When you mention Su Dongpo, your mind will probably flash his wisdom, humor, calmness and open-mindedness, his fearlessness to power, his outspoken courage to remonstrate, and the first male god in the Northern Song Dynasty who has spanned thousands of years. He has achieved his status as a wizard through the ages with his literary works, and added a lot of color to his ups and downs life with his full soul. When we look at such a soul, a smile on our lips may be enough to explain everything.
In the field of poetry, he and Huang Tingjian are both called "Su Huang";
In the field of Song Ci, he and Xin Qiji are called "Su Xin";
In the field of prose, he and Ouyang Xiu are both called "Ou Su" and have the reputation of "Owen is like a tide, Su Wen is like a sea";
In the field of calligraphy, he is the first of "Song Sijia" (Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang);
In the field of painting, he became a representative of Huzhou Bamboo School because he was good at painting strange stones and ink bamboo.
In the field of philosophy, he is the representative of Shu studies among the three major philosophical schools in the Song Dynasty (Guanxue, Luoxue and Shuxue).
In his 65-year life, he has created more than 2,711 poems, more than 311 words, more than 4,811 essays and countless calligraphy and paintings.
He is an all-rounder in the field of literature and art, and he is also a politician, a gourmet, and a health care worker ...
His family occupies three seats of eight famous people in the Tang and Song Dynasties, namely "Old Su" (father Su Xun), "Big Su" (elder brother Su Shi) and "Little Su" (younger brother Su Zhe) who are known as "three Su". As one of the eight masters in the Tang and Song Dynasties, he is a well-deserved national idol in the Northern Song Dynasty. The slash male god is not enough to describe him, but it can only be used to describe him.
① From "misjudgment" to being a scholar in the examination
Su Shi was born in Meishan, Sichuan, and was gifted. Under the careful instruction of mother's program, at the age of 11, he wrote a fantastic poem that made the teacher feel ashamed, and at the age of 11, he began to accept the "imperial examination education". At the age of 19, the father and son went to Beijing to take the exam. While waiting for palace examination, they met Ouyang Xiu, the leader of literary circles at that time, and other celebrities in academic circles. When he was in palace examination, his article "On Forgiveness and Simplicity in Politics" was praised by Ouyang Xiu, the examiner. However, Ouyang Xiu mistakenly thought that it was written by his friend Ceng Gong. In order to avoid suspicion, he reluctantly sentenced the article to second place. At the age of 21, Su Shi was admitted as a scholar, ranking almost first among 388 people.
A generation of talented people emerged, but when they were preparing to enter the official career, their mother died. At the end of mourning, at the age of 25, he was appointed as a judge of Dali by the court, signed a book as judge of Fengxiang, and went to Shaanxi to take office. During the period, he disagreed with Chen Taishou's political views, but eventually became close friends with Chen Yao, the son of Chen Taishou. At the same time, I got to know Zhang Dun, who became his career nemesis for the rest of his life. At the age of 28, he worked in the history museum and took the opportunity to read rare books, celebrity manuscripts and famous calligraphy and painting.
② From Wang Anshi's political reform to Wutai Poetry Case
Su Shi's father died at the age of 31, ended his mourning at the age of 32, and returned to work in Beijing at the age of 33. In the same year, the stormy waves of politics slowly kicked off. Wang Anshi was appointed by Shenzong as a deputy prime minister and began a vigorous political reform (Wang Anshi's political reform). Two years later, the imperial court was divided into reformists represented by Shenzong and Wang Anshi, and old school dominated by old ministers such as Sima Guang and Han Qi. Su Shi, who was an official in the imperial court, had many twists and turns because his ideas were contrary to Shenzong and Wang Anshi. However, during his tenure as a prefect in Mizhou, Xuzhou, Huzhou, Hangzhou, Yangzhou and Dingzhou, he achieved remarkable results. In order to cope with the flood in Xuzhou, he wrote to the imperial court for funding, built more solid fortifications and built a 111-foot tall building, which was named "Yellow House" according to the five elements to save water with earth.
In 1179, when he was appointed as the Zhizhou in Huzhou, Su Shi published a book called Qiantang Collection of Su Zizhan's Bachelor in Yuanfeng. As a result, the "Wutai Poetry Case" kicked off. Cypress trees are planted all over the official office of Yushitai, and crows often inhabit and nest on cypress trees, so it is called Wutai. After four months of painstaking research, Li Ding, Shu Xu and others of the censor will record the realistic poems of the people's hard life ("Is it that the rhyme is forgotten, and there is no salt in the food in March?" The stick wrapped in rice went in a hurry, and after a while, the money changed hands. " "Reading thousands of volumes without reading the law makes you know nothing." ) embellished as satirizing the new law, contempt for the monarch, and chaos. On July 28th, Su Shi was arrested by the official, and on August 8th, he was sent to the royal prison of Yushitai. Many old friends were involved in prison, and Su Zhe was also demoted. During the trial, Su Shi frankly admitted his opinions on the new law and firmly believed that the sufferings of the people he stated were all facts. This angered those who contributed to the fire, and they suggested that Shenzong sentence Su Shi to death. Under the exhortation of Wang Anshi and a group of upright ministers, on October 29th, Shenzong decreed that Su Shi was demoted to the vice history of Huangzhou Yong ying. On New Year's Eve in 1181, 44-year-old Su Shi left the prison, leaving behind "Meng En's Responsibility for Awarding Foreign Minister Huang of the Water Department of the Inspection School": "I have been tired of writing all my life, and I have never lost my reputation. The horse will go to another day, and there will be no fighting in the east of the city. "
③ From Huangzhou to Huizhou and then to Danzhou
The discomfort when I first arrived in Huangzhou gradually subsided, and Su Shi became more and more mature. When he wrote to his friend Chen Yao, his words were still fierce, and he told the other party burn after reading; And when writing to Zhang Dun, taking into account the other person's character, just words. In view of the barbaric custom of drowning newborn babies, he wrote to the local prefect to denounce the evil of infanticide, set up a rescue meeting and asked the rich to donate money, and asked the monks in the temple to take charge of accounts to help the poor people feed their babies.
Four years later, when Zhezong succeeded to the throne, the Empress Dowager listened to politics. Empress Dowager Gao admired Su Shi's character and talent, transferred him back to the imperial court and entrusted him with the important task of being an academician. However, after Sima Guang's death, Su Shi, who was alone in a high position, once again became the target of attack by his ministers. Political factions such as Shuo Party (Shuozhou School), Luo Party (Luoyang School) and Shu Party (Sichuan School) gradually formed, and Su Shi was regarded as a leader by Shu Party without his knowledge. Su Shi fought alone and was deeply disappointed with the foul court. After the death of Empress Dowager Gao, Emperor Zhezong ruled the country. Because of his great trust in the New Party, Zhang Dun was appointed as the prime minister. Su Shi, 5 8, became a political victim again and was exiled to Huizhou, a remote city in Guangdong. Once a bachelor of Hanlin and a candidate for prime minister, he was demoted to a smoky place in Lingnan, and the gap was deplorable.
After this ordeal, Su Shi still did not change his original intention. He cared about people's livelihood, cooperated with Taishou and county magistrate to build bridges and release ponds, wrote letters to complain about the imbalance of grain prices, helped farmers use "floating horses" to transplant rice seedlings, and constantly promoted Huizhou's innovation. However, Su Shi's self-consolation in his sufferings completely angered Zhang Dun. Su Shi, 61, was once again demoted to Danzhou, Hainan Island. The summer in Danzhou is humid and sultry, and the winter is rainy and continuous, which leads to frequent attacks of new diseases and old diseases of Su Shi. However, Danzhou residents believe in the "witch doctor's skill", and when they get sick, they will only ask magicians to kill cows and burn incense for treatment. Su Shi had to start to study Chinese medicine personally, go to the countryside to collect medicines and treat the people. During this period, with the efforts of Su Shi, the relationship between the Han rulers and the ethnic minorities, who had never been harmonious, was eased.
Three relegations of Huangzhou, Huizhou and Danzhou ran through Su Shi's middle and old age. Prior to this, Su Shi, despite his poor official career, made great achievements and was deeply loved by the people. This is also the reason why he still exuded a romantic and chic "juvenile spirit" even though he was over 41 years old before being relegated. However, after being demoted, Su Shi experienced a disheartened situation and a wandering life. He began to reflect deeply and gradually changed. After searching hard, he finally became a revered "Dongpo layman".
Su Shi's ups and downs of life, both above the temple, but also far away from the rivers and lakes. He is kind, contented and cheerful, he is bold and easy, broad-minded, compassionate and indifferent to the lofty, all of which have become the footnotes of his life and his unique aesthetic temperament in the face of adversity.
① Indulge in life
Su Shi regards Hangzhou as his second hometown. In order to control the silt jam in the West Lake, he ordered people to dig out silt, build dams and plant flowers and trees all over the place, leaving one of the ten scenic spots of the West Lake "Su Causeway" for later generations. He wrote "Two Rains after Drinking Chu Qing on the Lake", leaving a well-known saying that "the water is bright and sunny, and the mountains are empty and rainy." If you want to compare the West Lake to the West Lake, it is always appropriate to make up lightly. "
When he first arrived in Huangzhou, he lived alone in a temple called Dinghuiyuan. He was in a sad mood and couldn't sleep all night, so he had to borrow "pick all the cold branches and refused to live. lonely sandbar is cold." ("Bu Operator, Hanging the Tree in the Missing Moon") Express emotions. The local Xu Taishou has heard about Su Shi's reputation for a long time and helped him move. Since then, the Lin Hao Pavilion has become a "Xuetang" and the wasteland in the east has become a "Dongpo". Su Shi changed his gown into a short coat and began to live in seclusion as a farmer. "Last year, Dongpo picked up rubble and planted three hundred feet in Huang Sang. This year, mowing the grass and covering the snow hall, the sun is blowing like ink. " Vividly show his self-enjoyment. During this period, he read a lot of Buddhist scriptures and combined them with Confucian classics to realize the sublimation of his works. Whether it's "river of no return, a romantic figure through the ages" in Niannujiao Chibi Nostalgia. The uninhibited, or "Linjiang Fairy Night Return to Lingao", "I hate this body for a long time, when will I forget to camp? The midnight wind is calm and the grain is flat. The boat passed away, and Jianghai sent the rest of his life. " Open-minded, or "looking back at the bleak place, going back, there is no rain or shine." Free and easy, all of them constitute a three-dimensional, vivid and moving Su Shi from a holographic perspective. In Huangzhou, Su Shi became the real Su Shi. In "Red Cliff Fu", "The deceased is like this, but he has never been there; Those who are full of deficiency are like that, while those who die are not ebbing and flowing. Gai will look at it from its changers, then heaven and earth can't be in an instant; If you look at it from its unchangeable point of view, then things and I will be endless, but why envy it! Besides, between heaven and earth, everything has its own owner, and if it is not mine, I will take it for nothing. However, the breeze on the river and the bright moon in the mountains are heard by the ears, and they are beautiful when they meet. They are inexhaustible and inexhaustible, and they are the endless treasures of the creator, and my son and I are suitable. " A word speaks to the true meaning of life. In "Night Tour in Chengtian Temple", "On the night of October 12, Yuanfeng Six Years, he undressed and wanted to sleep, and entered the house in the moonlight. Those who set out happily, who thought of no happiness, walked to Chengtian Temple, looked for Zhang Huaimin, and did not sleep, and walked in the atrium. Under the court, if the water is empty, the algae in the water cross each other, and the bamboo and cypress are covered with shadows. There is no moon at night, and there are no bamboo and cypress, but there are few idle people like me. " Pushing our imagination of night and bamboo shadow to the extreme. Huangzhou is the birthplace of Dongpo meat, and Su Shi, a "gourmet", shows his love and praise for pork in Ode to Pork. "Clean the pot, less water, firewood can't afford to smoke. Don't rush it when it is ripe, it will be beautiful when the fire is full. Huangzhou good pork, the price is as cheap as dirt. Noble people refuse to eat, but poor people don't understand cooking. Get up in the morning and play two bowls, so full that you can't care about it. "
According to historical records, Su Shi was the first official to be demoted to Lingnan. At the age of 58, he is still curious about everything, tasting sandalwood, tasting wine, sitting quietly, writing articles and developing recipes (such as roast lamb loin and eel). "Still my old self", he was fascinated by the beautiful scenery in the subtropical zone, leaving a famous sentence "311 lychees a day, and he did not hesitate to be a Lingnan person."
at the age of 61, accompanied by his youngest son, he embarked on a road farther away from his old country and came to Danzhou, which is completely unsuitable for the elderly. Aging and illness are eclipsed by interesting souls. He burns ink for his own use and barbecues oysters to get close to life.
In any case, in the eyes of Su Shi, who is optimistic and open-minded, all situations are just the ingredients of life. Only by studying carefully can we know the taste and let it go. It doesn't matter whether you have been exiled for three times, lucky or unlucky. Most importantly, it made Su Shi, and even more made China culture.
② brotherly affection
Compared with Su Shi, Su Zhe is calm, steady and pragmatic. Su Shi and his political views are similar, and they are also teachers and friends, and they have deep brotherhood. Su Shi once praised Su Zhe as the only one who could compete with himself in the literary world of Song Dynasty. No matter how ups and downs Su Shi's life is, Su Zhe is the source of inspiration for his creation.
When Su Shi went to Shaanxi as an official, he experienced the first separation between his brothers. Su Zhe gave his brother a gift: "Say goodbye to Zheng Yuan, and be afraid of snow and mud on a long journey." Su Shi responded, "What does life look like everywhere? It should be like Feihong stepping on snow mud. " .
In Mizhou, Shandong Province, Su Shi missed his younger brother whom he hadn't seen for seven years, and wrote "When will there be a bright moon?" in the Mid-Autumn Festival.
"On the Mid-Autumn Festival in Bingchen, I was drunk and drunk. I wrote this article, and I was pregnant.
when will there be a bright moon? I fetch the wine glass from afar. I don't know the palace in the sky. What year is it tonight? I would like to take the royal breeze back to the sky, and I am afraid that in the buildings of fine jade, it cannot withstand the cold of nine days. Dancing and enjoying the shadow of the moon, which is in the world.
turn to Zhuge, low-lying households, and take photos without sleep. The moon should not have any resentment against people, why is it that the people are only round when they leave? Men have sorrow and joy and they part and meet again. The moon dims or shines and it waxes or wanes. Nothing is perfect, not even in the old days. I hope that people will last for a long time, and thousands of miles will be beautiful. "
Before being banished to Danzhou to cross the sea, Su Shi and his brother Su Zhe, who lived in Leizhou, met for the last time. After Su Shi's death, Su Zhe wrote an epitaph for his brother: "I started my career in public, and I learned from it. If you caress me, you will be a brother, and if you teach me, you will be a teacher. "
③ Husband and wife are deeply in love
At the age of 18, Su Shi married Wang Fu, who was three years younger than him. Making a wife "sensitive and quiet" can not only accompany you, but also remind you from the side. Su Shi's enthusiasm and boldness complement Wang Fu's wisdom and calmness, and their marriage is happy and harmonious. At the age of 29, his wife died of illness, leaving a minor son. Deeply saddened, Su Shi wrote in "Epitaph of the Late Wife Wang": "You have to learn from your first wife in Jiuquan, but I can't. Alas! Yu Yong has nothing to rely on. " Since he never went back to Meishan after burying his wife, after the tenth anniversary of his wife's death, he wrote a eulogy "Jiang Chengzi Yi Mao remembers dreams on the 21th day of the first month": ten years of life and death. Never think, never forget. Thousands of miles away in a lonely grave, there is nowhere to talk about desolation. Even if you don't know when you meet, your face is covered with dust and your temples are like frost. Night comes and dreams suddenly return home. Xiao Xuan window, dressing. Care for each other without words, only tears thousands of lines It is expected that the heartbroken place every year, the moonlit night, short matsuoka.
at the age of 32, he married Wang Runzhi, who was 11 years younger than him. Leap is not as knowledgeable and intelligent as cousin Wang Fu, but it is also gentle and meticulous. During the ups and downs of her official career, she always shared the joys and sorrows with Su Shi and took care of her cousin's orphans with all her heart. When Su Shi was 58 years old, he died in leap, and was demoted to Huangzhou, and he suffered a fatal blow.
At the age of 38, she met Chaoyun, a singer in Hangzhou, and later became a concubine. Chaoyun is intelligent and humorous, and he is most congenial to Su Shi's temper. Su Shi once commented that "the only person who knows me is Chao Yun." When he was in Huangzhou, Su Shi wrote a poem for their children: "Everyone raises a son and looks forward to being smart, but I was delayed by being smart all my life. I only hope that my son is stupid and honest, and there is no disaster and no difficulty in reaching the public. " And the child died unfortunately. When Chaoyun passed away, Su Shi wrote: "It is out of place, only Chaoyun can know me; Playing the old tune alone, I miss you every time it rains. "
④ Heroic spirit will last forever
In 1111, Huizong succeeded to the throne and granted amnesty to the world. At the age of 65, Su Shi finally ended his exile. Return to the north