(1) diet
Mongolian people live on grassland and take animal husbandry as the main mode of production. Mainly milk and meat, koumiss, braised pork, roast mutton and tea are their favorite drinks and foods in daily life. The Mongolians in western Liaoning engaged in agricultural production earlier, so they not only kept the traditional eating customs of Mongolians, but also kept some unique foods in eastern Mongolia. For example, whole sheep soup, "hand-grabbed mutton", Mongolian pie, Lama cake and so on.
The so-called whole mutton soup is to mix fresh mutton with the heart, lungs and intestines of sheep. Cut into strips, cook them in water together, and then eat them with various seasonings. It tastes delicious and is very popular with people. Whole sheep soup is a special diet of Mongolian people, and now it has become a kind of food for Fuxin guests in western Liaoning, especially on the day of "beginning of autumn" in the lunar calendar, commonly known as "grabbing autumn fertilizer".
Handheld mutton is one of the traditional Mongolian cuisines. To make "hand-grabbed mutton", you must choose mutton with tender fat, slaughter it on the spot, peel it into the pot, and add seasoning to cook it. It is a delicious food for Mongolian guests. Because you don't use chopsticks, you can take them directly with your hands, so it's called grasping meat with your hands.
(2) Clothing
Jewelry, robes, belts and boots are the four main parts of Mongolian costumes. Mongolian robe is a robe that Mongolian men, women and children love to wear, and it is a unique costume decoration formed in the long-term nomadic life.
The ornaments on Mongolian women's heads are made of precious stones, gold and silver. , mostly used in festivals and banquets or when visiting relatives and friends, usually wrapped in long colored silk.
The sleeves of the Mongolian robe are long and wide, and the lower end is left and right. The collar is very high, and the big chest button is on the right. Lace inlay is often used in neckline, cuffs and hem. Men's robes are mostly blue and brown; Women's robes are mostly red, green and purple.
Wearing the necessary belts and riding boots of Mongolian robes makes men look tough and chic; The woman has a slim figure and correct swordsmanship.
Mongolian boots are divided into cloth boots and leather boots. Cloth boots, beautiful and chic, soft and light; Leather boots, crisp and smooth, strong and durable. You can protect your ankles from the cold when riding a horse; Taking off your boots naturally when you fall off a horse can ensure your personal safety.
Mongolian people living in Liaoning don't often wear national costumes in their daily lives, but at large festivals or wedding ceremonies, Mongolian compatriots will wear colorful national costumes to show their solemnity.
(3) residence
Mongolian yurt is the Manchu name of Mongolian herdsmen's housing. In Manchu, home or house is called "Bo", so it was later called "Mongolian yurt" because of its voice. Mongolians call their house "Geer"; Han people call yurts "treasury" or "felt house".
Mongolian yurts are simple in structure, easy to disassemble and carry, which is very suitable for the life of Mongolian nomads. Although the shape of the yurt is very small, the usable area inside the yurt is very large. Moreover, the air here is ventilated, the lighting conditions are good, it is warm in winter and cool in summer, and it is not afraid of wind and rain, so it is very suitable for herders to live and use during transitional grazing. At present, most Mongolian people in Liaoning live in brick-wood houses similar to those of Han or Manchu, but they have obvious national characteristics in interior decoration.
What are the cultural characteristics of Mongolian folk customs? Simple folk customs, with ancient colors, are passionate and unrestrained. well-behaved
Tea service: When going to herdsmen's homes or tourist attractions, the host or waiter will give the guests a bowl of milk tea first. Guests should get up slightly and pick it up with their hands or right hands. Never pick it up with your left hand, or it will be considered impolite. When the host or waiter pours tea, if the guest doesn't want to drink tea, please gently touch the spoon or spout with the edge of the bowl, and the host will immediately understand the guest's intention. Offering tea to guests is a noble traditional Mongolian etiquette. In the history of Mongolia, whether it is a rich family or a poor family, whether it is an upper class or a common people, whether it is in communication or at home, on the road, or on all other occasions, tea is an entertainment product. Tea is an indispensable treat when guests come home. Therefore, as usual, the herdsmen will send a bowl of milk tea to the guests, and then the host will send fried rice and a bowl of cream, milk tofu and milk skin. Toast: It is a traditional way for Mongolians to entertain guests by pouring wine. They believe that wine is the essence of food and the crystallization of grain, and offering the most precious food is to express the respect and love of grassland herders for their guests. Usually, the host pours wine into a silver bowl, a gold cup or a horn cup, puts it on a long Hada and sings a touching traditional Mongolian toast song. If a guest is exempted from drinking, it will be considered as looking down on the host and unwilling to be honest with him. Guests should immediately catch the wine, dip their ring fingers in the wine and point to the direction of heaven, earth and stove to show their respect for heaven, earth and Vulcan. Don't be reluctant to drink, but touch your lips to show that you have accepted the pure friendship of your host. Then housewives dressed in national costumes bring fragrant milk wine to entertain guests, which is also the traditional etiquette of Mongolian people. The host will persuade the wine in poetic language: "The guests from afar invite you to drink a cup of grassland wine, which is the essence of our traditional food and the kindness and affection of our grassland people." Sacrifice to God: There is a custom of offering sacrifices to God in Mongolian ceremonies and banquets. According to the Guide to Mongolian Customs, the chef cut the sheep into nine equal portions of meat, "the first is heaven, the second is earth, the third is Buddha, the fourth is ghost, the fifth is human, the sixth is mountain, the seventh is grave, the eighth is water and land god, and the ninth is emperor". Sacrifice to heaven and throw the meat on the yurt; Sacrificial land was thrown into the fire; Sacrifice Buddha statues in front of shrines; The ghost sacrifice is placed outside the bag; The sacrifice to the mountain is hung on the branches of the sacred tree, and the sacrifice to the grave is a sacrifice to the ancestors of this nation. Put it outside the bag, throw it in the riverside park to worship the water god, and finally sacrifice it to Genghis Khan and put it in front of the shrine. This custom can be traced back to ancient Shamanism, which worships many gods, and then Lamaism, which the Mongols believe in, absorbed its ancient folk beliefs and brought many gods into the track of Lamaism. Hospitality: Mongolians have been famous for their straightforward temperament and hospitality since ancient times. Be enthusiastic about visitors at home, whether they are regular customers or strangers. First of all, offer fragrant milk tea and serve plates of white milk skin and cheese. After drinking milk tea, the host will offer mellow milk wine and invite guests to drink koumiss in midsummer. In some areas, there are also certain rules for entertaining guests with meat by hand. For example, eating with a pipa with four long ribs; Beef is served with a spine with half a rib and a fat sausage. Before or after marriage, the girl went back to her mother's house to entertain her mother with lamb breast. The calf bones, chin and neck of sheep are all for the younger generation and children. Receive distinguished guests or place whole sheep mats on festive days. Respect for the old and love for the young: Mongolians have a sense of security for the old and respect for the old and love for the young. When visiting Mongolian herdsmen's homes, you should greet the old people. Don't pass in front of the old man, don't sit in his superior position, and don't sit side by side with the old man without permission. When addressing the elderly, you should be called "you", and it is not allowed to be commensurate with "you" or call them by their first names. Don't shout when you see the herdsmen's children, let alone hit them. Don't talk about your child's physical defects in front of your family. Kindness and kindness to children are considered as respect for parents. Singing: The persuasion of Mongolian people is often expressed by sincere singing. Singing and persuasion go hand in hand. Often after a lead singer, everyone cheers and sings together, and then everyone cheers together. So many times, the wine is full. Singing is ritual, impromptu, one or several people's, and chorus, and its singing is often hearty and sleepless all night. Hospitality: Mongolian people have a tradition of attaching importance to hospitality, which has been passed down from ancient times to the present. The development of Mongolian traditional music is closely related to the development of national history and literature. Poetry is accompanied by music, and songs are accompanied by poetry and poetry. Mongolian folk songs are rich in content, wide in subject matter and huge in quantity, which can be divided into East Mongolia by region ... ";
Mongolian culture The totems worshipped by Mongols include wolves, deer, bears, yaks, eagles, swans and trees. The first sentence in the opening of the Secret History of Mongolia reads: "The ancestors of Cheng Keith Hehan are the totem of wolves and deer worshipped by Mongols-Ba Tiehua and his wife Huo Imal. In addition, influenced by the Han culture in the Central Plains, Mongols also worship dragons, while other tribes have totem worship of trees and yaks. All kinds of totem myths reflect the characteristics of Mongolian nationality and many similarities with the myths of northern nationalities, especially Altai nationality, and reflect the close relationship between them. Wolf Totem The wolf totem of the Mongolian people is recorded in the Secret History of Mongolia and the Origin of Mongolia, and it is only the totem of the Jin family of the ancient begging tribe. After hundreds of years of deduction, the wolf totem has been regarded as the totem of the whole Mongolian nation. The Secret History of Mongolia is clearly written at the beginning: "The ancestors of Chenghe Han were born of the fate of Bortiechina (white pervert) and his wife Heumann Le (white deer) who crossed the Tengger Caspian Sea and lived in front of the Bourhan Mountain at the source of the Wonan River, and their son was named Batachikhan". It reflects the important historical fact that two Mongolian tribes with wolves and deer as totems migrated from the west of Ergon River in the late Tang Dynasty. And "Mandarin? "Zhou Yu" records: "Muxi wandering hound, won five kings, four white wolves and four white deer." Historian Jian Bozan textual research: "White Wolf and White Deer were clans at that time". According to the origin of Mongolia, Genghis Khan released two kinds of wild animals by special decree during hunting, namely "Guowo Malal" (grass yellow doe) and "Brtek Qinchunuo" (Cang Lang), which shows that they are regarded as sacred animals and taken care of. The History of Dorsang Mongolia records that Wokuotai released a wolf, hoping to prolong his life, but he didn't want the wolf to be "killed by hounds". Wokuotai thought it was an ominous sign at that time. Sure enough, he died soon. Deer totem Mongolian shaman believes that deer can manifest spirits and exorcise evil spirits. The hats worn by shaman wizards in Hu Ba, Chahar and Horqin in Inner Mongolia are decorated with iron antlers, and the bronze mirrors and drums used also depict the image of deer, indicating that Mongolian ancestors, especially forest hunters, regard deer as totem gods. Eagle Totem Horqin Right-wing Dolbert Urtuna Subei is the 27th grandson of Genghis Khan's younger brother Hasal. Their clan calls itself the Eagle clan, and the eldest son and grandson of each generation are named after various eagles. According to the Secret History of Mongolia, Chaer, the youngest son of Genghis Khan 10 ancestor, was black. After being abandoned by his four brothers, he was hunted by an eagle for a living when he was desperate. Among his descendants, only Jin regarded the eagle as the savior and worshipped it as the protector. Temujin was framed by his "Anda" (brotherly friend) Jamukha before weighing Khan, and a falcon saved him. According to the tradition of Mongolian shaman, Hai Dong Qing was the messenger of the divine bird, and was ordered to descend to marry the tribal leader, gave birth to a beautiful girl, and cultivated her into the earliest "Wodugen" (female wizard) in the world. In Buryat's shaman myths and legends, the earliest incarnation of male shaman is also related to eagle. Bear totem Buryat and Dahart often refer to bears as ancestors and sacred, meaning elders and old people. They think that people are descendants of bears and call them grandfathers, fathers and ancestors. This is precisely the expression that people regard bears as their own blood relatives, so they call them relatives and treat them like relatives. When hunting bears, the Dalhatians follow a very special set of customs and etiquette. For example, the male bear can hunt all the year round, but the female bear can't. She won't start hunting until she gives birth to the bear and comes out of the cave in spring. After catching the bear, sharing the bear's head meat seems to be the legacy of the ancient primitive custom of "totem communion" In the view of primitive people, taking the blood and meat of totem as the holy communion can consolidate their close relationship with totem and regain their spiritual strength. Shamanism is an ancient primitive religion of Mongols. Shamanism worships many natural gods and ancestor gods. Genghis Khan believed in Shamanism and worshipped Tengger Khan's "immortal emperor". Until the Yuan Dynasty, Shamanism was still dominant in Mongolian society and still had an important influence on the Mongolian royal family, nobles and people. When the royal family offered sacrifices to their ancestors, the ancestral temple and the emperor were lucky enough to go to the capital, and the shaman presided over the sacrifice. Genghis Khan and his successors adopted an inclusive policy towards various religions. Popular religions include Buddhism, Taoism, Christianity and Shamanism. During the period of Mongo Khan, Mongo Khan and the royal family not only believed in Shamanism, but also cared about Christians, Christians, Taoist disciples and Buddhist monks, and personally participated in various religious ceremonies. The Yuan Dynasty also adopted the same policy ... ";
What traditional cultures do Mongolians have? custom
Greet each other when you meet, even strangers. When colleagues and acquaintances meet, they usually ask, "Hello, Sebai Nu"; If you meet an elder or someone you meet for the first time, you should ask, "Ta Sai Bai Nu." Hello.
Hospitality to travelers (whether they know it or not) is a traditional virtue of Mongols, who pay great attention to etiquette and rules when entertaining guests. For example, when eating mutton, we usually give the sheep's pipa bone with meat and four long ribs to our guests. If you treat your guests with beef, give them a spine with meat, half a rib and a fat sausage.
When you are a guest in a Mongolian family, you must respect your host. After entering the yurt, you should sit cross-legged around the stove on the carpet, but the west of the stove is the owner's residence, and you can't sit casually when the owner is not sitting. Guests generally drink milk tea sent by their hosts, and it is impolite not to drink it; Don't refuse the host's request for dairy products, otherwise it will hurt the host's heart. If it's inconvenient to eat more, just eat a little.
Offering Hada is also a noble courtesy of Mongols. When offering Hada, the giver hands down to the other hand, and the recipient should also take it down with both hands or let the giver hang Hada around his neck to express his gratitude.
Mongolians should avoid riding fast when riding and driving near yurts, so as not to disturb the herd; If there is a fire in front of the door or signs such as red cloth strips are hung, it means that there are patients or parturients in the family, and outsiders are prohibited from entering; Guests can't sit on the west kang, because the west is the direction of offering sacrifices to the Buddha; Avoid eating the meat of dead animals and donkey meat, dog meat and white horse meat; Avoid red and white for funerals and black and yellow for weddings; Avoid baking feet, shoes, socks and pants on the brazier; Smoking, spitting, touching utensils, classics, Buddha statues and making loud noises are prohibited when visiting temples, and hunting near temples is not allowed;
Dietary customs
Mongolian herders regard sheep as the guarantee of life and the source of wealth. Three meals a day, every meal is inseparable from milk and meat. Food made of milk is called "Chaganyide" in Mongolian, which means holy and pure food, that is, "free food"; Food made of meat is called "Ulan Yide" in Mongolian, which means "red food". In addition to the most common milk, Mongolians also eat goat's milk, horse's milk, deer's milk and camel milk, some of which are used as fresh milk drinks and most of which are processed into dairy products.
Mongolian meat is mainly beef and mutton and sheep meat, followed by goat meat and a small amount of horse meat, and yellow mutton is also hunted during the hunting season. There are more than 70 kinds of traditional ways to eat mutton, such as all-sheep banquet, tender all-sheep banquet, all-sheep banquet with wool, roast sheep, roast sheep heart, stir-fry sheep belly, stew with sheep brain and so on. The most distinctive ones are Mongolian roasted whole sheep (peeled and roasted), roasted whole sheep with skin or Alashan roasted whole sheep, and the most common one is hand-grabbed mutton.
Fried rice, a unique Mongolian food, occupies the same important position as red food and white food in daily diet. Mongolians in the western region also have the custom of "smashing" fried rice. There are more and more foods made of flour in the daily diet of Mongolians, the most common ones are noodles and pancakes. They are good at making distinctive Mongolian buns, Mongolian pies and stuffed Mongolian cakes.
Mongolians can't live without tea every day. In addition to drinking black tea, almost everyone has the habit of drinking milk tea. The first thing in the morning is to boil milk tea. Milk tea is best boiled with clear water. After boiling, pour it into a clean pot or a pot filled with tea powder and cook for 2-3 minutes. Then, the fresh milk and salt are mixed and boiled. Mongolian milk tea sometimes adds butter, or milk skin, or fried rice. , fragrant and salty, is a nourishing drink containing many nutrients. Some people even think that it's okay not to eat for three days and not to drink milk tea for one day.
Mongolians also like to cook milk tea with fruits, leaves and flowers of many wild plants. Cooked milk tea has different tastes, and some can prevent and treat diseases.
Most Mongolians can drink alcohol, mainly white wine and beer, and some areas also drink milk wine and koumiss wine. They all have the habit of drinking heavily on holidays or when friends and relatives get together. Koumiss is fermented from fresh koumiss without distillation.
Typical food: There are many special Mongolian foods here, such as roast sheep, roast whole sheep with skin, hand-pulled mutton, fried sheep, roast leg of lamb, milk tofu, Mongolian steamed bread, Mongolian pie and so on. There are also folk: thin paste; Milk skin; Mao Mao sheep feast; Cooked roast sheep; Chinese cabbage and mutton rolls; Xinsu cake; Dry the rice. ...& gt& gt
Mongolian food culture There are many distinctive Mongolian foods here, such as roast sheep, roast whole sheep with skin, hand-grabbed mutton, fried sheep, roast leg of lamb, milk tofu, Mongolian steamed bread, Mongolian pie and so on. There are: thin cream, Mongolian standing dairy products; Milk skin; All-sheep banquet is a traditional Mongolian banquet dish, which is also often used for sacrificial activities. Cooked roast sheep, a Erdos-style dish in Inner Mongolia; Chinese cabbage and mutton rolls; Xinsu cake, a traditional Mongolian folk cake; Dry rice, Mongolian snacks. Mongolian herders regard sheep as the guarantee of life and the source of wealth. Three meals a day, every meal is inseparable from milk and meat. Food made of milk is called "Chaganyide" in Mongolian, which means holy and pure food, that is, "free food"; Food made of meat is called "Ulan Yide" in Mongolian, which means "red food". Besides the most common milk, Mongolians also eat goat's milk, horse's milk, deer's milk and camel milk. Some of them are used as fresh milk drinks, and most of them are processed into dairy products, such as dried yogurt, milk tofu, milk skin, cream, thin cream, cream residue, cheese crisp and milk powder, which can be eaten at dinner and are also snacks suitable for all ages. Dairy products have always been regarded as excellent treasures. If there are visitors, they should be introduced first. If children come, they should also put milk skin or cream on their heads to express their good wishes. Mongolian meat is mainly beef and sheep meat, followed by goat meat, camel meat and a small amount of horse meat, and yellow mutton is also hunted during the hunting season. There are more than 70 kinds of traditional ways to eat mutton, such as all-sheep banquet, tender-skinned all-sheep banquet, all-sheep banquet, roasted sheep, roasted sheep's heart, stir-fried sheep's belly and stewed vegetables with sheep's brain. The most distinctive ones are Mongolian roasted whole sheep (peeled and roasted), roasted whole sheep with skin or Alashan roasted whole sheep, and the most common one is hand-grabbed mutton. Mongolians pay attention to clear cooking when eating mutton, and eat it immediately after cooking to keep the mutton fresh and tender, especially when cooking mutton by hand, to avoid overcooking. However, Mongolians in the Mongolian-Chinese mixed area in the east of Inner Mongolia also like to add seasonings to their cooking and cook the meat into crispy hand-grabbed mutton. In some areas, Mongolians also like to cut the lamb loin into large pieces and then fry it into fried meat slices, which is called "big fried sheep". Beef is mostly eaten in winter. It's all beef banquets, and more is stewing, stewing and making soup. Camel meat and horse meat are also eaten, and fried hump slices are dipped in sugar, which is a dish. Experienced chefs are also good at cooking beef tendon, deer tendon, bullwhip and oxtail into various therapeutic dishes. For the convenience of preservation, beef and mutton are often made into dried meat and bacon. Mongolians can't live without tea every day. Besides drinking black tea, almost everyone has the habit of drinking milk tea. The first thing in the morning is to boil milk tea. It is best to cook milk tea with fresh and clean water. After boiling, pour into a clean pot or pot filled with tea powder and cook for 2-3 minutes with slow fire. Then, mix the fresh milk and salt and boil. Mongolian milk tea sometimes adds butter, or milk skin, or fried rice. , fragrant and salty, is a nourishing drink containing many nutrients. Some people even think that it's okay not to eat for three days and not to drink milk tea for one day. Mongolians also like to cook milk tea with fruits, leaves and flowers of many wild plants. Cooked milk tea has different tastes, and some can prevent and treat diseases. Most Mongolians can drink alcohol, mainly white wine and beer, and some areas also drink milk wine and koumiss wine. When Mongolians brew milk wine, they first put fresh milk into a bucket, and then add a small amount of juice that loves yogurt (more sour than ordinary yogurt) as a starter, and stir it every day. After all the milk turns sour after 3-4 days, they can put it in the pot and heat it. The pot is covered with a bottomless wooden bucket, and several small pots with big mouths are hung on the inside of the bucket. Then, an iron pot filled with cold water is placed on the bottomless barrel. After heating, the yogurt evaporates, after cooling, it condenses into liquid and drops into a small pot. They all have the habit of drinking heavily on holidays or when friends and relatives get together. Koumiss is fermented from fresh koumiss without distillation. "Grilled meat with milk wine" The Mongolian people lived on the grassland all their lives and made a living by animal husbandry. Koumiss, braised pork and roast mutton are their favorite drinks, food and hospitality dishes in daily life. Every year in July and August, it is the season for Mazhuang to brew koumiss. Hard-working Mongolian women put horse milk into leather bags and stirred it. After a few days, milk fat was separated and fermented into wine. With the development of science and the affluence of life, the technology of Mongolian brewing koumiss is becoming more and more perfect. There are not only simple fermentation methods but also distillation methods for brewing strong koumiss. The milk wine after six steaming and six brewing is the top grade. Koumiss wine is mild in nature and has the effects of expelling cold, relaxing muscles and tendons, promoting blood circulation and invigorating stomach. Known as purple jade pulp and yuan jade pulp, it is one of the "eight treasures of Mongolia". He used to be the dean of the Yuan Dynasty and the Mongolian noble house ... "";
National costumes with Mongolian national characteristics are an important part of national culture and an important way to understand national culture. This paper studies the characteristics of Mongolian costume culture by using the theories and methods of ethnology and anthropology. So as to understand and carry forward Mongolian culture. This paper is divided into five chapters.
The first chapter mainly introduces the history and present situation of Mongolian costume research, as well as the research methods, significance and purpose of Mongolian costume culture. This is the opening of the full text, which aims to facilitate readers to understand the key points and characteristics of the article.
The second chapter briefly introduces the basic situation of Mongolian people from the aspects of population, distribution and history.
Chapter three, the connotation of Mongolian costume culture. Mongolian costumes are the national emblem of the Mongolian people and have a cohesive effect on the people. Mongolians often wear their best clothes on important festivals, which are holiday clothes. This just shows how unusual the relationship between national costumes and festivals is. Mongolian costumes can convey a person's social status, age, marital status and other information. Mongolian costume shows its use value and function. At the same time, it also reflects the living environment, nature worship and totem concept of Mongolians. Therefore, we can understand the rich connotation of Mongolian culture through Mongolian costumes.
The fourth chapter deeply discusses the diversity of Mongolian costume culture. Many tribes lived in the Mongolian plateau in history. Because each tribe has its own origins and beliefs, their costumes are also different. After the establishment of Mongolia, the styles and basic colors of clothing are very consistent. But each tribe also has some different styles among the people. Subsequently, in the Yuan Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty, until now, due to the development and changes of politics and economy, great changes have taken place in Mongolian costumes. At the same time, due to the change of living environment, it is "mixed" with other ethnic groups. The common life and mutual influence make Mongolian costumes not only maintain the national characteristics but also highlight the local characteristics.
The fifth chapter objectively expounds the changes of Mongolian costumes. As a cultural phenomenon, clothing is a product of history, and it itself changes with the progress and development of society. This chapter mainly describes and analyzes the changes of Mongolian costumes from the aspects of material, style, color and costume technology.
What are the cultural characteristics of Mongolia? The circle is relatively stable, which also reflects the nomadic worship of the circle. We can see the Mongolian outlook on life and values. For example, everyone's life is a circle, and when they leave, they always return to the original point. The white yurt on the grassland is white, so Hada is white, Genghis Khan's mount is white, and dairy products are white. Mongolians believe that white is the most sacred. Colored felt is made of cashmere and wool, so it is more environmentally friendly. The rope is also made of camel hair, and the inside is made of wood, so it is light and green.
Which 5 delicacies are easy to store and are loved by the whole family?