Li Bai (70 1-762), whose real name is Taibai, was named Qinglian layman.
His ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now southwest of Jingning, Gansu). At the end of Sui Dynasty, his ancestors broke leaves (now near tokmak in northern Kyrgyzstan). When I was a child, I moved to Qinglian Township, Changlong County, Mianzhou (now Jiangyou, Sichuan) with my father. At the age of twenty-five, I left my relatives and went far away. I took my sword to Shu. At the beginning of Tianbao's offering to the Hanlin Academy, he left Chang 'an City after being slandered by powerful people for more than a year. He was Wang Yong's chief of staff during the An Shi Rebellion. Because of his failure in Xunyang prison, he was exiled to Yelang, but he was pardoned halfway. In his later years, he went to his uncle Dangtu to be Li Dianhua, then died in Dangtu and was buried in Longshan. In the 12th year of Tang Yuanhe (8 17), Xuanzang's observation made Fan move his tomb to Qingshan according to Li Bai's wishes. There are 30 volumes of Li Taibai's collected works.
There are more than 990 poems and songs by Li Bai today. There are a large number of political lyric poems, which fully show the poet's extraordinary ambition, unrestrained passion and chivalrous spirit, and also represent the typical tone of poetry in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai has a strong sense of self and compares himself with Dapeng many times. "One day, Dapeng rises with the wind and goes straight to Wan Li" and "Li Yong". However, Li Bai's frustration in Chang 'an for three years turned his full political enthusiasm into a wild song of grief and indignation when he was hit by reality again, and it gushed out from his chest: "God never shuts one door but he opens another, and I have no face to follow those who have no courage, betting on pears and nuts for fighting cocks and dogs, and Feng has no fish to eat. Zhou doesn't think it is a satisfaction to bow to the nobility." Li Bai also used a hearty drinking poem to dispel the sadness of his talent. "Drink": "Oh, let a man with spirit take risks where he likes, and never point his golden cup at the moon! Since God has given talent, let it be hired! , spin one thousand silver, all back! Boil a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen my appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a long drink! " It is in line with this unrestrained emotional momentum. The remarkable characteristics of Li Bai's poems in artistic techniques are: magical imagination, endless changes, vertical and horizontal structure and scattered sentence patterns, forming a magnificent and elegant style. Climb Tianmu Mountain in my dream;
"On the straight line to heaven, its peak enters heaven, located at the top of the five sacred peaks, and casts a shadow in China. The terrace of Paradise stretches for 100 mile, and starts to extend to the southeast here. My heart and my dream are in Wu Heyue. They cross Jinghu Lake on a moonlit night. The moon lit up my shadow and I came to Yanhe. Xie Caotang is still there, and the monkeys sound green. Xie Qigong, climb the blue ladder. Sunny ocean, sacred space cock. Countless peaks and more valleys, there is no road, flowers tempt me, and rocks relax me. The day suddenly ended. Bears and dragons raged on mountains and rivers, disturbing forests and making mountains tremble. Clouds are darkened by rain, and streams are pale by fog. The god of thunder and lightning shattered the whole mountain range, and the stone gate was broken and vented in the deep pit of heaven. An impenetrable shadow, but now the sun and the moon light up the gold and silver terrace. Wearing rainbow costumes and riding the wind, all the queens of clouds descended one by one, with tigers as their pipa players and phoenixes as dancers. Rows, like a piece of hemp field, lined with fairy statues. When the big dream wakes up for the first time, the dream disappears, which leads to the feeling of the living world: "The happiness of human beings is always like this, and thousands of waters flow from Qian Shan to the east", "Oh, how can I grovel to people with high status and high positions? They will never suffer from being shown an honest face". This feature of Li Bai's Dream Falling from the Sky has greatly developed the romantic spirit and expression method initiated by Zhuangzi's fable and Qu Yuan, and also incorporated the Taoist immortal image, which has amazing artistic charm and won the praise of a generation of "poetic immortals".
There are various themes in Li Bai's poems. His seven-character ancient poems (Difficult Road in Shu, Nine Days in Tianmu Mountain Dream, Jiang, Yin, etc.). ); Five-character ancient poems (59 ancient poems); There are poems such as Long March and Midnight Wu Ge in Yuefu folk songs of Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. , there are seven quatrains (looking at Lushan Waterfall, looking at Tianmen Mountain, making Baidicheng as early as possible, etc. ) became famous works in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Li Bai was already famous in the Tang Dynasty. His poem "there is no fixed volume in the collection, and every family has it." He is the first poet in China's poetry.
one's early years
Li Bai's ancestral home was in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin Andong, Gansu). He was born in the first year of Wu Zetian's Chang 'an (AD 70 1 year), near tokmak, Kyrgyzstan. According to the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, he is the ninth grandson of the emperor (Liang). In fact, he is the same clan as the king. When he was a child, Li Bai moved to Qinglian Township, Governor Long (now Jiangyou County, Sichuan Province) with his father Li Ke. When he was young, he began to travel around China. Later, in the first year of Tianbao of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 742), Li Bai was presented to the Hanlin. However, his unruly personality decided that he could not be tolerated by powerful people, so he left Chang 'an in less than two years.
middle age
Later, he met Du Fu, another famous poet in China in the Tang Dynasty, and became good friends. After the An Shi Rebellion broke out, in February 65438 +756, Li Bai was invited as Wang Yong's assistant to quell the rebellion. After Wang Yong angered Tang Suzong and was killed, Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned. Soon after, he was exiled to Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). He was pardoned in exile at the age of 59.
old age
Li Bai roamed the south of the Yangtze River in his later years. When he was 6 1 year-old, he heard that Qiu Li Guangbi led a great army to crusade against Anshi rebels, so he went north to join the army with Li Guangbi to kill the enemy, but he turned back because of illness. The next year, Li Bai went to his uncle Li Yangbing. Li was then the county magistrate of Dangtu (now Anhui Province). In June of the same year, Li Bai died of illness in his apartment at the age of 62.
works
Li Bai wrote a lot of poems in his life, and there are more than 900 poems that have been handed down so far. His poetry creation involves a wide range of China classical poetry themes, many of which have appeared masterpieces. His favorite genres are mainly ancient poems, including ancient poems and Yuefu poems, but he often sings swan songs in modern poetry genres such as metrical poems and quatrains. There are two words that were not popularized in the Tang Dynasty and considered to be the works of Li Bai, namely, Bodhisattva Man and Qin Yi, which were called "the ancestors of one hundred generations of lyrics and songs" by Huang Sheng in the Southern Song Dynasty, and a few people suspect that they were not written by Li Bai.
Do textual research
According to Old Tang Book, Li Bai was born in Shandong and his father was Ren Chengwei. Li Bai showed extraordinary talent when he was young. He was ambitious and had a detached heart. He lived in seclusion in Culai Mountain with Confucius, Han Mian, Pei Zheng, Zhang Shuming, Tao Mian and other middle school students, reciting poems and drinking, and the time number was "Zhuxi Liufu".
It is also recorded in the Book of Old Tang Dynasty that although Li Bai was pardoned and exiled, he died of drunkenness in Xuancheng on the way because of excessive drinking ("drinking too much, drunk to death in Xuancheng").
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Li Bai's Life and Character
Li Bai (70 1-762) was born in Ji Cheng, Longxi (now Qin 'an, Gansu), and was born in Broken Leaf City in the west of Central Asia (now Kyrgyzstan). When he was about five years old, his family moved to Mianchanglong (now Jiangyou, Sichuan). His father Li Ke (or his real name is unknown, and "Ke" is a general term for outsiders) is well-off and does not seek a career, so people suspect that he may be a giant businessman. Li Bai spent his adolescence in Shu, and he participated in reading extensively since he was a child. The so-called "five-year-old reading, ten-year-old reading a hundred schools" ("Shang An Shi Pei Chang") and "fifteen-year-old reading strange books and writing Ling Xiangru" ("Gift Zhang") I fought against Ren Xia when I was young, and I said in Jingzhou and Han Shu:
"Fifteen good swordsmanship, princes." Hao Wei said that he was "as hungry as a tiger with bright eyes" ... Ren Xia was even less, and there were several people with knives in their hands "(Preface to Li Hanlin). Cui Zongzhi also described his demeanor with sentences such as "dagger on the sleeve" and "looking at people in the eye" in the poem "Give Li Twelve White". After a long time, he and his friends reminisced about the past, and he also recalled with great interest the past when he broke through the encirclement of the Five Mausoleums (see "Remembering the past and giving Jiangyang the land where he was slaughtered").
He also yearned for the life that the immortal asked a long time ago: "The fifteen immortals never stopped." Li Bai lived in seclusion in Dai Tiankuangshan at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and studied under Zhao Yan. Zhao Kun is a scholar who "sees the world in the way of Wang Ba" (Sun Guangxian's North Dream). His ten volumes of "Long and Short Classics" are the learning of doing things for the country and helping the world. When Li Bai met Su Xiang at the age of 20, he won the admiration of this "great court player" and great writer. In the autumn of the 12th year of Kaiyuan (724), Li Bai "returned home with his sword on his back and traveled far away from his relatives" (History of Pei Chang in Shang 'an). He went down the Pingqiang River from Emei Mountain to Jingmen and Youdongting, then to Jinling, Guangling and Huiji, and soon returned to Yuncheng (now Anlu, Hubei) where Chuanxi lived. At that time, Sima Chengzhen, a famous Taoist, met him in Jiangling, boasting that he was "a saint type, who could wander on the surface of octupole with his thoughts" (Li Bai's Preface to Fu Dapeng). In the fifteenth year of Kaiyuan, he married his granddaughter. Three years later, in the 18th year of Kaiyuan (730), Li Bai left Nanyang for Chang 'an, when he was just thirty years old.
Li Baichu entered Chang 'an for about three years. He lives in seclusion in Zhong Nanshan, making friends widely, hoping to get the recommendation of the princes. At that time, Princess Yu Zhen, the younger sister of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, lived in Zhong Nanshan, and scholars (including famous poets Wang Wei and Chu Guangxi) often visited. Li Bai met the princess, but he didn't get what he wanted, and finally he left. In the summer of the 20th year of Kaiyuan (732), Li Bai wandered in Jiangxia, Luoyang, Taiyuan and other places east of the Yellow River. Twenty-four years later, the whole family moved to the east and "learned the sword and came to Shandong" ("Returning to the East in May to answer Wen Shangweng"). When he was in Rencheng, he had a drink with Kong and others in Culai Mountain, which was called "Zhuxi Liuhui". Later, he roamed Henan, Huainan, Hunan and Hubei, climbed Mount Tai in the north and arrived in Hangzhou and Huiji in the south. Wherever he went, all kinds of poems were sung, and the names of poems were broadcast far away, shaking the ruling and opposition parties. Finally, even the emperor was shocked.
In the autumn of the first year of Tianbao, due to the recommendation of Princess Yu Zhen, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty sent a letter to let Li Bai go to Beijing, and he received a grand courtesy: "Let's step down to meet him, as if he saw the splendor; Give the food to Qibao bed and eat it with a spoon. " (Li's preface to the collection of thatched cottage) ordered Li Bai to devote himself to Hanlin. When Li Bai was called to Beijing, he was full of ambition. The poem "Children of Nanling Go to Beijing" says: "Laughing in the sky when you go out, my generation is an Artemisia!" He wanted to make a career to repay Xuanzong's kindness in meeting him, but the proud poet was soon envied by the court dignitaries. A year later, he began to be slandered. "What's the matter with Bai Bi? The bluefly becomes an injustice "("Book Feelings to Cai Sheren Bear ") and" Although you love Emei, why do you kill people in the palace "("Yu Hu Yin "), these poems are all portrayal of his sinister situation at that time. In the spring of Tianbao three years, Li Bai was released to his hometown. This time, he only served in North Korea for more than a year, but it made the poet's understanding of society change profoundly.
After Li Bai left Chang 'an, he traveled eastward along Shangzhou Avenue and met Du Fu in Luoyang. Later, when he traveled with Du Fu and Gao Shi in Liang and Song Dynasties, he lived a leisurely life of drinking and making paper and chasing eagles and rabbits. The next year, in Yanzhou, Shandong Province, Li Bai met Du Fu again and traveled with him to Surabaya and Dongmeng. With the deterioration of the political situation in Tianbao period, Li Bai was deeply worried and uneasy about the danger of state affairs. In Twelve Nights of Answering the King and Farewell, he publicly protested the arrogance and killing dissidents of Li and Yang, and issued a sad cry for the sinister political situation. He traveled around, roaming Liangyuan, Lujun and Jinling, and also visited Ji You and other places. I wrote many excellent poems along the way.
In the 14th year of Tianbao (755), the Anshi Rebellion broke out, and Li Bai fled to the southeast, moving between Xuancheng, Dangtu, Jinling and Liyang. After living in seclusion in Lushan Mountain. At that time, Lin, the son of Xuanzong, led his teacher from Jiangling to the East, and "wrote three books" (with Jia Shaogong), and invited Li Bai to participate in his military activities in the name of reviving the great cause. Li Bai resolutely joined the army with enthusiasm. Unexpectedly, another disaster happened between Su Heng and Lin, and Li Lin was defeated and killed. Li Bai was also convicted and imprisoned, and was soon taken in by Yelang (now Tongzi, Guizhou). At that time, the poet fell into a dangerous situation that "everyone wants to kill people" (Du Fu's "No See"), so that Du Fu also mistakenly believed the rumors and wrote poems to express his deep grief. Li Bai returned to Jiangxi and was released when he arrived in Wushan. At this time, he is almost 60 years old, but he is still not strong enough. In the second year of last year (76 1), he set foot on the journey again, ready to join the counter-insurgency team in Li Guangbi, but turned back due to illness on the way. In the first year of Baoying (762), Li Bai died in the home of Dangtu uncle Li Yangbing, ending his legendary life. This is Li Taibai's collection.
Li Bai has been wandering around the world all his life, and his ups and downs have made him widely exposed to all aspects of life. His distinctive personality was formed on the basis of fully absorbing the flavor of the times. Li Bai has been generous and conceited since he was a child. "He often wants to be a blockbuster and soar, but he gradually walks towards Joe, and he can't do it." (Fan's Preface to the Tombstone of Hanlin Bachelor Li in Tang You Collection). He has a strong Ren Xia style: he values martial arts over Confucianism, ignores details, spends money like water, and is arrogant. When I was young, I traveled eastward for less than a year and scattered more than 300 thousand. If there are sons who are down and out, I will help them "(Li Bai's History of Shang An Pei Chang). He likes drinking and is good at riding and shooting. He disdained to follow the usual path of ordinary scholars from the imperial examination to the official position, but hoped to achieve great things in one fell swoop. He is not without pious pursuit of immortality and learning Taoism, and collecting herbal alchemy. Dugu also said that when he went out, his luggage was "full of fairy medicine and Taoist scriptures" ("Cao Nan sent Li Baixu"). Even, he got a seal from a respected teacher in Shandong, Gao Daoyin, and completed the ceremony of becoming a monk. He is obsessed with dispute resolution consultants and has the style of a strategist. Cui Zongzhi said that he "speaks in the palm of his hand and is absolutely superb." Distinguish between Chu and Han, it seems that the king of Chu is very overbearing "("Give Li "). The Book of the New Tang Dynasty and Biography of Literature and Art also said that he "likes vertical and horizontal techniques". In short, "Shang Zhi Daoism means that immortals can cause it; Don't ask for small officials, don't do things for the world "(Liu's" Bachelor of Hanlin in Tang Dynasty "), his ideal in life is to be detached from things and actively join the WTO. The above aspects are the remarkable characteristics of social fashion and cultural spirit in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Therefore, Li Bai has naturally become the favorite interpersonal style of contemporary people. For example, for the sake of white elegance, Ren Hua and Wei Wanxiang traveled thousands of miles; When he saw Li Bai, the "Siming Crazy" called him a "fallen fairy" and took off the scarab he carried with him as a gift. Master Wuqi is willing to go through fire and water to get back the poet's children in Donglu through the rebel-occupied area of An Lushan, and so on. It is through his personality projection that Li Bai's poems and songs reflect the spirit of the times, thus becoming the strongest voice in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.
Artistic sublimation of the ideal of the times
Li Bai's poems and songs are typical representatives of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Throughout his life, the poet eulogized the ideal life with a naive heart. Whenever and wherever, he always embraces the whole world enthusiastically, pursues full action, merits and enjoyment, has a keen sense of all beautiful things, grasps the reality but is not satisfied with it, throws himself into the torrent of life and transcends hardships, and realizes his value in a high-spirited state. If the ideal color is the main feature of the poetic style in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, then Li Bai walked in the forefront of the times with more forward-looking ideal singing.
Li Bai's poems and songs enriched and developed the heroic artistic theme in the poems of the prosperous Tang Dynasty. Like other scribes of his time, he had great ambitions. The so-called "Shen's words, seeking the skills of the emperor, enlightening the wisdom of the emperor, and willing to help it." It is his most persistent belief in life to make the atlas area big and the sea county clear ("Dai Shoushan answers Meng Shaofu's command document"). It may be doubtful whether Li Bai has the practical ability to engage in political activities in a complex power structure, but as a poet, this belief has more become the starting point for him to pursue and praise the magnificent life. He drew strength from the manners and styles of countless ancient heroes and projected realistic ideals into history, thus establishing a gallery of heroes in his poems. He praised the heroes who rose on the grass and in the world. For example, Fu Liangyin wrote: "Eighty years ago, you sang in the morning and came to Weibin for fishing; I would rather be ashamed of my white hair and take water as light. When I meet the times, I will be strong and thoughtful. Wide open fishing, dark and close in the wind. The Great Tiger became stupid and unpredictable, which was quite common in those days. "Praise the righteous who regard fame and fortune as dirt. For example, in the tenth part of Bo Gu, Lv Zhonglian wrote: "Qi has a charming life, and Lv Lian is wonderful. When the bright moon comes out of the sea, it will shine once. However, Qin Zhenying sounded the golden bell, and later generations looked back. Gu Xiangping laughed when she was indifferent to her daughter's gift. I am also a slut, and my clothes can be adjusted to the same color. "Praise the British monarch who is thirsty for talents, such as the second part of it is hard to go:" Didn't you see that the former prince respected talents, built high platforms and provided gold to talented people? Bend down and sweep the floor to welcome them? ? Xin, in the play, is grateful and serves him wholeheartedly. Both of them are full of intrigues. Now that the king's bones are buried, who will clean the floor of the golden terrace again? ! "Praise those famous ministers who are arrogant and unruly and insist on the dignity of cloth, such as Li Shiqi in Fu Liangyin:" You didn't see that Levin drinkers were drafting, and they had long praised Shandong Longzhonggong; Beginners don't worship eloquence, but two women quit washing and following the trend. Seventy-two Li Dong, Qi Cheng, commanded Chu and Han to be a whirlwind. Crazy people are down and out, let alone strong men! "Most of his heroes are all-powerful figures in the turbulent and chaotic historical stage, and they can't do without lyric heroes. For example, in a poem about rewarding friends and friends, he said, "Feng Shui is like seeing capital, so you can throw a shot to help the emperor." ("Wang Sima and Yan Zhengzi are rewarding the country with snow") "You say it yourself, who can make it? I advise you to close the door. (Give a gift to Yangshan people after driving to the Hot Spring Palace) After waking up, he expressed his ambition: "Fu Shuo is the squad leader and Reese is the eagle dog. It is best to get up and work hard. " (Drunk at the Dragon Gate on a Winter Night) Since the Anshi Rebellion, Li Bai has regarded the situation as a struggle between Chu and Han, and regarded Sean and Han Xin as his own situation: "It's quite like a struggle between Chu and Han, and there is no end to it." Towards Bolangsha, enter Huaiyin City at dusk. Sean did not satisfy Han Xin's poverty, and Liu Xiangcun died in two ministers. I'm going to get off for the time being, and I'm going to vote for the floating mother as my master. "After he entered the Yongwanglin shogunate, he compared himself with Xie An:" But Xie Anshi from Dongshan is used to laughing and cursing the quiet Hu Sha for you. " (The Second Song of Dong Xunge) Until he joined the army at the age of 60, he also promised himself with Meng in The Legend of Heroes in the Western Han Dynasty:
"Thank you for your illness, but there is no reason to tax in the southeast. Yafu doesn't care about it, and Meng Xian blocks it. "
Li Bai, who was born in the prosperous times, pays tribute to the heroes in troubled times, of course, not just remembering the past. Because through such characters, the poet can express his spirit and enthusiasm, and express his life desire to establish brilliant achievements and actively create self-value in history. At the same time, it has also become a personalized portrayal of the ideals of the times.
Li Bai unified the ideal of saving the world with unrestrained personality freedom to realize a complete life. His design of the road to life is divided into two steps: the first step is to build great achievements. If there is a cloud: "If there is no help to replace people's hearts, what is the benefit of being a good person alone?" ("To Minister Wei Zichun") "When two dragons fight, heaven and earth move. Wine dances with swords, and Han fights for urgent solutions. " ("Send Zhang Xiucai to Visit Senior High School Cheng") After he became famous, he did not covet fame and fortune, took "Five Lakes" and "Cangzhou" as his home and yearned for a free life. In his early years, in his career, he did not deny this: "When he succeeded, he brushed his clothes and swayed beside Cangzhou." Don't give up this point when you are most proud of your career: "Thank you for your success, and then throw a fish." ("Hanlin Xuetan") "Wait for me to report to the Lord, and then lie with me in the white clouds." ("Give a gift to Yangshan people after driving to the hot spring palace") Until his later years, he was still determined: "Finally, I will go to the five lakes with peace." This ideal of life embodies the poet's sense of "shame" and love of freedom: "I can make contributions to Liaocheng with an arrow. In the end, I got nothing in return, and I was ashamed to be with people at that time. " ("On the East Tour in May")
"At first glance, Geng Jie died in the grass and didn't ask for a golden cage. "These poems are the self-expression of the poet's mind. Because his sense of freedom is too strong, his anger and resistance are particularly strong when he encounters obstacles from ugly forces in real life.
Among the ancient poets in China, Li Bai's personality was very active and liberated.
He has never shown his fame in his life, but he has high expectations. He despised the rich and powerful, unscrupulously mocked the hierarchical order centered on political power, criticized the political phenomenon of corruption, and carried forward the heroic spirit in the prosperous Tang culture with a bold rebellious attitude.
Li Bai's anti-power thought is becoming more and more conscious and mature with the enrichment of life practice. In the early days, it was mainly manifested in the equal requirements of "unyielding oneself, not being a man" and "making friends with princes", as he said in his poem: "I was drunk in Chang 'an, and five kings and seven people shared a glass of wine. In the face of heroism, the romantic spirit will fall behind others! " ("Letter from Liu Yelang to the Judge") "Encourage the nine masters to make waves and be young and ignorant." ("Ode to the Jade Pot") He sometimes makes some grandiose remarks that despise powerful people, such as "Golden jade buys songs and laughs, and drunkenness makes the moon light of princes" ("Remembering the past, sending the county yuan to join the army"). But he mainly shows his inner pride. With the understanding of the actual situation of high-level power groups, he further revealed the opposition between Buyi and dignitaries: "Zhu Yu buys songs and laughs, wasting talents." (The fifteenth time of "Ancient Style") "The sparrow is in the phoenix tree nest, and the thorn is in the phoenix." ("Bo Gu" Article 39) "Chickens gather for food, and chickens fly alone without neighbors. Dragonflies laugh at dragons, while fish are mixed; Wear brocade, wait on a negative salary. "
("Song Shi Song Cen Zheng Jun") and mocked those who stole power for flattering the emperor, such as "Bo Gu" 24:
The cart flies dust, and the pavilion is dark in the afternoon. China is more expensive than gold, and Lianyun has a room. He Huihe was crowned king of cockfighting. When the rainbow is dried in one breath, pedestrians are afraid. There is no such thing as washing your ears, only washing Yao and your feet!
In "Heavenly Mountain", he made the loudest sound:
Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those people with high status and high office? They never want people to see a sincere face!
The significance of this artistic generalization in Li Bai's poems is as important as Du Fu's famous sentence "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Sing 500 words from Beijing"). In the deteriorating political situation at the end of Tianbao, Li Bai linked anti-dignitary with extensive social criticism. For example, answering the king's twelve cold nights with loneliness not only bravely fought for the fallen sages, but also expressed disappointment and contempt for the court:
If you are not in Beihai, Li See, where is the heroic spirit? You can't see Pei Shangshu, but there are three feet of Artemisia spines in the earth grave. Teenagers have long wanted to go to the Five Lakes. Seeing this, they spared Zhong Ding.
Li Bai even sharply reprimanded Xuanzong himself in the way of satirizing modern people in his poems, such as Book Feeling, My Friend, Fifty-one Ancient Styles, Ascending to the Far Sea, etc.
In a word, it can be said that he developed the anti-power theme in Tang poetry to the point of dripping and hearty. Ren Hua said that Li Bai "lived for decades and never lost his color for a day" ("Miscellaneous Words Send Li Bai"). This consciousness of never giving in to power and bravely resisting for self-dignity is an important content of attaching importance to personal value since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and it is also a tradition of attaching importance to strength and character. It is under the new historical conditions that Li Bai inherited and carried forward this excellent tradition and became a new star in poetry.
Li Bai's poems and songs are full of passion and love for life. His poems are often full of childlike wildness, such as: "Two people love each other, one cup after another." I'm so drunk that I want to sleep, and I'm going to hold the Ming dynasty piano. "("lovers in the mountains ")" sleeves are long and light, and Hanzhong is too drunk to dance. I was wearing a brocade robe, drunk and sleeping on the ground. " ("reminiscing about the past, traveling to the county to join the army") "The sunset wants to catch up with the flowers and get lost. The children in Xiangyang clapped their hands together and stopped to sing "White brass cymbals". I'm sorry to ask you what you're laughing at, but I'm so drunk. " Life is like strong liquor, which fascinates poets. Of course, this does not mean that there is no sorrow and pain in life, but the poet's optimism is enough to enable him to transcend and overcome his sense of hardship. The so-called "life is full of sorrow? "Drinking and Climbing the Stairs" (Song of Liangyuan) and "Drunk at the Pond, Not at the Tears Monument" (Xiangyang Qu IV) are the portrayal of his broad-minded mentality. One of his three songs, Hard to Walk:
The cost of pure wine is 10 thousand copper coins for a gold cup and a hip flask, and Zhen is ashamed of 10 thousand dollars. I threw the food bar and cup aside. I couldn't eat or drink. I pulled out my dagger and looked around in vain. I want to cross the Yellow River, but the ice has blocked the ferry and Taihang Mountain will be covered with snow. I will sit on the fishing rod and lean lazily by the stream, but I suddenly dream of sailing to the sun with a boat. Difficult to walk, difficult to walk, many roads, today's safety! One day, I will ride the wind and waves, raise the Yun Fan and cross the sea.
Even if you write the sadness of losing your way, there is no cold and bitter danger and bitter words. The images of the Yellow River, Taihang, the sea and the sun in the poem, as well as the majestic posture of drawing the sword and looking around, and the reverie of sailing across the sea, all have magnificent feelings. He is never satisfied with loneliness and loneliness, such as drinking with the moon alone:
No friend drinks the flowers in the next pot of wine alone. Raise my cup, I invite the bright moon, which brings me its shadow and makes us three people. The moon doesn't know how to drink, but the shadow in front of it is behind. I have to mingle with them and enjoy the happiness of spring. I sing a bright and wandering song, and I dance the shadow before wandering. Wake up happy together, get drunk and disperse separately. I am willing to stay with them forever and forget the damage of friendship, just like the Milky Way in the Milky Way.
Only a energetic poet can make such a whimsical idea. He has a "short song line", and the idea is: "I want to win the six dragons and go back to the car to hang the fusang. With the help of the Big Dipper, each dragon suggested that they drink a glass of wine, so that they all fell asleep and could not stay awake. Wealth is not what you want, you are in your twilight years. " Here, there is no old man's sigh, but he expressed his infinite attachment to life with his naive imagination of "persuading wine", and appealed to the beautiful humanity submerged by vulgar life with his pure interest, thus gaining permanent charm.
Li Bai has a strong feeling for nature, and he is good at integrating his personality into natural scenery, which makes his landscapes and valleys have idealized colors. He said in the poem "Sunrise": "I will include a big piece, I will be noble and have the same theme." He also said: "Yangchun told me to smoke, and I took articles on big holidays."
Li Bai is heroic and pursues a pure and noble state of mind. These different personality profiles also form two types of his artistic conception of mountains and rivers: one is to highlight the beauty of strength and movement in the majestic mountains and rivers, and express his lofty sentiments and strong thoughts in the majestic artistic conception; The other is to deliberately pursue the beauty of brightness and clarity, and express innocent feelings in a beautiful artistic conception. For example, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River in his works roared and flowed endlessly: "How can the water of the Yellow River go out of heaven and into the ocean, and never return" ("Into the Wine"); "The Wan Li of the Yellow River touches the mountain, and the center of the whirlpool turns to Qin Mine ... The genius growls and breaks the two mountains, and Hongbo shoots the East China Sea" ("Xiyue Yuntai Song sends Dan Qiu Zi"); "I climbed up. I look at the whole world, and the vast rivers will go or not.
The wind blows the yellow clouds for hundreds of miles, and the snow flows around the white peaks for nine times. "(Lu's" Taishiling Lu Xu ") Poseidon has been to the evil wind, and the waves hit the stone wall of Tianmen. What happened in Zhejiang in August? Snow in Taosi Mountain "(Hengjiang Ci). The peaks in his works are towering and steep: "The highest cliff is only one foot away from the sky, and the withered pine trees hang down from the cliff surface" (Difficult Road to Shu);
"On the straight line to heaven, its peak enters heaven, reaches the top of the Five Holy Peaks, and casts a shadow in China; Tiantai Mountain stretches for hundreds of miles and begins to extend to the southeast here. He endowed mountains and rivers with lofty aesthetic feeling with heroism in his chest. His praise of the great power of nature is also a tribute to the far-sighted and unremitting ideals of life. Extraordinary natural image and proud heroic character are integrated. At the same time, Li Bai also wrote many beautiful landscape poems. For example, "people travel around the moon, ships travel in the air" ("Send Wei Wan, a native of Wuwangshan, back to the palace"); "People ride on the moon in Shanghai, and the sails fall into the sky in the lake" ("Looking for Yang to send his younger brother on a long trip to Poyang Sima Zuo"); "The moon turns with the green hills, and the green hills flow with the water. If you are above the Milky Way, you will feel the secluded place in Yunlin "("On a Moonlit Night, Jiang Xing sends a record outside Cuiyuan "); "Jinling night is quiet and cool, looking at the five mountains in the west wing alone. The white clouds reflect the water and shake the empty city, and the white dew drops the beads and falls on the autumn moon "("Jinling West Building Moon "). These poems are famous for their clarity and purity.
Li Bai's landscape poems are not so much a realistic description of natural features as a reformed and idealized picture according to the poet's personality. He just wants to grasp the overall momentum or atmosphere, suddenly excited on the basis of splashing ink and freehand brushwork, but ignores the specific details, and even often doesn't care about the order of visual transfer of the scenery. Li Bai's landscape poems are pervasive and lyrical. He is good at infiltrating and blending mountains and rivers with specific emotions, and there is a subtle relationship between the situation of "scenery" and the characteristics of "emotion" For example, when he left Shu for the first time, he wrote Farewell to Friends at Jingmen Ferry:
Sail from Jingmen Ferry, and you will soon be with people in the south. There is the end of the mountain range and the beginning of the plain, and the river winds through the wilderness. The moon rises like a mirror, and the sea clouds twinkle like palaces. Water brings you the feeling of home, dragging your boat for 300 miles.