geographical position
Kaifeng is bounded by latitude 341165448. Located in the east of central Henan Province, it is the tip of the alluvial fan plain of the Yellow River. 69 meters to 78 meters above sea level. Shangqiu city is in the east, Zhengzhou city, the provincial capital, is in the west, Xuchang city and Zhoukou area are in the south, and the Yellow River faces Zhongyuan Oilfield across the river in the north. The total area is 6444 square kilometers, of which the urban area is 362 square kilometers. It is about 92 kilometers wide from north to south and about 126 kilometers long from east to west. It is 500 kilometers east of Lianyungang, the port city at the eastern end of the Eurasian Continental Bridge, and 72 kilometers west of Zhengzhou, the provincial capital. It is located in the center of East Henan Plain on the map of China.
Climate environment
Kaifeng has a warm temperate continental monsoon climate with four distinct seasons, abundant sunshine, mild climate and moderate rainfall. The annual average temperature is 65438 04℃, the annual average rainfall is 670 mm, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average. The best travel time: September, 65438+1October, when the weather is mild and the precipitation is moderate, you can also enjoy the blooming chrysanthemums.
Kaifeng is located in the vast eastern Henan plain, with no mountains, many rivers and lakes, mild climate, abundant rainfall, abundant groundwater resources and good natural ecological environment. The rivers in Kaifeng belong to the Yellow River and Huaihe River. Among them, there are 32 rivers, such as Yellow River, Wohe River, Huiji River and so on, with a drainage area of more than 6,543,800 square kilometers. There are three garden scenic spots in the urban area: Long Ting, Iron Tower and Yuwangtai. Baogong Lake, Long Ting Lake and Tieta Lake are connected by water system, and the lake area accounts for a quarter of the urban area, so it is called the Northern Water City. According to the statistics of 1999, the urban greening coverage rate in China is 34.4%, and the forest coverage rate is higher than the national average. The average noise is 57.2 decibels, the comprehensive index of air pollution is 88.7, and the standard rate of drinking water quality is over 95%, all of which are controlled within the national standards. Trees are mainly paulownia, willow and Sophora japonica. Yellow River Beach and Liuyuankou Wetland Nature Reserve are natural habitats for many birds. Crops mainly include wheat, cotton, corn, soybeans and peanuts. Oil, natural gas and underground mineral water resources are also abundant.
Kaifeng economy
Since the founding of New China, especially since the reform and development, Kaifeng's economic and social undertakings have developed rapidly, and remarkable achievements have been made in urban construction, industry, agriculture, transportation, communication, commerce and tourism. Kaifeng attaches great importance to infrastructure construction, actively creates a good environment for opening to the outside world, and strives to move towards a modern new city on the basis of protecting and perfecting the old city. Kaifeng Economic and Technological Development Zone, located on the west side of the old city, has a planned area of 25 square kilometers and a developed area of 8 square kilometers, and has initially built a modern urban new area integrating multiple functions. Kaifeng has a complete range of industries. There are 3580 industrial enterprises in the city, forming an industrial system with chemical industry, machinery, textile, food and medicine as its pillars. Kaifeng is located in the eastern Henan plain, with mild climate, moderate rainfall, developed water conservancy and rich agricultural and sideline products resources. The natural conditions for developing agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery are unique. All five counties are national commodity grain and wheat production bases, and are also important producing areas of wheat, cotton, peanuts and soybeans in the province. Kaifeng commerce, as an ancient capital, has a long history and distinctive features in consumption, service and distribution. At present, there are more than 40,000 commercial, catering and service outlets in the city, with 3 15 markets. Kaifeng is located between inland and coastal areas, with convenient transportation and communication.
natural resource
Kaifeng has a total land area of 628,240.26 hectares, of which 434,732,438+04 hectares are cultivated land, accounting for 69.20% of the total land area. The garden area is10,456.84 hectares, accounting for1.66%; The forestland area is 24,026.26 hectares, accounting for 3.82%; Residential areas and industrial and mining land are 83,750.85 hectares, accounting for13.33%; Traffic land 17822.06 hectares, accounting for 2.84%; The water area is 46,964.21hectare, accounting for 7.48%; The unused land is10,487.90 hectares, accounting for 1.67%.
The underground resources in Kaifeng area have been proved to be oil and natural gas. It is estimated that the total output of oil is 560 million tons and the natural gas reserves are 48.5 billion cubic meters, which have been exploited in large quantities. Coal resources are deeply buried, and the predicted reliable reserves are 7.79 billion tons. In addition, there are abundant limestone, rock salt, gypsum and other mineral deposits underground.
Kaifeng's water resources mainly include surface water and shallow groundwater, with an average of 835 million cubic meters (excluding transit water) for many years. Among them, surface water is 35 1 10,000 cubic meters, accounting for 42% of the total resources, and groundwater is 484 million cubic meters (allowed to be mined), accounting for 58% of the total resources.
traffic
Kaifeng is located in the Central Plains with convenient transportation. The Longhai Railway connecting the Eurasian Continental Bridge passes through the city. Beijing-Guangzhou Railway and Beijing-Kowloon Railway are adjacent. The 106 national highway from Beijing to Guangzhou and the 3 10 national highway from Tianshui to Lianyungang meet here. The opening (sealing) of Luo (Luo) and Shang (Qiu) expressways has become a golden channel in Henan. Kaifeng is 580 kilometers north of Beijing and 530 kilometers east of Lianyungang. Zhengzhou-Bianluo Expressway is more than 50 kilometers away from Zhengzhou International Airport and Zhengzhou Customs. Kaifeng's superior geographical position makes it a hub city with a north-south trend and an east-west trend. At the same time, it is a central city opening to the outside world in two directions along the Eurasian Continental Bridge, and it has broad prospects for foreign economic and technological cooperation and large-scale economic development.
History and culture
Kaifeng is a city under the jurisdiction of Henan Province and one of the first 24 historical and cultural cities in China. In ancient times, it was called Bianliang, Bianjing and Tokyo, or Bianqi Dynasty for short, with a history of more than 2,700 years. The name of Kaifeng originated in the Spring and Autumn Period. Because Zheng Guozhuang publicly chose this place to build a granary city, it was named "Kaifeng", which means "opening and closing the border". In the reign of Emperor Hanjing (BC 156), Kaifeng was renamed Kaifeng to avoid the taboo of Emperor Hanjing Liu Qizhi. From 364 BC to AD 1233, the state of Wei in the Warring States period and seven dynasties in the Five Dynasties, namely, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty, the later Zhou Dynasty, the Northern Song Dynasty and the Jin Dynasty, successively established their capitals here and experienced the dream of China for thousands of years. During the Northern Song Dynasty, Kaifeng (known as Tokyo in history) was the capital of the Song Dynasty for 168 years and experienced nine emperors. Tokyo is more than 30 kilometers wide and consists of three cities: outer city, inner city and imperial city, with a population of over 1.5 million. This is a grand, large-scale and magnificent capital. As the political, economic and cultural center of China and a prosperous world metropolis, it is world-famous. Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, painted a huge Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, which vividly described the bustling scene of Kaifeng City in Tokyo. The Northern Song Dynasty was another heyday of the development of science, technology, culture and art after the Tang Dynasty, which created a brilliant generation of Song Wenhua and had a far-reaching influence on later generations. Official Bao Gong, loyal monarch Yang Jiajiang, Wang Anshi, national hero Yue Fei and other historical celebrities have left glorious footprints in Kaifeng. As a national culture, their great achievements are still widely celebrated at home and abroad.
Kaifeng was also the first city in China where Jews settled. During the Northern Song Dynasty, a group of Jewish immigrants moved to Tokyo, the then prosperous capital of the Song Dynasty, via Tianzhu (India). Song Gaozong issued a decree: "It's my midsummer, and I will follow the ancestral custom and leave the capital of song dynasty." Ancient Kaifeng Jews maintained a harmonious relationship with Han and Hui nationalities, and lived and worked in peace and contentment according to their respective national customs for more than 700 years. Due to historical, cultural and natural factors, Kaifeng Jews gradually merged with the local ethnic groups, leaving a unique and unforgettable history. The picture on the right shows Kaifeng Long Ting.
As far back as Kaifeng in the early Neolithic period, there were human activities. In the Xia Dynasty (2 1 century BC to 65438+6th century BC), the seventh emperor of Xia moved his capital to Laoqiu (about 22 kilometers east of Kaifeng today), and the twelfth Yin Dynasty took about 157 years. During the Spring and Autumn Period, from 743 BC to 70 1 year BC, Zheng Zhuanggong built a "Kaifeng" city in Gucheng Village, Zhuxian Town, south of Kaifeng. During the Warring States Period, in 364 BC, the capital was moved from Anyi, Shanxi Province, with the title of Liang. In 225 BC, Qin destroyed Wei, established Dang County, and established Junyi (Daliang) and Kaifeng counties. In the first year of Han Jing (BC 156), Kaifeng County was changed to Kaifeng County to avoid the taboo of Emperor Liu Qizhi of Han Jing. The Eastern Wei Dynasty established Liangzhou in Kaifeng. After the Northern Zhou Dynasty destroyed the Northern Qi Dynasty, Liangzhou was changed to Bianzhou. In 7 12 AD, Kaifeng County was relocated to Bianzhou City, with the same outline as Junyi County. In 907, Kaifeng was the capital of Hou Liang, and Bianzhou was promoted to Kaifeng, known as the East Capital. Kaifeng, the capital of the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty, was established one after another. In 938 AD, Kaifeng was called Tokyo. In 960 AD, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the later Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, made Kaifeng its capital, and established the Northern Song Dynasty. During the Northern Song Dynasty, the population was 1.5 million. Kaifeng was not only the domestic economic, political and cultural center, but also the international metropolis of "Xian Tong of all nations". 1 126 Jin captured Kaifeng and changed to Bianjing. A.D. 12 14 Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Kaifeng. In the 28th year of Yuan Dynasty (129 1 year), it was established in Kaifeng, Henan. In the 11th year of Hongwu in Ming Dynasty (1378), Zhu Yuanzhang made Zhu Ke, the fifth son, king of Kaifeng. In the Ming Dynasty, Kaifeng's economy was prosperous, and it was known as "the thoroughfare of eight provinces" and "the potential is like two capitals". In A.D. 1642, Li Zicheng attacked Kaifeng, the Ming army opened the Yellow River, and Kaifeng city was destroyed. There are 370,000 people in this city, leaving only 30,000 people. Kaifeng was established in the Qing Dynasty and became a commercial port in the late Qing Dynasty. With the rise of national capital industry, factories such as machinery, weapons, flour, matches and tobacco have been established one after another. During the Republic of China, Kaifeng was the capital of Henan.
19481Kaifeng was liberated on October 24th. In the same year1October 6 165438 The People's Democratic Municipal Government of Kaifeng Special City was established, and it was renamed as Kaifeng People's Democratic Municipal Government on February 23, 65438. Kaifeng was the capital of Henan in the early days of the People's Republic of China. 1954 10 In June, the provincial capital moved to Zhengzhou, and Kaifeng was a provincial city. 1982, Kaifeng was first named as a "historical and cultural city" by the State Council.
Youyou Culture Song Du Qing
Kaifeng, Henan. The history and culture of this ancient city are often memorable. Sima Qian, a writer in Han Dynasty, Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi, famous poets in Tang Dynasty, and Su Shi, a great writer in Song Dynasty, all wrote poems praising Kaifeng. Among them, Bai Juyi wrote in the poem Sui Liu Di: "In the middle of the great cause, I became emperor, and Liu Chengxing was planted by running water. From the Yellow River in the west to the Huaihe River in the east, there is a green shadow of 1300 miles. At the end of the great cause, the willow color is like smoke and snow. " I can imagine how spectacular and beautiful Kaifeng was at that time.
The sun and the moon fly like a shuttle, and the years leave marks. In history, seven dynasties established their capitals in Kaifeng. Wei in the Warring States Period, Hou Liang, Houjin, Houhan and Houzhou in the Five Dynasties, and the Northern Song Dynasty and Houjin later. According to research, ancestors lived near Kaifeng city more than 5000 years ago. At that time, people living here were mainly farmers and herdsmen, living a primitive commune life. During the Xia and Shang Dynasties, people living here entered the slave society. In the Spring and Autumn Period, this was the seat of the State of Zheng. In order to open up the frontier, the Duke of Zheng built a city here and named it Kaifeng. In 960, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny and established the Song Dynasty, with Kaifeng as its capital and Tokyo as its capital. After that, it took Zhao Kuangyin and Zhao Guangyi 20 years to end the feudal regime of Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, and Kaifeng became the political, economic, transportation and cultural center of China. At that time, Kaifeng's water transport was very developed, with four waterways running through Kaifeng, namely Bianhe River, Huimin River, Zhangwu River and Jinshui River. At that time, along the Bianhe River, five to seven million mangoku grains were transported from Jiangnan to Beijing every year. Now, due to the water conservancy project in Song Dynasty, Luo was introduced to the Bianhe River, and a canal was opened 50 miles west of Biankou, and yi river was introduced to the Bianhe River, with a water depth of 10 foot, which enabled the Bianhe River and yi river to communicate with each other and cross the whole territory of Henan from east to west, becoming the most important traffic artery at that time. From Kaifeng to the north, you can go to Nanjing (now Beijing) in Tongliao; From Kaifeng to the west, passing through Zhengzhou, Xijing and Jingzhaofu (Xi 'an) in Shaanxi; To the southwest, through LULU, Dengzhou, Xiangyang and Jiangling, directly to Guangdong and Guangxi; To the east, you can reach the coastal areas of Shandong. Kaifeng was an open city at that time, with many religious and cultural categories, large scale and high popularity. Dasuoguo Temple is a prestigious royal temple in the past dynasties, the Kaibao Temple Tower built in the Northern Song Dynasty, the Tianqing Temple Tower and Yanqing Temple, one of the three major Taoist temples, Yuwangtai, xingguo temple Tower, Dayun Temple Tower, Dongda Temple, Ancient Kannonji, Catholic Henan General Temple and Zhu Bao Temple, the first women's temple in the province built in the early years of the Republic of China, have complete religious categories. In particular, Suoguo Temple is a famous temple in Kaifeng history. Many excellent classical novels in China, such as Water Margin and The Journey to the West, have written stories about Suo Guoji, which have been circulated for thousands of years.
In addition to written records, the most famous landscape in Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty is the Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival. Like a documentary, it vividly shows the life scene and social features of Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty 800 years ago, and has become a precious historical material for later generations to study various social customs and human history in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the long history of Kaifeng, many famous people wrote their own chapters in Kaifeng, such as Cai Yong, Cai Wenji, Cai Mo, Ruan Ji, Zhong Sicheng and Wang. The lyrics of "There is a treasure in Kaifeng, and a treacherous man distinguishes loyalty and righteousness" are sung all over the country, and the story of a generation of honest official Bao Zheng vindicating the people is well known. Famous stories of national heroes such as Yang Jiajiang, Yue Fei, Wang Anshi, upright official Zhang Boxing, Lin Zexu and Destruction of Opium at Humen have been handed down to this day. It is admirable that Fan Wenlan, Feng Youlan, Yin Da, Deng Tuo and Yao Yinxue were trained in modern times.
Kaifeng, the ancient capital, experienced wars, fires and floods, and once lost its brilliant color. In A.D. 1642, Li Zicheng attacked Kaifeng, the Ming army opened the Yellow River, and Kaifeng city was destroyed. There are 370,000 people in this city, leaving only 30,000 people. 1840 After the Opium War, China entered a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Because Henan is located at the intersection of the spheres of influence of Shanghai, Tianjin and Hankou, it has become a raw material supply base and a dumping market for foreign goods. Affected by this, Kaifeng, then the capital of Henan Province, was the first to bear the brunt. During the Anti-Japanese War, Kaifeng was occupied by the Japanese army for seven years and was seriously damaged. At present, there are six ancient cities buried at the bottom of Kaifeng 13 meters, and their wonders of "city on the city" are of great archaeological value. Kaifeng was once silent. Tired, she lay in the hinterland of the Central Plains and slept for a long time, almost forgotten by people. However, the pace of the times has also awakened Kaifeng, an ancient historical capital, showing a new style. Kaifeng is rich in water resources and is known as the "northern water city". The touching legends left by many lakes such as Baogong Lake and Yangjia Lake have begun to ripple in people's hearts. The magnificent palaces in ancient times have been carefully restored, forming a unique feature of the Song Dynasty. When I walked into Kaifeng, I heard the sonorous, simple, mellow, euphemistic and beautiful rhythm of the Song capital. Zhuxian Town's New Year pictures were the most prosperous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, enjoying the same fame as Taohuawu in Suzhou, Yangliuqing in Tianjin and Weifang in Shandong. Rich in content, unique in style, smooth in lines, rough and concise, it is the treasure of China woodcut overprint art. Kaifeng's edge embroidery is unique, with landscape figures, balcony flowers and birds, fine needle and thread, no exposed seams, dazzling, rich colors, distinct layers and strong three-dimensional sense, which has become a must-buy for domestic and foreign tourists. Chrysanthemum planting in Kaifeng has a long history, which can be traced back to the Southern and Northern Dynasties 1600 years ago. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was famous all over the country. "In the yellow flowers, chrysanthemum is the most famous. "When Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty came to Kaifeng to enjoy chrysanthemums, he personally wrote a poem, leaving a beautiful sentence of" The wind blows the leaves green and the frost flowers are full of chrysanthemums ". In Yuwangtai, Kaifeng, there is still a tablet of dried chrysanthemum poetry. Every autumn, the ancient city of Kaifeng, the autumn wind is cool, chrysanthemums are fragrant, and flowers are everywhere, which is spectacular. "Flowers are set off by scenery, and scenery is based on flowers." People are in the sea of chrysanthemums, and they are crazy. It's really "October flowers are in chaos, and the fragrance moves the chrysanthemum city for ten miles." Today, Kaifeng, full of new vitality, enjoys the reputation of "hometown of traditional Chinese opera", "hometown of woodcut New Year pictures", "hometown of bianxiu" and "hometown of chrysanthemum".
In Kaifeng, you can see all kinds of folk arts such as lion dancing, drum dancing, stilts, dry boat, suona and so on. You are developing new Confucian Temple, Imperial Street, Riverside Garden on Qingming Festival, Hanyuan Forest of Steles, Western-style clothes, Kaifeng House, Daliangmen, Longting Lake, Lake, Fanta and Jade. Strolling in the brightly lit night market, surrounded by tourists from home and abroad, listening to the mellow local accent of "Miss Middle" and "Very Strong", my mood can't help warming up. Kaifeng in the Seven Dynasties wrote a new chapter in the tide of the times, and it was full of bright brilliance.
local color
folk custom
Temple Fair, Lantern Festival, Bird Market, Chrysanthemum, Night Market, Kite, Cockfighting, Drum Board.
Characteristic landscape
Long Ting, Baogong Temple, Riverside Garden on Qingming Festival, Iron Tower, Dasuoguo Temple, Hanyuan Forest of Steles, Kaifeng House, etc.
Traditional famous dishes
Kaifeng steamed buns, baked carp noodles, four treasures set, clear soup Dongpo meat, white grilled tofu, etc.
Local snack
Steamed buns, cockfighting, steamed buns on the first floor, Ma Yuxing cockfighting, Sanxian Lotus Crisp, Spiced Rabbit Meat, Kaifeng Taosibao, Carp Braised Noodles, Chrysanthemum Hotpot, Dajing Jujube, Hui Mian, Ma Shuang Roasted Meat, Sesame Wings, Sweet Potato Mud, Peanut Cake, Spiced Air-dried Rabbit Meat, Braised Fish, Pot Stickers, Mutton Kangmo, Fried Tofu, Rock Sugar.
Tutechan
Watermelon in the capital of song dynasty, pickles in Qixian county, spiced dried bean curd, peanut cake
folk art
Editing, official porcelain, woodblock New Year pictures, etc.