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What is the reason, process, time and background of the disintegration of the Soviet Union?
The disintegration of the Soviet Union is one of the most important historical events in the 20th century. The reason is very complicated, but the process seems to be beyond the imagination of most people at that time. Exploring the reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union is helpful for us to recognize all kinds of events in the world today, which is of great significance to China, a big socialist country.

How to evaluate the Soviet Union is a complicated problem for China, a socialist country. China and the Soviet Union had a honeymoon period and tense relations for more than 20 years. But personally, from China's standpoint, the disintegration of the Soviet Union is definitely not a good thing. China has normalized relations with the United States and the Soviet Union successively, and the strategic situation is excellent.

In the eyes of the East and the West, China is the object of struggle, and for the first time, China has the national conditions to meet these two needs. The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the 9 1 1 incident pushed China to the forefront of the international situation, and the strategic situation deteriorated sharply. As the people of China, they never want to see the disaster of the Soviet Union, let alone see the history of the Soviet Union repeat itself.

I am very interested in the Soviet Union. The events and figures involved in this article are as accurate as possible, but due to the limited level, I hope you can point out the mistakes and omissions.

1991August19 to 2 1 day were three days that shocked the world. Soviet Vice President yanayev announced that President Gorbachev could not perform his duties as president due to health reasons, and set up a "National Emergency Committee" to exercise all the rights of the country and implement a six-month state of emergency throughout the Soviet Union.

The nature of this incident can be said that the showdown between the forces supporting socialism within CPSU and the right-wing forces headed by Yersin is an important action to save the disintegration of the Soviet Union and CPSU. From China's standpoint, this action is positive, and it is a positive action to save the socialist system of the Soviet Union.

The Cause and Background of "1" and "8. 19" Events

On May 1985, Gorbachev, 54, was elected General Secretary of CPSU and Chairman of the National Defense Commission. Faced with the political, economic and national crisis in the Soviet Union, Gorbachev put forward the so-called "reform and new thinking", whose central idea was to promote the "democratization" and "opening up" and "new diplomatic thinking" of the Soviet Union.

Tavrovski, head of the Central Committee of CPSU, pointed out four points: The Soviet Union is like the all-round civil strife in China during the Cultural Revolution, and the Soviet Union is like the economic collapse in China during its three-year difficult period, but the Soviet Union does not have the prestige of China, and the Soviet people have no courage and unity to overcome difficulties.

To sum up briefly, before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, there was political civil strife, economic collapse, leadership without authority and people without unity. This serious situation worried those who adhered to the socialist road in the Soviet Party, so they decided to launch a coup to save the Soviet country and the Soviet Union.

1. 1 ? 8. 19 Incident: The situation in the former Soviet Union.

1February, 990, the Soviet political writer Prohanov published an article in Literature Russia, pointing out that the Soviet Union would perish in seven steps. Specifically, these seven steps.

1. Marxist ideology was denied, the communist ideal was abandoned, the leadership position of * * * was shaken, and the Soviet people, especially the Soviet Union * * *, lost their spiritual support and goals.

1In February, 986, the 27th Congress of CPSU was held, and it was put forward that adhering to Marxism was the guiding ideology of CPSU, and the core of all activities of the alliance was the Soviet Union.

By the 28th Congress of CPSU in 1990, Marxism–Leninism was no longer mentioned, and it was claimed that CPSU "resolutely gave up political monopoly" and all political forces could compete freely within the legal scope. Communist party of the Soviet Union gave up the leadership and the theory and practice of the Soviet Union for 70 years, which directly caused the confusion of the general direction of the Soviet Union and people's thoughts.

2. The administrative command system was destroyed and anarchism was rampant.

CPSU denies democratic centralism and advocates absolute democratization, which leads to anarchism flooding in military, economic and social fields. The Soviets themselves once said that Gorbachev had too much reform and democracy and too little content. By advocating openness, we can expose all the secrets of CPSU in the past, criticize Stalin, criticize the history and practice of CPSU, and completely deny all the achievements of the Soviet Union.

It aroused people's serious distrust of * * * and government agencies, and also shook the political foundation of the Soviet Union. Advocate democratization, and all kinds of parties can exist.

Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, there were more than 500 nominal political parties, and various ideological trends, mainly bourgeois ideological trends, merged with each other, which directly caused people's ideological confusion. As a result of democratization, all departments and individuals have full voice, and anyone can say anything without listening. Orders in the army could not be conveyed, and the administrative agencies faced paralysis.

1on April 6, 986, a serious accident occurred at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in the Soviet Union, and the direct economic loss exceeded 1000 billion US dollars. Up to now, northern Ukraine is still shrouded in a nuclear shadow. The direct cause of the accident was man-made violation of operating rules, which mocked Gorbachev's reform in reality.

Later, Kryuchkov, a member of the State Tension Committee and chairman of the National Security Council, pointed out that the Soviet Union talked about democracy, but in fact, the people simply did not abide by the law. If the domestic order cannot be restored, they advocate restoring the state order of the Soviet Union by iron fist.

3. The history and character of Russia, the largest nation in the Soviet Union, have been criticized, and the cohesion center has lost its function.

Any multi-ethnic country must have a cohesion center. In the past, the Soviet Union centered on Russia. After the reform, Russia's nationality and history have been criticized. Pointing all the mistakes of the Soviet Union on ethnic issues at the Russian nation, the country lost its cohesion center.

4. The Soviet economy was brought into the world economic system and was subject to international capital.

1991April, Soviet liberal economists and professors from Harvard University in the United States jointly formulated the Soviet economic system reform plan, which was called the "Harvard Plan". The center of this plan is: with the assistance of the west, carry out a thorough economic system reform and establish a private economy and western democratic politics based on private ownership.

This radical Harvard project completely ignored the reality of the Soviet Union and tried to solve the long-standing economic problems of the Soviet Union in a short time with "shock" therapy, but it was particularly favored by Gorbachev. 199 1 In July, the Soviet Union passed the privatization law. Gorbachev said in a letter to seven western countries: "The first step is to sell 80% of the small and medium-sized enterprises in the Soviet Union to private individuals, and the second step is to privatize large state-owned enterprises."

The economic base determines the superstructure. Most small and medium-sized enterprises in the Soviet Union were sold to bureaucrats with real power or their agents. Today, most financial oligarchs in Russia and Ukraine were born in the privatization movement of the Soviet Union.

5. Disparity and polarization between the rich and the poor.

The privatization movement has created a group of rich people, but the economic collapse has brought difficulties to most people. In 2005, Russian President Vladimir Putin said that the disintegration of the Soviet Union was a disaster for the Russian state and people.

6. The Soviet regime was bought, and everything was "money".

7. The disintegration of the Soviet Union and the all-out civil war.

Now it seems that the disintegration of the Soviet Union was peaceful, but most of the republics after the disintegration were in turmoil. In the three years after the disintegration, Russia's production has dropped by half, investment by three quarters, people's living standards by two thirds, and the economy in many areas has regressed to the natural economy stage.

At the time of disintegration, Russia's total economic output accounted for 6% of the world. In 2004, it dropped to only 0.7%, which was equivalent to110 before disintegration, and Russia was thrown into the ranks of third world countries. Except for the Baltic countries, most CIS countries are politically corrupt and subject to the West. Among 1 1 CIS countries, six countries are at war, and the people's democratic rights are meaningless.

It can be said that Gorbachev's reform has reached a dead end. He paralyzed CPSU with the thought of "democratic and humane socialism" and "the interests of all mankind are above everything else", denied the class struggle in the international scope and gave up the leading position of CPSU. Gorbachev's reform cannot be said to be the self-improvement and development of socialism, but the peaceful evolution to capitalism.

The realistic background of the 1.28. 19 incident

1. 1990, Lithuania, Estonia and Latvia declared their independence one after another, and the centrifugal tendency of other Soviet republics also intensified rapidly. In order to preserve the Soviet Union, Gorbachev reached an agreement with the leaders of 15 republics in May, agreeing to form a "new Soviet Union". 1991On August 4th, the Soviet Union announced the text of the New Alliance Treaty and will sign it on August 20th. Once this treaty is signed, the national nature of the Soviet Union will undergo fundamental changes, and the Soviet Union can be said to have actually died.

The main contents of the treaty: the "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was changed to "Union of Soviet Sovereign Republics", the word socialism was deleted, and the essence and core of the Soviet Union also changed; According to the new alliance treaty, the participating republics of the alliance reserve the right to independently decide all issues related to their own development, and each participating Republic has the right to choose its own path, and the Central Committee of the alliance has no right to interfere. Therefore, if Yeltsin wants Russia to take the road of western capitalism, the Central Committee of the alliance has no right to interfere; The sovereign Republic has tax and diplomatic rights, while the Central Committee of the Union only retains military and partial diplomatic rights.

In this way, the activities of the military, internal affairs and diplomatic institutions in the alliance will be completely controlled by the republics, and the funds will also be provided by them. The Soviet army, security agencies and internal affairs forces will lose the basis of their activities. The central government is completely overhead, just a formal central government.

2.CPSU is facing disintegration.

In June, Russian President-elect Yeltsin visited the United States and expressed his hope to establish direct relations with the United States.

In July, Yeltsin announced the famous "non-party order". Article 1 of the order stipulates that "political parties and mass social movements are not allowed to establish new grass-roots organizations, committees and other organizations in Russia and the state administrative organs of its constituent republics, the executive organs of people's representative Soviets at all levels, and state organs, organizations and enterprises located in Russia, no matter who they belong to".

On the surface, it seems that all political parties are prohibited from entering Russian law enforcement and administrative organs. In fact, the order was directed at the Soviet Union and excluded CPSU from Russian state organs.

1990 The 28th CPSU Congress adopted the programmatic statement of "Towards Humane and Democratic Socialism", which shows that CPSU's "radical innovation" has been determined by the Party's programmatic document. According to this document, the nature of CPSU has changed fundamentally. In July, CPSU published the New party constitution Draft. The New party constitution Draft stipulated that all Soviet citizens who believed in religion or did not believe in religion could join the Soviet Union, and no longer recognized Marxism as the party's guiding ideology, which fundamentally denied CPSU's theory and the foundation of the times.

Once the new party constitution draft is passed, it will change CPSU from the ruling party to the opposition party and from the socialist party to the bourgeois social democratic party.

3. Soviet economy is facing collapse.

Gorbachev's humanitarianism and democratic socialism reduced the Soviet Union's economy by half, and there was a serious shortage of industrial food. A superpower has basically become a super beggar. Before the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev's basic purpose in shuttle diplomacy with the West and China was to "appeal for assistance".

Due to the lack of products, in 1990, the Soviet Union became a problem in winter and urgently appealed to the West for assistance. German Chancellor Kohl urgently sent hundreds of millions of dollars of grain stored in West Berlin to the Soviet Union, which was tantamount to insulting a superpower.