1. materials of historical manuscripts in grade seven
1. early humans in China include: 1. Yuanmou county, Yunnan province, about 1.7 million years ago, was the earliest known human in China.
already know how to make tools and use fire. 2. Beijingers: Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, about 711,111-211,111 years ago, it has possessed the basic physical characteristics of human beings (limbs), but still retains some characteristics of apes (head).
However, the division of labor between hands and feet can obviously make and use tools (this is the fundamental difference between humans and animals), and use forged stone tools (called "paleolithic tools"). Food comes from hunting and gathering, living in caves, and using natural fire (heating, lighting, barbecue food, driving away wild animals).
will save the fire and manage the fire. Peking man site is the world's richest site of ancient human remains and remains.
3. caveman: About 18,111 years ago, the cave at the top of Longgu Mountain in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, was basically the same as modern people. It still used stone tools, and had mastered the grinding and drilling techniques, and could make fire manually and sew animal skin clothes. 2. The representative of primitive farming culture: 1. Hemudu Site: About 7,111 years ago, Hemudu Village in Yuyao, Zhejiang Province (representing the southern Yangtze River basin) used ground stone tools (Neolithic tools), lei and Yan to engage in primitive agricultural production, grow rice, raise livestock and settle down (dry-column buildings).
2. Banpo Site: About 6,111 years ago, banpo village, Xi 'an, Shaanxi Province (representing the northern Yellow River Basin) widely used grinding stone tools, planting millet, hemp and vegetables, spinning hemp and weaving cloth, making painted pottery, and living in semi-crypt houses. 3, Dawenkou site, there are funerary objects, there is polarization between the rich and the poor.
3. Ancient legends 1. There are two tribes in the Yellow River valley: Huangdi tribe and Yandi tribe. Huangdi defeated Yandi and formed the Huangyan Alliance, which formed the backbone of Huaxia nationality. It was the predecessor of Han nationality, so the Chinese nation revered Yandi and Huangdi as humanistic ancestors.
2. abdication system: a system in which tribal leaders democratically elect the leaders of tribal alliances. Yao, Shun and Yu successively served as leaders of tribal alliances.
3. Dayu controls water: by dredging. 4. Xia Dynasty and Shang Dynasty 1. Xia Dynasty: Founded by Yu in about 2171 BC, it was the first dynasty in China.
The establishment of the Xia Dynasty marked the emergence of the early state (slavery) in China. Yu's son succeeded to the throne, and the hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system
the last king of Xia was Jie (tyrant). 2. Shang: In about 1611 BC, Cheng Tang, the leader of the Shang tribe, beat Jie in singing and established the Shang Dynasty.
in about 1311 BC, Pan Geng, the king of Shang Dynasty, moved his capital to Yin (Anyang, Henan). Shangdong reaches the sea, west reaches the upper reaches of Weishui River, south reaches the Yangtze River basin and north reaches Liaohe River.
the last king, Shang Zhou (tyrant). V. Rise and Fall of the Western Zhou Dynasty 1. Western Zhou Dynasty: About 1146 BC, Ji Fa, Zhou Wuwang, with its capital in Haojing (Xi 'an).
2. enfeoffment system: King Zhou asked his children, relatives, heroes and descendants of ancient emperors to establish enfeoffment systems in various places (rulers are called monarchs or princes), which is called enfeoffment system. Objective: To consolidate Zhou's rule.
the vassals should present property to the king of Zhou and obey his command to go out to fight. 3. The end of the Western Zhou Dynasty: In 771 BC, the dog Rong clan broke Haojing and killed Zhou Youwang, and the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
Vi. Fighting for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period: 771 BC (Zhou Pingwang moved its capital to Luoyi, that is, Luoyang)-476 BC. 2. Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong, Chu Zhuangwang, King He Lv of Wu, and King Gou Jian of Yue.
3. The reasons why Qi Huangong took the lead are as follows: ① Guanzhong reform: developing production, reforming internal affairs, reorganizing the army, and making Qi's national strength stronger. (2) Play the banner of "respecting the king and resisting foreigners".
The symbol of Qi Huangong's hegemony: Kwai Chung Alliance. 4. Jin Chu strives for hegemony: The battle of Chengpu (staying away from three houses) was defeated by Chu, and Jin Wengong became the hegemon.
Chu Zhuangwang (blockbuster, won the Central Plains) 5. wuyue strives for hegemony: He Lv, the king of Wu, appointed Sun Wu to defeat Chu and became the overlord. Fu Cha, the king of Wu, defeated Gou Jian, the king of Yue.
Gou Jian defeated Wu and became the last overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. ○ VII. Warring States Period: 475 BC-221 BC.
Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period: Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao, Wei and Qin. Han, Zhao and Wei were split from Jin.
2. The famous battles in the Warring States Period: the siege of Wei to save Zhao (Sun Bin, Qi State), the battle of Changping (Qin Jiang Bai Qi); 3. Hezong and Lian Heng: Hezong (the unity of forces is to attack the strong one) is represented by Su Qin, and Lian Heng (the strong one is to attack the weak one) is represented by Zhang Yi. Eight, Shang Yang Reform: 1, Background: ① The development of productive forces during the Warring States Period was marked by the widespread use of iron and the promotion of Niu Geng.
② Qin is relatively backward. (3) Qin Xiaogong determined to reform.
2. Reform: In 356 BC, with the support of Qin Xiaogong, Shang Yang began to reform. The main contents are as follows: ① Reform the land system.
② emphasizing agriculture and restraining business. (3) reward the military.
④ move the capital to Xianyang and implement the county system. ⑤ Strict laws and regulations.
3. Nature: Shang Yang's political reform is an important political and social reform. Influence: ① The old system was abolished and the new system was established, and the society of Qin State changed fundamentally (from slave society to feudal society).
② Qin's fighting capacity was improved. ③ The social economy of Qin State has developed.
4. In the late Warring States period, the State of Qin built Dujiangyan and Zheng Guoqu. IX. Unification of the Qin Dynasty: 1. Reasons for "Qin Wang Sweeping Six Rivers" (unifying the whole country): ① The strength of Qin surpassed that of the six eastern countries.
(2) The King of Qin made a correct strategy when he won the government. 2. Qin unified the whole country: in 221 BC, Xianyang was the capital.
significance: ① ended the separatist regime since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. ② The first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in Chinese history was established.
2. Establishment of emperor system: Contents: ① Establish the title of emperor, which is in the supreme position. (2) in the central set the prime minister, qiu and suggestion, in charge of administration, military and supervision.
③ at the local level, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was fully implemented. The absolutism of centralization of authority was established in the Qin Dynasty.
3. Measures to consolidate unification: ① Unified currency (half-tael copper coins with round square holes in Qin State). ② Uniformity (length) quantity (capacity) scale (weight).
③ unified script (seal script, later official script). 11. Peasant Uprising at the End of Qin Dynasty 1. Reason: Qin's tyranny.
it is manifested in: ① "burning books to bury Confucianism" (this is the concentrated expression of Qin Shihuang's autocratic rule in the field of culture and thought). (2) cruel exploitation.
③ harsh punishment. (4) Qin Ershi is more fatuous and cruel.
2. Start: Daze Township Uprising. In 219 BC, led by Chen Sheng and Wu Guang, it was the first large-scale peasant uprising in Chinese history.
Zhang Chu regime was established in Chen county, and it once attacked the drama near Xianyang. 3. Battle of Julu: 217 BC. 2. the outline of the history review of the seventh grade last semester
People's Education Edition.
I don't know if it's your textbook. 1. The origin of Chinese civilization. Yuanmou man is the earliest known human being in China. People in Beijing have used natural fire.
3. Yandi and Huangdi are revered as the humanistic ancestors of the Chinese nation, and Yan and Huang tribes constitute the main body of Huaxia nationality. 4. During the Yao, Shun and Yu dynasties, the leader of the tribal alliance was elected through "abdication", and Yu was the hero of water control in the legendary era.
Second, the emergence of the country and social changes 1. Xia Dynasty-Time: Before the Duke of Yue, in 2171, the founder: Yu, meaning: it was the first country in the history of our country to replace the abdication system with hereditary throne system. 2. Shang Yang's political reform: The most influential reform in the Warring States period was Shang Yang's political reform in Qin.
main contents: ① establishing household registration and strengthening punishment. (2) reward production.
③ reward military service. (4) admit that land is private.
⑤ implement the county system. ⑥ unified measurement.
Function: After the reform, Qin became rich and strong, and its national strength increased greatly, which laid a solid foundation for the future annexation of six countries. Third, the establishment of a unified country 1. In 221 BC, Qin Shihuang established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized country in Chinese history.
Qin Shihuang's measures to strengthen centralization and its significance. (Know the map: brief table of Qin administrative system, unified script of Qin dynasty, schematic diagram of unified currency of Qin dynasty) 2. Significance of Chen Sheng Wu Guang Uprising: It was the first large-scale peasant war in Chinese history, which dealt a heavy blow to the brutal rule of Qin dynasty.
3. Historical facts of Zhang Qian's communication with the Western Regions: During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty attacked the Xiongnu and sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. 4. Silk Road: The most transported commodity on this road is silk.
Function: It has become a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and it still plays an important role. 5. Measures for the unification of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty: adopting Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, taking Confucianism as the guiding ideology of governing the country, and implementing the policy of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone", Confucianism was established as the orthodox ideology of authoritarian dynasties; Promulgating the "decree of pushing favors" to weaken the power of sealing the country; Strengthen the supervision system.
Conclusion: During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, centralization was strengthened unprecedentedly, and the unified empire was further consolidated and developed. Fourth, the separation of political power and national integration 1. Know the names and relative positions of the three countries.
2. The measures taken by Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty to promote national integration: moving the capital to Luoyang, changing into Hanfu, learning Chinese, adopting Han surname, and advocating marriage with * * *. V. Prosperous and Open Society 1. Imperial Examination System in Sui and Tang Dynasties: The imperial examination system was established and improved in Sui and Tang Dynasties. The imperial examination system is a system for selecting officials through examinations in different disciplines, emphasizing the principle of taking talents as the standard for selecting officials.
2. "Kaiyuan Prosperity": In the early period of the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the political situation was stable and the economy was prosperous, which was known as "Kaiyuan Prosperity". 3. The communication between Tang and Tubo: Tubo is the ancestor of Tibetans today.
Princess Wencheng entered Tibet and married Songzan Gampo, which laid the foundation for close contacts between Han and Tibet. 4. The envoy to the Tang Dynasty is a mission sent by Japan to the Tang Dynasty for cultural exchange; During the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen traveled to Japan and made outstanding contributions to the economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan. Xuanzang went west to Tianzhu to study Buddhism.
It shows that cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries have developed at a deeper level. (See the schematic diagram of Jian Zhen Dongdu and Xuanzang's westbound map) 5. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, he knew people well and was modest in coachable. Adjust the service system to reduce the burden of labor for the people; Perfecting the imperial examination system and the "three provinces and six departments system" in Sui Dynasty; The laws of the Tang Dynasty had a great influence on Asian countries. Emperor Taizong practiced an enlightened national policy, and the northwest ministries addressed him as their monarch "Tiankhan". Strengthen the relationship between China and Tibet, and Princess Wencheng entered Tibet to close the relationship between China and Tibet.
during the reign of emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy was restored and developed, and the national strength was enhanced, which was known as "the rule of Zhenguan". Sixth, the shift of economic center of gravity to the south and the development of ethnic relations During the Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin.
VII. Consolidation of a unified multi-ethnic country and social crisis 1. The main measures to strengthen autocratic rule in Ming and Qing Dynasties: (1) Strengthening imperial power: abolishing the prime minister in Ming Dynasty and setting up military department in Qing Dynasty. (2) stereotyped writing.
(3) Daxing Wenzi Prison. 2. The Qing Dynasty set up ministers stationed in Tibet: The Qing Dynasty began to set up ministers stationed in Tibet as representatives of the central government, who were stationed in * * * and managed * * * together with * * * and the Panchen Lama.
3. Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese war: Qi Jiguang's anti-Japanese war in Ming Dynasty. (Contact local history) 4. Zheng Chenggong * * *: Zheng Chenggong was * * * from Dutch colonists in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties.
5. Battle of jaxa: There were two wars of jaxa with Russia in the Qing Dynasty. 6. Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean: In the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He made seven voyages to the Western Ocean, reaching the east coast of Africa and the Red Sea as far as possible. Zheng He's ocean voyage was an unprecedented feat in the history of world navigation, more than half a century earlier than the ocean voyage in Europe.
(map, table: chart of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean, comparison table of Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean with Columbus) Zheng He's voyage to the Western Ocean strengthened the economic and cultural exchanges and friendly exchanges between China and the people of Asian and African countries, and promoted the overseas Chinese to emigrate to Southeast Asia, which promoted the social and economic development in Southeast Asia. However, the main purpose of Zheng He's voyage to the West was to publicize the national prestige and "seek treasures" in the West, regardless of economic benefits and consuming national strength. With the decline of national strength in the Ming Dynasty, the feat of ocean navigation was finally abolished.
7. The main manifestation of "closed doors": closed doors are not completely cut off from foreign exchanges, but mainly manifested in strict restrictions on foreign trade. 8. Science and Technology 1. Dujiangyan: During the Warring States Period, Li Bing, the satrap of Qin State, presided over the construction of water conservancy projects in the Minjiang River Basin, which represented the advanced level of water conservancy projects in China at that time.
2. The Great Wall is a symbol of the unified style and the Chinese nation. 3. Four Great Inventions: ① Papermaking: Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty, and China's papermaking spread to all parts of the world, which promoted the cultural exchange and the popularization of education, and profoundly influenced the development process of world civilization.
Printing: Block printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty and movable type printing was invented by Bi Sheng in the Northern Song Dynasty, which played an important role in spreading knowledge and promoting the development of world civilization. ③ Compass: invented in the Song Dynasty, which provided important conditions for global navigation and the discovery of the new continent.
④ gunpowder: it was first used in the military in the Tang dynasty and was widely used in the military in the song dynasty. China's four great inventions have exerted great influence on the civilization and progress of all mankind.
4. Grand Canal: The Grand Canal that ran through the north and south during the Sui Dynasty, with Luoyang as the center, Zhuojun in the north and Yuhang in the south, was the longest canal in the ancient world. 3. The first volume of the seventh grade of history
The first volume of the seventh grade of history review materials Unit 1 The origin of Chinese civilization 1. Ancient humans in China 1.
China is the country with the largest number of human remains found in the Yuan Dynasty. 2。
Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago, is the earliest known human being in China. 3。
Beijingers. (1) Time: 711,111-211,111 years ago (2) Location: Longgushan, Zhoukoudian, Beijing (3) Physical characteristics: Beijingers still have some physical characteristics of apes, but they have been able to walk upright, indicating that labor played an important role in the evolution from apes to humans.
(4) Production and life: making and using rough stone tools, using natural fire and living in groups. 4。
Zhoukoudian in Fangshan, Beijing is about 1. 81,111-year-old cavemen used artificial fire.
5。 What progress have cavemen made compared with Beijingers? The face of cavemen is basically the same as that of modern people; Cavemen still use hammered stone tools, but they have mastered polishing and drilling techniques, which can be seen from the bone needles used by cavemen; They make a living by gathering and hunting, and they can also fish; Cavemen have begun to wear decorations; I can already make a fire by hand.
2. Clan settlements dotted with stars. The most representative clans and settlements are Banpo settlement in the Yellow River basin and Hemudu settlement in the Yangtze River basin.
2。 half way up the hill