Official languages Latin and Greek

Rome, the capital; After the split, ravenna was the capital of the Western Empire and Constantinople was the capital of the Eastern Empire.

The regime disguised itself as a Republican monarchy (head of state system), followed by a monarchy.

The head of state, the Roman emperor

The head of government is the puppet of two consuls with equal rights, one of whom is the emperor.

Senate of parliament

At its peak, it covers an area of about 5.9 million square kilometers.

Population estimates range from 55 million to 654.38+0.2 billion.

Octavian was awarded the title of Augustus 27 years before his establishment.

The unified Roman Empire split in 395, the western Roman Empire perished in 476 and the eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) perished in 1453.

The first emperor Gaius Octavius (27 BC-14 years).

The last emperor Theodosius I unified the last ruler of the Roman Empire. Romulus Augustus, the last ruler of the Western Roman Empire in Lyus and the last ruler of the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantine, XI.

Edit this paragraph | Back to the top 1.2 Overview? Officially known as the Senate and the Roman people, China's ancient book is called Daqin, which is a stage of ancient Roman civilization. Theoretically, it is still a republic, but in fact it is an authoritarian regime.

The Roman Empire can be used to represent all the land under Roman rule. The expansion of Rome made Rome surpass the concept of city-state and become an empire. The heyday of Roman territory was the reign of Trajan. At this time, the Roman Empire controlled a total of about 5.9 million square kilometers of land, making it one of the largest countries in ancient world history.

After Octavian established the empire, he founded the Fuehrer system, which was called Augustus. The Roman Empire can be roughly divided into two stages: the early empire (the first 27 years-192) and the late empire (193-476). The early empire reached its peak through the Jorio-Claudia dynasty, the Flavian dynasty and the Antoine dynasty (the era of five wise emperors). National stability and social prosperity are called the golden age of Rome. From crisis of the third century to Theodosius I's death (395), the empire was divided into two parts, ruled by Emperor Ilian, four emperors of Diocletian and Constantine the Great. In 476, Odiak deposed Romulus Augustus Lyus, the last emperor of the Western Roman Empire, and the Western Roman Empire perished. The Eastern Roman Empire was destroyed by the Ottoman Empire until 1453, and historians called it the Byzantine Empire.

In 509 years ago, Rome established the Roman Republic. In the 2nd century BC, Rome became the overlord of the Mediterranean. In 49 BC, Caesar, a military general, seized power. In 27 BC, Octavian established the head of state system, and Rome entered the Roman Empire.

1 century ago, Celts lived in the west of the Rhine valley, and were also called Gauls by the Romans. They lived in France, Belgium and Italy today and were called Gauls. From 58 BC to 5/kloc-0 BC, Caesar, the head of state after crassus and the Roman Republic, led the army to conquer Gaul and made it a part of the Roman Republic. After the 3rd century AD, the Roman Empire began to decline.

Before the 5th century, there were other tribes living in northern Europe around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. They were called Germans by the Romans. Later, most Germans settled in the vast area east of the Rhine, north of the Danube and between the North Sea, which the Romans called Germania.

From about 370, Rome was divided into the Western Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The capital of the Western Roman Empire is in Meti Ollanu (now Milan), and the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire is in Constantinople. However, it is intriguing that the eastern and western Roman empires are not hostile, but closely cooperate in many aspects and have the same voice. In the following 100 years, Rome was repeatedly captured and bloodbath by foreigners, and the strength and majesty of the western Roman Empire plummeted. In 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire disintegrated, and the last Roman emperor personally issued a letter of abdication, declaring that the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist and all the colonies of the Empire could be independent on their own. The Eastern Roman Empire was preserved, which became the "Byzantine Empire".

Although the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, its emperor was deposed by the Germans. However, the Roman rule in Paris lasted until 486, when Clovis, the Frankish of the Germanic nation, completely defeated the Romans and established the Frankish Kingdom, the predecessor of France. Later, the Frankish kingdom continued to grow and reached its peak in 800 under Charlemagne's rule of Caroline Dynasty, unifying the territories of France, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, northern Italy, western Austria and the northeast corner of Spain, known as Charlemagne Empire in history.

History? The establishment of the Roman Empire

The Roman Republic was weakened in the power struggle between Marius and Sura, followed by Caesar's civil war against Pompeii. Many members of the Senate were killed, executed, murdered or committed suicide in these riots. The Senate is full of supporters of the first three leaders and those of the last three leaders.

After the disintegration of the last Triumphal Alliance, Octavian and Anthony carved up the eastern and western parts of Rome, and the contradiction between them became increasingly fierce. 3 1 September, Octavian fought with Antony and Queen Cleopatra VII in Aksin, Greece. At the height of the war, the Queen of Egypt thought that Anthony had no hope of winning, so she withdrew her troops to Egypt, and Anthony also went to Egypt together. Then Octavian invaded Egypt, the queen of Egypt and Anthony committed suicide, and Egypt was occupied by Rome.

Twenty-seven years ago, Octavian said that he would remove all powers and restore the Republic; At the same time, he pretended to be forced to accept the absolute power completely contrary to the Republican system at the request of the Senate and citizens, and became the head of state (or translated as "the first citizen"), the supreme commander (or translated as "the ever-victorious general" and "the grand marshal"), the supreme acting consul, the lifelong consul, the tribune, the high priest and the first veteran, and announced the establishment of the Roman Empire with the wonderful performance of "Augustus" Octavian.

Edit this paragraph | Back to the Top Roman Empire-Military

Augustus reformed the army in the first 29 years, legalized the professional army and became a standing army.

The Roman army was mainly composed of heavy infantry and cavalry. The heavy infantry in Rome was mainly equipped with javelin, dagger, shield and armor. Armor is usually made of sheet metal and leather, and later there are chain mail and scales. In addition to the basic equipment, the cavalry is also equipped with beautifully made helmets. The early metal equipment of the Roman army was generally bronze, and later it was mostly iron.

The basic unit of the Roman army is the legion, as well as auxiliary forces and mercenaries. This legion consists of one hundred people. Every legion and centurion in Rome has its own badge and flag, which is a symbol of the army. It would be a great shame if it were lost.

Roman military discipline is strict, requiring subordinates to obey their superiors absolutely. There are also various punishments in the army, ranging from flogging to death. The fleeing army will be executed "whipping and killing people uniformly", that is, one in every ten people will be put to death. The army in the late Roman Empire was mainly composed of barbarians, and the military discipline was corrupt. Generally speaking, they fight bravely by themselves.

The treatment of the Roman army is quite good. Emperor Severus once said, "Let the soldiers get rich and don't care about others."

Roman Empire-Language

Latin is the official language of the Roman Empire and the local language of the Roman region. During the imperial period, Latin was divided into at least two categories, namely, classical Latin and vugra Latin. Classical Latin is written, while vulgar Latin is usually spoken. Classical Latin is very stable, and has not changed from the imperial period to the Middle Ages. Vulgar Latin has dialects in all parts of the empire, and these dialects have undergone great changes and gradually evolved into today's Latin.

Although Latin is the official language of the empire, Greek is one of the most important languages of the empire, especially in the eastern provinces of the empire. Even in Rome, Greek has become the language of education and society. Greek is the common language of Christianity, science and art.

In the 4th century AD, Greek gradually lost power in the western part of the empire, and Latin gained the upper hand. At the beginning of the 5th century, the publication of the standard Latin Bible reflected this situation. The Western Roman Empire gradually began to exclude people who could speak Greek. This caused the cultural division between the eastern and western parts of the empire. Since then, Greek has become the official language of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Other languages, such as Aramaic, Coptic and Armenian, also passed through the empire.

Roman Empire-Emperors of Past Dynasties

● Period of the Fuehrer System

Augustus Tiberius KaRygula-Qi-Nero-Garba-Oso-Vitrius-Wipatine-Titus-Titus Flavius Domitianus-Marcus Cocceius nerva-Trajan

Hadrian-Antoninus pius-Marcus hollier-Wei Lusi-Comodus-Publius Helvius Pertinax-Julius Annous-Severus-caracalla-Machlin Yunus Diadumenia-Elagabalus-Alexander Seville

● The crisis of the third century

Maximinus-Gordian I-Gordian II-Pupienus-Balbinus-Gordian III-filippo de Kious-Heron Nius Etrurias

Hosty Lian-Gallus-Vorucianus-Emily Annous-Valerian-Gallienus-Saloninus-Claudius II-Quintilus-Aurelian

Claudius Tacitus-Florianus-prowse-carus-Numerian-carius

● Monarchical period

Diocletian-Maksimian-Constantine I-Galerius-Ceballos II-Maximius-Lisini-Maximinus-Valerius-Vallance

Martini Annous-Constantine I-King Constantine-Constantine I-King Constantine-Julian-Jovian-Valentine I-Vallance

Gracian Valentinian II-Theodosius I

● Late Western Roman Empire

Honorius Constantine III-Placidius Valentinianus-Petronius-Maximus-Avitus-Ma Yorian-Libius-Cebello-An Timmas

Ollie Brios-Glycerius-Julius Nebos-Romulus Augustus.