Tongliao City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

Tongliao City is located in the eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, at the western end of the Songliao Plain, in the hinterland of the Horqin Grassland, bordering Jilin Province to the east and Liaoning Province to the south, belonging to the Northeast and North China regions. Interchange. The city governs 5 banners, 1 city, 1 county, 1 district and 1 economic and technological development zone, with a total land area of ??60,000 square kilometers. Tongliao City is a multi-ethnic area inhabited by Mongolians as the main body and Han as the majority. It has a total population of 3.1 million, of which 1.38 million are Mongolian, accounting for 1/4 of the country's Mongolian population. It has the highest concentration of Mongolian population in the country and the region. area.

Tongliao City has a long history and splendid culture. This is one of the birthplaces of the Hongshan Culture and Fuhe Culture of the Chinese nation. To this day, it still retains historical and cultural monuments such as the Great Wall of Yan Kingdom, the boundary trench of the Jin Dynasty, the murals of ancient tombs of the Liao Dynasty, the pagodas of the Yuan Dynasty, and the royal palaces of the Qing Dynasty. This is the hometown of Empress Xiaozhuangwen, the mother of the Qing Dynasty, the famous general Seng Gelinqin of the Qing Dynasty, and the national hero Gada Meilin. It is known as the "Hometown of Chinese Andean Art", "Hometown of Chinese Printmaking Art" and "Hometown of Chinese Folk Songs and Art" ”, “Hometown of China’s Horse King” and “Hometown of China’s Red Dried Peppers”.

Tongliao City is located in the northern border of the motherland and has a long history. It is one of the birthplaces of the Mongolian nation. As early as more than 5,000 years ago, humans began to inhabit the Horqin Grassland. About three thousand years ago, the ancient residents here entered a slave society. According to archaeological discoveries of cultural relics and living utensils from the lower Xiajiadian, the first generation residents of Tongliao were the Donghu and Shanrong ethnic groups. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Yan built the Great Wall of Yan at the junction of today's Hebei Province and Liaoning Province, which is now the central and southern region of Tongliao, to defend against the invasion of the Donghu people. The ruins of the Yan Great Wall are still clearly visible in the Naiman Banner and the Kulun Banner. . This proves that as late as the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the Donghu people had already unveiled the prelude to the ancient civilization of Tongliao. Later, the Donghu people were defeated by the Yan Kingdom and retreated. After the Qin Dynasty unified China, the central and southern areas of Tongliao came under the jurisdiction of Liaodong County and Liaoxi County, and became part of Qin.

At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the Huns dominated the vast areas in the north and south of the desert, including Tongliao. They were followed by the Xianbei and Wuhuan tribes, descendants of the Donghu tribe controlled by the Huns.

During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he sent troops to the Huns three times and won. This brought Tongliao closer to the mainland and greatly promoted the development and prosperity of productivity in this region.

At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Tan Shihuai, the leader of the Xianbei tribe, unified the Xianbei tribes and established a tribal military alliance, covering the vast areas in the north and south of the desert. The Horqin Grassland was also part of the military alliance.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, a new ethnic group, the Khitan, arose on the Horqin Grassland where the Xianbei people had lived for nearly five hundred years. The Khitan people have been nomadic in the Xilamulun and Laoha river basins since the mid-4th century. In the early years of the Tang Dynasty, a tribal alliance was formed and controlled by the Tang Dynasty. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the entire Tongliao was under the unified control of the Central Plains Dynasty with the Khitans as local governors. The breadth and depth of economic and cultural exchanges among various ethnic groups have greatly exceeded any previous period, and they have entered a new stage of development. By the Liao Dynasty, Tongliao's animal husbandry had become very developed. After the establishment of the Jin Dynasty, Tongliao was administratively under the jurisdiction of Linhuang Mansion on Beijing Road. In 1206 AD, Genghis Khan unified all Mongolian tribes and established the Mongol Empire. Tongliao was included in the territory of the Mongol Empire. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tongliao was under the jurisdiction of Daning Road, Xingzhongshu Province, Liaoyang.

After the Ming Dynasty unified the Mongolian Plateau, Tongliao fell under the jurisdiction of the "Three Guards", and most of it fell under the jurisdiction of the "Fuyu Guards". At the end of the 16th century, Nurhachi proclaimed himself emperor and changed the country's name to "Da Jin". Tongliao was basically controlled by Da Jin.

In the Qing Dynasty, the former tribal system was changed to the alliance and flag system. In the first year of Chongde in the Qing Dynasty (1636), the Zhelimu League was established. The Zhelim League was the first unified alliance, which at that time included 4 tribes and 10 banners. Later, the Qing government successively established agencies, prefectures, prefectures, and counties in the fiefdoms of Mongolian princes and nobles. The Zhelim League was basically under the jurisdiction of Changchun, Changtu, and Taonan prefectures. In the Qing Dynasty, the Zhelim League played a decisive role in politics, military and economy.

After the founding of the Republic of China in 1912, the 10 banners of the Zhelim League were under the jurisdiction of the Mongolian and Tibetan Academy of the Beiyang Government, and were also subject to the supervision and control of the three northeastern provinces.

During the period of the Puppet Manchukuo (1932 to 1945), the Zhelim League was successively renamed as Hung Yen South Branch, Hung Yen South Province, and Hung Yen South Region, respectively under the Hung Yen Bureau, the Mongolian Ministry of Affairs, and the Hung Yen General Province. .

During the War of Liberation, the Jerim League was renamed Jerim Province and the Jerim League, respectively under the Eastern Mongolian People's Autonomous Government, Hung Yen Province, Liaoxi Province, Liaoji Province, and Liaobei Province.