First, what is a "ronin"?
The ronin literally means "vagrant". However, if there are shelters, most people will not choose to wander. The Japanese also refer to ronin as "floating waves", referring to people of various identities who leave their registered places and live in other areas.
Since the arrogant reform, the Japanese people have started the first officially recorded "wandering" trip. Due to the establishment of Sakata and household registration system, people who leave their jobs without authorization are called "idlers". Shoto Kutaishi's reform did not completely save the crisis of Japanese society. In September of the first year of Dahua, the imperial edict wrote: "Nobles" took the mountains, seas, forests and wild Ikeda in Guoguo County as their own, fighting endlessly. Either tens of thousands of hectares of land are annexed, or there is no room for needles. "
The nobles adopted various means to annex the land, and the peasants lost their land and had nowhere to go. They either signed leases with these landowners, or fled their ancestral businesses and wandered around, causing huge social problems. The horror of "the old man died at the grass roots and the young man died at the mother and son" is endless. These forced exiles gathered in Yamazawa to carry out an armed struggle against the bourgeoisie. According to Japanese records, at this time, Japanese society often "forced theft and increased it, and hated it."
However, with the collapse of the public and the sudden rise of the Wu regime, some "ronin" hiding in various places regained their status. In the Kamakura era and Muromachi era, samurai gained many privileges in politics, economy and society with their unique identity. The "ronin" in this era refers to the "samurai who lost their master" or "samurai whose territory was occupied by others". During the war, even if they became ronins for some reason, the warriors could still find jobs in famous local places.
After entering the Warring States period, the status of "ronin" became a beacon. During the Warring States period, due to the evolution of the times, the master-slave relationship has long been fixed. At this time, the samurai who lost their master and gained freedom were called "prisoners". Due to frequent wars, many "prisoners" can even belong to seven or eight different families at the same time. Takeshi Yamato, which emphasized "loyalty and obedience", began to demand more personal power from their householders. If there is a slight disagreement, the "prisoner" will turn around and leave, regardless of the obligations of traditional retainers.
The Edo era ended China's protracted civil war and ushered in a 300-year-long era of peace, and the samurai class was gradually displaced with the end of the war. After the Guanyuan War, Tokugawa Ieyasu once abolished most of the territory of the Western Regions, which led to a large number of warriors attached to their householders having nowhere to take refuge. The "ronin" who used to take refuge in different masters because of their belief in "riding the wall" could no longer regain their position, so they chose to take refuge in Toyotomi family in Osaka campaign. It is said that in the Battle of Osaka, Toyotomi Hideyoshi alone gathered 6,543.8+million ronin.
The image of Tokugawa Ieyasu in film and television dramas.
After the beginning of peacetime, Tokugawa generals repeatedly carried out the policy of "cutting vassals for foreign names", which resulted in waves of "ronin". When the third generation of generals returned to China, there were more than 500,000 ronin scattered all over Japan. These people can't get the chance to be an official again in peacetime, so some people choose to be farmers again, some choose to go to Shimonoseki to do business, and some choose to secretly "send" to Daming as adopted sons or diners because they can't let go of their once "noble" figure.
In the middle and late edo period, there were fewer and fewer ronins in society. In the reform era at the end of the curtain, the ronin group actively participated in various political, military and even assassination movements. After the Meiji Restoration, the government ordered the promotion of "equality among the four people", so the ronin really became a "nominal" class. Ronals began to re-examine his social status and turned to running martial arts schools, doing small businesses or joining the army. As a historical phenomenon, ronin has gradually disappeared in the real society.
Second, the professional story of "ronin": Chishui 47 samurai incident
The outstanding representative or professional model of the Japanese ronin group is the "Chisui Forty-seven Warriors". The incident happened in Lu Yuan's Tokugawa Ieyasu, namely "Dog Public Party". In order to practice Confucian etiquette and establish a friendly relationship between the shogunate and the imperial court, Yuan Lu ordered: "Every New Year, the shogunate will send messengers to Kyoto to meet them; Correspondingly, the imperial court will also send the world to Edo to return the gift. " In this way, Asano Nagaakira Nagano, the owner of Akai, was ordered to meet the court in the 14th year of Lu Yuan.
I didn't expect the youthful Heji to disagree on the issues of gift money and hospitality etiquette. The reason is that the financial situation in Chishui is tight in recent years, and the number of courtiers is several times more than usual, so there is some embarrassment of "insolvency". However, at this juncture, Yiyang couldn't control his temper and called Asano Nagaakira Nagano a "peasant who plays with ceremonies".
On the third day after Longkou played the official residence of the imperial court, the contradiction between them finally broke out. When the emissary was about to enter the city, a curtain minister asked when the ceremony would end. Ji sneered at Yang: "You can only ask me about this. Why do you ask this hillbilly? "
The unbearable dragon finally drew his sword and cut it at Yiyang's forehead. When Yiyang was crying and ready to escape, he picked up a knife and stabbed him in the middle of the back again. I'm afraid the situation will get worse if the guards around me don't lengthen their moments.
After hearing about this incident, General Gunji did not deal with it according to the traditional "noisy success or failure theory" (80 boards each), but ordered Chang Moment to commit suicide immediately. This matter is really a bit big, even shocked the nobles of the imperial city, so Gunji's order is not too much. After leaving the poem "The wind blows flowers and cherishes spring, I am still better than flowers, and I have no plan to stay in spring", I committed suicide by caesarean section.
With the further deterioration of the situation, Gangji decided to order Chishui to quit the vassal. This shocked everyone in Chishui, and everyone was discussing whether to "obey the orders of the shogunate or simply launch resistance." In the end, the "temporary compromise faction" represented by Kensuke Ishiuchi won. In the fifteenth year of Lu Yuan, Masasuke Ishiuchi saw that there was no hope for the petition, so he secretly held a meeting of the alliance and announced his revenge.
At the end of the year, when the Jiliang family held a tea party, the "47 ronin" who was willing to die for the assassination ambushed around the kira yamato mansion early. Others used the "fire" of the mansion as an excuse to trick people into opening the door, and then broke into the mansion from the main entrance, side wall and back room. After a hard struggle, Houlang captured Ji Yang alive at a small cost of four injuries. Later, Lang Ren ordered Yiyang to be beheaded decisively, and his head was presented to the Sangha Ku, the tomb of Ji Temple.
Although the shogunate knew about it, considering that the "etiquette dispute" had ended and many people supported the samurai's "just behavior", the shogunate ordered the 47th ronin in Chishui to have a laparotomy in Luyuan 16 on February 4th, and his body was buried in the Sanghagu Temple.
Wen Shijun said
There is a popular saying in Japan: "When it comes to Fuji, it refers to the intersection of eagle feathers, and when it comes to Ueno cherry blossoms." This is a praise for the Tseng Brothers incident, the Chisui ronin incident and Araki Youwei incident.
Among the above three revenge actions, the Lu Yuan Akasui incident had the deepest influence on later generations. From the humanoid Kiyoshi (folk rap) in the Edo era to today's film and television novels, the samurai Akai Shiro 47 has been living in the hearts of the Japanese. However, over-publicizing the samurai's indifference to life is not conducive to shaping children's sound personality. It may be influenced by the withering of cherry blossoms, and the Japanese really admire this righteous act of daring to lay down their lives for the public.