1. "Reading" requires "steps". To complete the reading problem of classical Chinese, we should adopt a three-step reading method: the first step is to summarize the full text and understand the time, place, people, events and the author's point of view; The second step is to eliminate the word "death" and analyze high school chemistry for understanding. The third step is to clear the obstacles, screen and summarize, and answer the questions accurately. The above "three-step method" tells us that reading is not only about reading articles, but also about problems.
2. "Thinking" should be based on "according to" paragraphs, topic setting and hands, which are the three foundations of thinking. Only by analyzing the relevant sentences and paragraphs can we correctly distinguish the meaning and usage of words, and by understanding the meaning of sentences (translated sentences), we can distinguish right from wrong, and we should take the right or wrong of some key words in sentences as the criterion. At the same time, we should be good at thinking by using the correlation and collocation between problems.
3. "Analysis" should talk about "reason". The "reason" contained in Selected Sections of Classical Chinese Reading has both situational and logical reasons. For example, in 20xx, the inevitable logic of "the quality of staff is 100, except the official name" and the moral prudence of Hu and his son. In the process of answering questions in classical Chinese, whether it is to judge the meaning and usage, or to judge the meaning of sentences and express right or wrong, we must analyze the relationship between the context itself and the common sense of people and things.
4. "Selection" means that the reading questions of classical Chinese and the paragraphs of each multiple-choice question are relatively independent and complete, in which "topic", "text" and "topic" present various interrelated characteristics, which requires us to always pay attention to finding, taking care of and using these contact points when screening and selecting.
Key points of classical Chinese reading 2 special review objectives
1. Understand and master the meaning and usage of common real words and function words in classical Chinese, and accurately write their meanings in a specific language environment.
2. Understand and master those classical Chinese notional words with basically the same meaning but different structures from modern Chinese.
3. Understand and master the polysemy phenomenon, and make a correct explanation according to the specific context of the word.
4. Be able to identify common interchangeable words and explain them.
5. Understand the content and general idea of the article and summarize the ideological content and writing characteristics of the article (or paragraph).
6. Recite the parts that are required to be recited in after-class exercises.
Sorting out knowledge points
Classical Chinese examination has always played an important role in the senior high school entrance examination. Because the study of classical Chinese not only helps to absorb the essence of ancient languages and enrich the writing and expression ability of modern Chinese, but also shoulders the heavy responsibility of inheriting the excellent traditions of the Chinese nation and cultivating students' excellent moral sentiments. 20xx senior high school entrance examination is the first senior high school entrance examination after using the Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Nine-year Compulsory Education Full-time Junior High School (hereinafter referred to as the new syllabus) promulgated in March of 20xx and using new Chinese textbooks in autumn of 20xx. Therefore, on the basis of inheriting the classical Chinese reading questions in the past one or two years, the content of the classical Chinese reading questions will change. The basis of the change is the requirements of the new syllabus and the influence of the new curriculum standards. Based on this, we should pay attention to the expression of classical Chinese in these two important documents.
The new syllabus stipulates that "ancient poetry and classical Chinese account for about 30% of the text" and that "when reading ancient poetry and simple classical Chinese, you can understand the content with reference books and recite a certain number of famous articles". Chinese Curriculum Standards for Full-time Compulsory Education (Experimental Draft) represents the latest achievements in Chinese teaching research and has a great influence on Chinese teaching. In the fourth stage (grade 7-9), the requirement of classical Chinese is: "Read ancient poems, and consciously improve your appreciation taste and aesthetic taste through accumulation, perception and application. Simple classical Chinese, able to understand the basic content with the help of notes and reference books. Recite 80 excellent poems. " The teaching proposal requires: "gradually cultivate students' ability of inquiry reading and creative reading, advocate multi-angle and creative reading, expand thinking space by using reading expectation, reading reflection and reading criticism, and improve reading quality. Reading teaching in all periods should attach importance to reading aloud and reading silently. Strengthen the guidance of reading methods, so that students can learn intensive reading, skimming and browsing step by step. Students should also be asked to read some poems to help them accumulate, experience and cultivate their sense of language. The evaluation suggestion said: "The evaluation of students' reading of ancient poetry and simple classical Chinese focuses on the process of students' memorization and accumulation, and whether they can understand the general idea of poetry with the help of notes and reference books, rather than on the mastery of knowledge such as morphology and syntax. "If these requirements are made clear, we can simplify the complex, grasp the key points and conform to the trend of reading classical Chinese in the 20xx senior high school entrance examination.
The key to reading classical Chinese is scientific arrangement and rational utilization. In this limited time, the above-average students' grades will be significantly improved. In order to review the senior high school entrance examination scientifically and effectively and prepare for the exam comprehensively, the following are the contents of the candidates' Chinese review guidance.
Requirements in the exam instructions:
1. Understand the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese in a specific context.
2. Understand the meaning and usage of function words in classical Chinese (referring to, starting from, two, one, Yu, Nai, though, Wei, Ye, Ze, Hu, Ran and He).
3. Understand and translate the sentences in the article.
4. Understand the basic content of the article and summarize the main points of the article.
5. Analyze and summarize the opinions and attitudes expressed by the author in the article.
6. I have my own experience and opinions on the content, language and writing of the article.
Analysis:
1. The recitation of China's classical poems requires that every word is not missed, added, inverted and unchanged; Writing poems and sentences in classical Chinese should be not only coherent, but also word for word. In the senior high school entrance examination, I usually recite 4 poems and 2 articles, paying special attention to reciting famous sentences in the content. Remember and correct the typos in your previous dictation.
2. To understand and appreciate ancient poems, we should focus on the ancient poems and songs appearing in the reading items of each textbook, and pay attention to the accumulation of common sense of ancient culture and literature, especially the notes in the textbook; We should have a good understanding of the appreciation guidance and practice in Click on the Content, and accurately grasp the understanding of the poem, its main content and writing intention, and the author's thoughts and feelings.
For some famous works, you should also know the author's name, life age and title.
4. Master the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese and the usage of six function words. Generally speaking, the special usages of ancient Chinese are: polysemy, Tong Jia, flexible use of parts of speech, and different meanings in ancient and modern times. Therefore, we should pay special attention to such words in the text, and we must understand and master the usage of 150 real words and 6 function words in the clicked content, especially the meaning items appearing in junior high school textbooks.
5. Sentence translation should be sensitive to "special sentence patterns". Such as ellipsis, pay attention to add the omitted subject and object; Such as judgmental sentences, inverted sentences (preposition object, adverbial post), passive sentences, rhetorical questions and so on. In translation, the meaning of key notional words and the usage of function words should be implemented, and the tone and sentence pattern of the translation must be consistent with the original.
6. In the classical Chinese reading after class, you don't have to be nervous when you encounter words you can't understand or unexpected. Contact the context, combine the plot of the story (article), understand (guess) its meaning, bring the words into the article to understand, and remember that translation is inseparable from the article. If there are comments under the selected text, be sure to make full use of the prompt function of the comments.
7. Pay attention to the induction and generalization of the main contents of the selected text in the reading of the paragraphs in class. If you are within your own review and control, you can of course answer questions by memory; If your review is not in place or your memory is unclear, you should carefully read the selected articles to collect and process information, and then make a reasonable and brief statement. After reading classical Chinese, we should pay attention to the understanding of the truth contained in the article or the induction and refinement of the personality characteristics of the characters in the article.
Common inspection methods
From the form of examination, it mainly focuses on single reading, and some arrange comparative reading or link reading between paragraphs and poems. The choice of the article adopts the combination of in-class and out-of-class methods. Judging from the examination questions in recent years, famous articles such as Zou Ji's Irony, Yueyang Tower, Drunk Pavilion Preface have a high selection rate.
The requirement for reading classical Chinese in Curriculum Standard is: "Reading simple classical Chinese, you can understand the basic content with the help of notes and reference books." The selection of classical Chinese reading materials for senior high school entrance examination must be "easy", and the understanding of "easy" should be: most words in the text belong to common content words and function words. Even if there are a few rare words or uncommon allusions in the selected text, notes will be arranged to reduce the difficulty, so that candidates can "jump and pick the fruit" on the basis of learning classical Chinese in junior high school.
Question analysis and problem-solving strategies;
In the classical Chinese examination, the common test sites and questions are nothing more than word explanation, sentence breaking, sentence translation, text and meaning induction, writing analysis, character and work evaluation and so on. Here are some suggestions for reviewing and solving problems:
1. Explain the meaning of words accurately. Pay attention to the use of annotations, the knowledge of real words and function words accumulated at ordinary times, use extended association and association to group words, and confirm the meaning of words in contextual language environment.
2. Translate sentences correctly and smoothly. To translate sentences, first, the content should be correct and in line with the meaning of the text; Secondly, the translated sentences should be expressed accurately, appropriately and fluently.
3. Summarize the meaning. Often through the way of filling in the blanks and answering questions, the level of the article, the characteristics of the scenery and the main points of the content (for example, Wuhan Volume 10: What are the main aspects of Nian Gengyao's good use of troops? Please summarize it briefly. Jilin Volume 15: Please summarize the anecdote of Fan Zhongyan's reading in this article in concise language), the personality characteristics and emotional attitude of the characters, the significance of the works, the reading experience and so on. This is the most frequently examined point besides word interpretation and sentence translation. When answering, you must pay attention to it. On the basis of reading the full text, you should be good at grasping the nuances, screening important information and summarizing the main points. At the same time, we should scrutinize the accuracy of the answer language, and strive to be impartial, impartial and to the point.
4. Contrast reading. This is a common question type in recent years. Commonly used is the comparison of two materials, and the relevant points of the materials generally lie in the subject matter, theme, characters, techniques, social significance and so on. Some of them are mainly essays in class, with links to extracurricular related materials (for example, Zou Ji in Changzhou, Jiangsu satirizes Qi Wang Chabr, Zou Ji is the same as Hou Shi, and Huangshi in Hubei and Zhuge Liang's family affairs); Have a plenty of landscape travel notes (Three Gorges and Liuzhou Zhushu in Guangxi); Some articles written by the same author in different scenic spots (such as Yuan Hongdao's Travel Notes of Man Jing and Hubei Qianjiang Tiger Hill); Some use two materials related to the theme (for example, Shandong Binzhou, Yan Zi's "Advising Gong Jing", and Fujian Xiamen use two materials to reward the lotus).
Comparative reading is just a form. There is a complementary or mutually reinforcing relationship between two or more pieces of materials. Some are propositions from the commonness of the two paragraphs, and some are separate propositions. The topic is irrelevant, and there is no comparability between materials. The latter is only a supplement to the former in content or quantity. The test center is basically the same as the single test.
5. Expand the migration. In order to make the past serve the present and apply what they have learned, propositions often examine the evaluation of prose themes and characters' thoughts and feelings, and ask candidates to talk about some opinions in connection with reality. To solve this kind of problem, we should be good at reading the excellent ideological quality of characters from ancient historical materials, reading the precious humanistic spirit from events, and evaluating its social significance with a developmental eye. At the same time, we should also pay attention to the limitations of the times, make proper choices and discard them reasonably.
6. Writing analysis. Including language taste, rhetoric appreciation, structural analysis, article style interpretation and so on. When answering questions, try to use the texts you have learned and the training questions Lenovo has done to draw inferences and seek answers.
Main points of reading classical Chinese 4 I. Content of the article
Fish, I want it, bear's paw, I want it; You can't have it both ways. I want what I want, and I want what I want. You can't have both, and you have to sacrifice your life for righteousness. Life is what I want, and I want more than the living, so I don't want it. I hate death, and I hate more than the dead, so I suffer what I don't want. What people want is nothing more than life. Why not use people who can live? What makes people worse than the dead, so why not treat patients who can be cured? If you are right, you are born unnecessary. If you are right, you can make trouble without doing anything. A bowl of rice, a bowl of soup, you can live if you get it, but you will starve if you don't get it. But with disdain to drink and eat, hungry pedestrians are unwilling to accept it; Kick others' food with their feet, and beggars will not accept it.
If you get enough food and a bowl of bean soup, you will live, if you get it, you will die. Begging for help is disdainful.
Is it for the splendor of the house, the service of my wives and the poor people who know how to appreciate me? For the beauty of the palace, the matter of wives and concubines, the poor have me and you? Hometown is free from physical death, and now it is the beauty of official position; Hometown is not subject to physical death, but today it is for those who know poverty; Hometown is not subject to physical death, but now it is for those who know the poor and love the rich to do it; Is it ok or not? This is called the loss of humanity.
translate
Fish is my favorite, and bear's paw is also my favorite. If I can't have both, then I have to give up fish and choose bear's paw. Life is what I love, and righteousness is what I love. If you can't have both at the same time, then I'll have to give my life for justice. Life is what I love, but there are some things I love more than life, so I don't drag out an ignoble existence; I hate death, but there are some things that I hate more than death, so I don't avoid some disasters. If people love nothing more than life, then what can be used for survival can't be used? If people hate nothing more than death, what can be done to avoid disaster? You can survive by some means, but some people refuse to use it; Some methods can avoid disaster, but some people refuse to adopt them. Therefore, they love something more precious than life (that is "righteousness"); What they hate is something more serious than death (that is "injustice"). Not only saints have this nature, everyone has it, but saints can't lose it.
A bowl of rice, a bowl of soup, you can live if you eat it, or you will starve if you don't eat it. However, when passing hungry people gave it to others contemptuously and angrily, they refused to accept it. Kicking (or stepping on) others to eat, beggars are unwilling to accept it.
(But some people) saw the generous salary of "Wanzhong" but accepted it without knowing whether it was in line with etiquette. In this case, what good is a good salary for me? Do you appreciate the splendor of my house, the service of my wife and the poor people I know? In the past (some people) would rather die than accept it, but now (some people) accept it for the splendor of the house; In the past (some people) would rather die than accept it, but now (some people) accept it to serve their first and second wives; In the past, (some people) would rather die than accept it, but now (some people) admire themselves for the poor people they know but accept. Can't this practice be stopped? This is called losing people's inherent sense of shame and shame.
Second, literary common sense.
1. This article is from Mencius' Gao Zi Shang, written by Mencius, whose real name is Ke, and is called "Elegant Voice" by later generations. Lu was a thinker, educator and representative of Confucianism in the Warring States Period. He is a representative of Confucianism, second only to Confucius, and later generations often call him Confucius and Mencius. He lived in the middle of the Warring States period when the annexation war was fierce, and politically advocated the rule of law by the first king. On the basis of Confucius' theory of benevolence, this paper puts forward a systematic theory of benevolent governance, which advocates the unification of the world with benevolent governance.
We have studied his articles, such as The Way Helps Many, Without Helping Others, Born in Worry and Died in Happiness (including Mencius, The Analects of Confucius, The University and The Doctrine of the Mean).
Step 2 solve the problem
Mencius advocated "the theory of good nature". He believes that people are born with a secret heart, a shame heart, a resignation heart and a right and wrong heart. As long as we don't lose these kindness, there will be benevolence, righteousness, courtesy and wisdom in morality. Based on this theory, this paper expounds that righteousness is more important than life, righteousness is more important than profit, and injustice is a shame. Put forward the idea of sacrificing one's life for righteousness. Mencius believes that life is more important than righteousness, and all kinds of unjust things will be done. He compared two views on life and death and praised those who valued righteousness and sacrificed their lives for righteousness. He rebuked those who drag out an ignoble existence and forget about profit and righteousness. Warn people to distinguish between righteousness and benefit and not to lose their sincerity.
Third, sound.
I hate it when I die.
Fourth, interchangeable words.
1, villages and towns are not under the "command" of villages and towns. A long time ago,
2. Therefore, people who suffer from loss should also be able to avoid: avoid.
Today, those who know the poor are better than me, and they deserve it: to preach "virtue" and "grace" means "gratitude" here.
4. Don't argue about propriety and righteousness in ten thousand: distinguish by "discrimination"
V. Words with different meanings in ancient and modern times
Sixth, the flexible use of parts of speech
Seven, the word polysemy
1, to learn classical Chinese, you must master certain function words. For example, there are some common function words in the text, which are often polysemy and multi-purpose. such as
( 1)
The pronoun "Hehuer" goes with it.
The auxiliary word is the beauty of the palace
(2) and
There is no translation in the table connection, but there is translation.
The turn of the table comes from yes, but it is not necessary.
(3) in
Watch more than the living expected.
What does the object mean to me?
(4) for
A. Today is
B.those who know little have to do it for me.
C. Then why not (do, adopt) all the patients who can be cured?
D. I will die for my hometown (willingly) without suffering.
Eight. Keyword explanation
1, a kind of bean soup (an ancient food container)
2, this is called losing its true colors: nature, goodness. "
3. Therefore, people suffer from everything: disaster, disaster.
4, a dish, a bamboo basket
5, a bean soup bean: bowl
6. Kick with your feet: Step with your feet
7. What did ten thousand minutes add to me? profit
8. There is something more evil than the dead: disgust.
9. Those who give up their lives for righteousness are also righteous: righteousness or benevolence.
10, the sage must not be lost. Sage: A moral person. Don't lose: don't lose, don't lose Bereavement: loss
1 1, 10,000 minutes is an indisputable courtesy: the salary of 10,000 minutes is described as high and thick. Clock: an ancient measuring instrument.
12, you can't have your cake and eat it: you can get it at the same time.
13, so if you don't get it, you will get it: yes, this article refers to: "drag out an ignoble existence, that is, just seek benefits and do whatever it takes."
14, wives and concubines serve: serve.
15, make a hullabaloo about with it: rude shouting. And: here.
16: Know that the poor get me, and the poor: poverty.
17, there is a heart and a heart: nature.
5 the main points of reading classical Chinese in the exam instructions:
1. Understand the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese in a specific context.
2. Understand the meaning and usage of function words in classical Chinese (referring to, starting from, two, one, Yu, Nai, though, Wei, Ye, Ze, Hu, Ran and He).
3. Understand and translate the sentences in the article.
4. Understand the basic content of the article and summarize the main points of the article.
5. Analyze and summarize the opinions and attitudes expressed by the author in the article.
6. I have my own experience and opinions on the content, language and writing of the article.
Analysis:
1. For some famous works, you should also know the author's name, age of life and title.
Master the meaning of common notional words in classical Chinese and the usage of six function words. Generally speaking, the special usages of ancient Chinese are: polysemy, Tong Jia, flexible use of parts of speech, and different meanings in ancient and modern times. Therefore, we should pay special attention to such words in the text, and we must understand and master the usage of 150 real words and 6 function words in the clicked content, especially the meanings appearing in junior high school textbooks.
3. Sentence translation should be sensitive to "special sentence patterns". Such as ellipsis, pay attention to add the omitted subject and object; Such as judgmental sentences, inverted sentences (preposition object, adverbial post), passive sentences, rhetorical questions and so on. In translation, the meaning of key notional words and the usage of function words should be implemented, and the tone and sentence pattern of the translation must be consistent with the original.
In the classical Chinese reading after class, you don't have to be nervous when you encounter words you don't understand or words you can't remember at once. Contact the context, combine the plot of the story (article), understand (guess) its meaning, bring the words into the article to understand, and remember that translation is inseparable from the article. If there are comments under the selected text, be sure to make full use of the prompt function of the comments.
5. Reciting China's classical poems requires that every word is not missed, one word is not added, one word is not inverted, and one word is not changed; Writing poems and sentences in classical Chinese should be not only coherent, but also word for word. In the senior high school entrance examination, I usually recite 4 poems and 2 articles, paying special attention to reciting famous sentences in the content. Remember and correct the typos in your previous dictation.
6. To understand and appreciate ancient poems, we should focus on the ancient poems and songs appearing in the reading items of each textbook, and pay attention to the accumulation of common sense of ancient culture and literature, especially the notes in the textbook; We should have a good understanding of the appreciation guidance and practice in Click on the Content, and accurately grasp the understanding of the poem, its main content and writing intention, and the author's thoughts and feelings.
7. Pay attention to the induction and generalization of the main contents of the selected text in the reading of the paragraphs in class. If you are within your own review and control, you can of course answer questions by memory; If your review is not in place or your memory is unclear, you should carefully read the selected articles to collect and process information, and then make a reasonable and brief statement. After reading classical Chinese, we should pay attention to the understanding of the truth contained in the article or the induction and refinement of the personality characteristics of the characters in the article.