes into contact with similar allergens for the second time, its memory will be opened and th2 channels will be formed. That is, in the stimulated stage, allergic symptoms will appear. Generally appear in the skin, respiratory mucosa, intestines and so on.
Histamine is always present in mast cells. If it exists in mast cells, it will not cause allergies. However, once immunoglobulin E binds to the surface receptors of mast cells and opens the channels of mast cells, histamine will come out and allergens will go in, which will lead to a series of allergic phenomena.
Extra sentence: when a newborn is born, immune stem cells are in the liver and transfer to bone marrow with age and bone strength, which is called bone marrow cells. Bone marrow cells are all stem cells, and the function of bone marrow is to produce stem cells of various cells.
Second, the late reaction.
Delaying allergic reaction, generally 12 to 24 hours later, it will absorb more allergens and produce inflammation.
1, eosinophil
Eosinophils go to allergic places by themselves. There are many substances in the allergic site, including eosinophil fate factor, which will attract more eosinophils and aggravate allergies. This phenomenon is called leukocyte aggregation.
Therefore, when people are allergic, the number of eosinophils in the body will definitely increase.
Eosinophilic granular cells will release granules, damage epithelial tissue by synthesizing peptide molecules, release other substances to attract more white blood cells, and aggravate inflammation.
2. Interleukin 5
Interleukin -5, a protein containing n-acetylgalactosamine, promotes the differentiation of acidic cells, induces and activates B cells to undergo terminal differentiation and become secretory cells secreting immunoglobulin.
Interleukin -5 makes white blood cells stronger and prevents white blood cells from apoptosis. The higher the white blood cells, the more serious the allergy.
3. Bronchiectasis.
Trachea is smooth muscle with nerve fibers, blood vessels and white blood cells flowing in the blood vessels. When blood vessels dilate, there will be pores, not only white blood cells can ooze through these pores, but also serum can ooze (which is also the reason why our skin will be red and swollen when we are allergic). Exudated white blood cells will synthesize some chemicals and damage bronchial epithelial tissue.
Allergies do us more harm than pathogens do us.
There are two very important substances in allergic reaction, one is histamine and the other is bradykinin.
1, histamine,
Histamine is formed in the human body in three ways:
First, nerve connective tissue, controlled by pituitary gland, plays an active role; This histamine is good.
Secondly, gastric mucosal cells also synthesize histamine, which is used to regulate gastric acid secretion, which is also a positive effect;
Third, mast cells are synthetic but do not release histamine. Histamine is released only when mast cells are activated by immunoglobulin E. These released histamine will dilate blood vessels, increase blood vessel permeability and contract smooth muscle. , and aggravate allergies. The effect of this histamine is negative.
Anti-allergic, the most important thing is not to let mast tissue release histamine.
2. Bradykinin
Bradykinin can cause:
First, it can activate NK-kB transcription factor;
Secondly, it can activate phospholipase A2(PLA2), cyclooxygenase -2(COX-2), NK 1 and other destructive chemical, physical and biological factors to produce prostaglandin.
Phospholipase (PLA2) is activated to produce arachidonic acid, which is oxidized by cyclooxygenase -2(COX-2) to produce prostaglandin.
Third, activate nerve factors.
Fourth, let mast cells produce more histamine and serotonin.
Fifth, let the nerve tissue ache.
Arachidonic acid and its chain reaction;
Triglycerides (fats) are usually stable, but phospholipids appear as arachidonic acid under the action of phospholipase A2(PLA2). Arachidonic acid is synthesized into C20 acid and platelet activating factor under the action of 5- deoxyenzyme (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase -2(COX-2), both of which are synthesized by white blood cells themselves.
2.C20 acids include prostaglandin, prostacyclin, thromboxane and leukotriene b4, all of which are called eicosanoic acid derivatives and are fat-soluble.
3. Platelet activating factor can affect the growth of platelets.
This kind of lipid mediators produced by arachidonic acid metabolism, also known as inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin and leukotriene 4b, will aggravate inflammation and allergic reactions. The whole process of arachidonic acid and chain reaction aggravates allergies.
The cause of allergy
1, genetic factors.
Parents are allergic, children, 50% will be genetically allergic.
Parents are allergic, and children, 80% will be genetically allergic.
2. Environmental reasons.
Excessive cleaning can easily lead to allergies. It is recommended that children stock more when they are young. This is more conducive to the formation of Th 1 channel. For example, when a child is young, let him get in touch with some small animals. The fur of these animals will contain mites, pathogens and bacteria, and children will produce antibodies themselves.
3. Improper vaccination.
4. Improper antibiotic treatment.
Children's sudden fever is mostly caused by viral infection, but sometimes, doctors or parents give their children antibiotics, which is a disaster for children! At this time, the body is hot because our immune system is fighting the virus, causing the body temperature to rise and killing the virus. But children are still young, and the mechanism of controlling body temperature is not perfect, so sometimes they get out of control and their bodies soar to a very high temperature. However, children's physical adaptability is very strong, and they can usually be transferred back. What we should do is to pay close attention to it. As long as the body temperature does not exceed 42 degrees, if the temperature is too high, we can use physical means to cool down, but it is not.
5. Constantly accept the stimulation of allergens.
First, some children are mixed feeding, which is easy to cause allergies.
Children constantly milk powder, breast milk, milk powder, breast milk, this way alternately, so that children are constantly stimulated by protein allergen in milk powder, and children's constitution is more likely to become Th2 constitution, that is, allergic constitution.
Second, it is necessary to add complementary food to weaned children step by step, not overnight, but step by step, so that children's intestines and stomach can gradually accept and adapt to new foods.
Third, now that transportation is convenient, adults are more susceptible to allergies. We can accept all kinds of foods from all over the world at any time, and accept foods that are incompatible with the local environment, thus causing allergies.
Allergy is a topic all over the world, which has increased sevenfold in the past 30 years. Now there are 300 million asthma patients in the world. In France, 30-40% of the population has allergic problems. In Europe, 20~30% people are allergic to pollen. Allergy is endangering the health of people all over the world.
When dealing with allergies, we should pay great attention to essential oils, because some essential oils themselves can also cause allergies, such as thick-shelled cardamom peel, which is easy to cause allergies, but its antibacterial effect is also very good.
The instantaneous occurrence of allergies is the most dangerous, which generally causes respiratory and cardiovascular allergies. This kind of instant allergy must be injected with adrenaline and cortisone.
The role of natural therapy in allergy.
1, try to avoid allergies;
2, extend the time of two allergies;
3. Prevention and mitigation. When you make it allergic, don't be so intense.
Allergy: 5% have allergens; 50% is related to eating habits; 20% is related to drugs; 16% is related to mosquito and bee bites; 5% are allergic to latex (mainly nurses and colorists).
allergen
Allergy is closely related to our immune system. This is an immune system intolerance. It is intolerant to foreign protein and produces antigens. Through the mucous membrane (respiratory tract, intestine) and skin defense line, according to the quantity and degree of allergens, pathological reactions occur, causing damage to our tissues. Healthy skin has no loopholes in defense.
Allergens are divided into
1, antigen, all protein's allergies.
2, hapten, itself is not protein, must be combined with serum protein, causing allergies.
Such as dust, essential oil and pollen, can cause allergies. It is because serum proteins combine with dust and then cause allergies. One molecule in pollen and essential oil binds to serum protein, causing allergy.
How to suppress and resist allergies?
First, understand the mechanism of allergy.
Arachidonic acid and its chain reaction;
Triglycerides (fats) are usually stable, but phospholipids appear as arachidonic acid under the action of phospholipase A2(PLA2). Arachidonic acid is synthesized into C20 acid and platelet activating factor under the action of 5- deoxyenzyme (5-LOX) and cyclooxygenase -2(COX-2), both of which are synthesized by white blood cells themselves.
2.C20 acids include prostaglandin, prostacyclin, thromboxane and leukotriene b4, all of which are called eicosanoic acid derivatives and are fat-soluble.
3. Platelet activating factor can affect platelet growth and produce phospholipase A2(PLA2).
This kind of lipid mediators produced by arachidonic acid metabolism, also known as inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin and leukotriene 4b, will aggravate inflammation and allergic reactions. The whole process of arachidonic acid and chain reaction aggravates allergies.
Second, how to suppress allergies
1, inhibiting phosphatase A2.
Without phospholipase A2, phospholipids cannot produce arachidonic acid, and there is no subsequent process.
Treatment scheme: chamomile azurol hydrocarbon,
Representative essential oils: Moroccan chrysanthemum,
Ok, Moroccan chamomile essential oil contains 30% chamomile. Cl50=0.6%o
2. Inhibition of 5- deoxyenzyme (5-LOX)
The production of leukotriene b4 can be minimized.
Treatment plan:
First, α-bisabolol, cl50
Representative essential oil: German chamomile
Second, the right-handed trans nerolidol, Cl50=25ppm.
Representative essential oils: Xanthoceras, Canova and Melaleuca (CT type in nerolidol);
Third, farnesol, Cl50=30ppm.
Representative essential oils: Huang Kui and Indian citronella (Latin name T).
Fourthly, β-eugenol hydrocarbon, cl50.
Representative essential oil: Cuban balsam, containing 51%; Guava leaves, nanmu Artemisia annua.
Fifthly, thymoquinone
Representative essential oils: black fruit essential oil, thymoquinone and oregano.
Although the proportion of thymoquinone in these two oils is not high, the effect is already very good.
Sixth, in addition to aromatic plants, there are many plant extracts.
Representatives: verbena extract, verbena glycoside; Indian frankincense extract or Indian olibanum oil extracted by supercritical co2.
3. Inhibit platelet activating factor.
Platelet activating factor can produce more phosphate oxidase, phospholipase A2(PLA2).
Treatment plan:
First, there is nothing to inhibit aromatic molecules for the time being.
Second, plant extracts
Andrographis paniculata extract, andrographolide;
Ginkgo biloba extract, ginkgolide.
The chemical structures of these two lactones are very similar, and andrographolide can also prevent fat oxidation.
Licorice extract.
4. Inhibit histamine release.
Treatment plan:
Thyme quinone: essential oil of nigella, thyme quinone oregano.
Mother chrysanthemum azure hydrocarbon: Moroccan blue chrysanthemum.
Sapir Sue: Apples.
Apigenin:? Grapes?
Blue hydrocarbon alkaloid: it can inhibit histamine release and help the liver to detoxify, but it can be used for up to two weeks, not more than two weeks.
Ursolic acid and oleanolic acid belong to three terpenoids.
Ginsenoside: Eupatorium adenophorum, used for allergies and asthma.
Pumpkin seed extract: Eating pumpkin seeds can also prevent allergies.
5. Inhibit bradykinin.
Once bradykinin is activated, it will cause many allergies.
Treatment plan:
First, there is no way for aromatic substances at present;
Second, plant extract: clematis.
6, inhibit eosinophils.
Treatment plan:
First of all, thymoquinone stands for essential oils: thyme flower head, thyme oregano, and black grass essential oil.
7. Inhibit IL -3 and IL -5.
Treatment plan:
One is Amazon frankincense;
2. Plant extract: Sophora japonica saponin, representing Sophora japonica;
Pineapple enzyme
How to prevent allergies at ordinary times?
1. Repair and protect the previously damaged mucosa.
2. Adjust the immune system.
3. Try to avoid contact with allergens.
4. Try to avoid contact with allergens that may cause skin damage or mucosal damage.
According to the different ways of ingesting allergens, it can be divided into
1. Inhaling allergens through the respiratory tract will affect the lungs;
2. Eat through food;
3, mixed allergies, pollen allergies, accompanied by food protein allergies, this is the most common.
Allergic substance
1, Allergy caused by pollen and mite excrement (bed, carpet).
Generally, it mainly occurs in spring, but not only in spring, because the pollen of plants can last for several months. Many pollen in spring in Europe can cause allergies, such as pollen produced by cypress trees.
2, some grains will have some derivatives or compounds of mold, which will cause allergies.
3. Allergy caused by air pollution. It is divided into three types:
First, tiny particles in the air can cause damage to alveolar mucosa and make people allergic;
Second, the pollutants themselves cause allergies;
Thirdly, tiny particles react with some protein in human body to produce allergens.
Natural therapy, only contact with 1 type allergy.
1 type allergy, including
1, respiratory allergy: allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, allergic asthma.
2, skin allergies: eczema (specific dermatitis), urticaria.