(a) A nutritious diet for ordinary or recovered patients.
1. Enough energy, 250-400g of cereals and potatoes, including rice, flour and miscellaneous grains. , every day to consume; Ensure that protein is sufficient, and mainly eat high-quality protein food (daily 150-200g), such as lean meat, fish, shrimp, eggs, soybeans, etc. And try to ensure an egg and 300g milk and dairy products every day (yogurt can provide intestinal probiotics, and you can choose more); Through a variety of cooking vegetable oils, especially vegetable oils containing monounsaturated fatty acids, the intake of essential fatty acids is increased, and the total fat energy supply ratio reaches 25-30% of the total dietary energy.
2. Eat more fresh vegetables and fruits. Vegetables are more than 500 grams per day, and fruits are 200-350 grams per day. Choose dark fruits and vegetables.
3. Ensure adequate drinking water. 1500-2000 ml several times a day, mainly drinking plain water or light tea. Vegetable soup, fish soup and chicken soup before and after meals are also good choices.
4. Resolutely put an end to eating wild animals and eat less spicy food.
5. People with poor appetite and insufficient food, the elderly and patients with chronic diseases can supplement protein and B vitamins, vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin D and other micronutrients through nutritionally fortified foods, formula foods for special medical purposes or nutritional supplements.
6 to ensure adequate sleep and moderate physical activity, physical activity time is not less than 30 minutes. Appropriately increase sunshine time.
(2) Nutritional therapy for critically ill patients.
Severe patients are often accompanied by loss of appetite and lack of food, which makes the already weak resistance worse. Attention should be paid to the nutritional treatment of critically ill patients, and the principle of sequential nutritional support treatment should be put forward:
1. Eat a few meals, 6-7 times a day, which is liquid food and easy to swallow and digest. Eggs, soybeans and their products, milk and its products, fruit juice, vegetable juice, rice flour and other ingredients are the main ingredients. Pay attention to add enough high-quality protein. In the process of gradual remission, you can eat semi-liquid, chewy and digestible food, and gradually transition to ordinary diet with the improvement of your condition.
2. If the food can't meet the nutritional requirements, the enteral nutrition preparation (formula food for special medical use) can be used correctly under the guidance of doctors or clinical nutritionists. For critically ill patients who can't eat normally by mouth, nasogastric tube or nasojejunal tube can be placed, and nutrient solution can be pumped by gravity drip or enteral nutrition infusion pump.
3. When food and enteral nutrition are insufficient or impossible, patients with severe gastrointestinal dysfunction need parenteral nutrition to maintain their basic nutritional needs. It can reach 60%-80% of nutrient intake in the early stage, and then gradually supplement energy and nutrients to reach the full amount after the illness is relieved.