On October 24th, 20071Beijing time 10, the probe was successfully launched in xichang satellite launch center.
165438+1On October 26th, China National Space Administration officially released the first moon image sent back by Chang 'e-1 satellite.
general situation
Chang 'e-1 is a cube with two solar panels on each side. Its maximum span is 18.438+0m, its weight is 2350kg, and its working life is one year. It will run in a circular polar orbit 200 kilometers from the surface of the moon.
The satellite platform consists of nine subsystems: structural subsystem, thermal control subsystem, guidance and control subsystem, propulsion subsystem, data management subsystem, measurement and control data transmission subsystem, directional antenna subsystem and payload subsystem. These subsystems perform their duties and cooperate to ensure the successful completion of the lunar exploration mission. The payload on the satellite is used to complete the scientific exploration and test of the moon, and other subsystems provide support, control, instruction and management services for the normal work of the payload.
According to the four scientific objectives of China's lunar exploration satellite project, Chang 'e-1 carried 24 scientific detection instruments in 8 categories, weighing130kg, namely microwave detector system, gamma spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer, laser altimeter, solar high-energy particle detector, solar wind ion detector, CCD stereo camera and interference imaging spectrometer.
According to aerospace experts, the electric satellite test is mainly used to comprehensively test some equipment with electronic performance, while the structural satellite test is mainly to evaluate the rationality of structural design and the rationality of temperature control design on the whole satellite. At present, the structural manufacturing of these two prototypes has been completed, and the whole satellite test will be started before the end of the year. On this basis, the prototype satellite of Chang 'e-1 will be developed. It is reported that the whole initial sample testing stage will last until June 2007, and then it will enter the development stage of satellite sample stars.
In order to ensure the completion of the lunar exploration project, researchers designed 4 1 item reliability for the Changsanjia rocket undertaking the satellite launch mission to improve its carrying reliability.
Chang 'e-1 is China's first artificial satellite orbiting the moon. It was named after Chang 'e, an ancient mythical figure in China. It was launched in xichang satellite launch center at about 18:05(UTC+8:00) on October 24, 2007, and the whole process of "flying to the moon" took about 8-9 days. It is estimated that the total weight of the satellite is about 2350kg, and its service life exceeds 1 year. The main detection objectives of the satellite are: to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface; Analyze the content of useful elements on the surface of the moon and the distribution characteristics of material types; Detect the thickness of lunar soil and the space environment from the earth to the moon.
Technical difficulties
1 Orbit design and flight program control
2. Three-vector control problem of satellite attitude control.
3. Adaptive design of satellite environment
4, remote measurement and control and communication problems
Chang 'e-1 satellite was developed by China Academy of Space Technology. It is mainly used to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, analyze the distribution characteristics of related material elements on the lunar surface, detect the thickness of lunar soil, and detect the space environment of the earth and the moon. Chang 'e-1 lunar exploration satellite consists of a satellite platform and a payload. The satellite platform was developed with the technology of Dongfanghong-3 satellite platform, and the researchers made adaptive modifications to eight subsystems, including structure, propulsion, power supply, measurement and control, and data transmission. Payload includes scientific detection instruments, such as CCD stereo camera, imaging spectrometer, solar cosmic rays monitor and low-energy particle detector.
In June 2007, the Chang 'e-1 lunar exploration satellite was launched by the Long March 3A carrier rocket in xichang satellite launch center. After the satellite is launched, it will take 8 to 9 days to complete the phase modulation orbit, the earth-moon transfer orbit and the orbit around the moon, and carry out scientific exploration tasks. It will complete four scientific tasks, the main purpose of which is to "portrait" the moon, that is, to obtain images and three-dimensional images of the moon surface through various means. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the distribution characteristics of useful elements and material types on the surface of the moon, and detect the thickness of lunar soil and the space environment of the earth and the moon.
According to experts, Chang 'e-1 satellite is two meters square. After the solar wing is deployed, the longest length can reach18m, and the take-off weight is 2350kg. It takes 10- 12 days for a satellite to fly near the moon. Chang 'e-1 has a design life of one year and will not return to Earth after the mission.
Plan preparation
The lunar exploration program has been brewing for 10 years.
As early as 1994,
1996 studied the technical scheme of lunar exploration satellite.
1998 has completed the research on key satellite technologies, and further demonstration work will be carried out later.
test
The payload prototype system of Chang 'e-1, the first satellite of China's lunar exploration project, is undergoing the final joint test to ensure the normal work of scientific exploration equipment in space in the future.
The Space Science and Application Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences is responsible for the development and testing of the payload of Chang 'e-1 satellite. In an interview with 16 on June 6, Wu Ji, the chief commander of the payload and director of the Space Science and Application Research Center, said: "In the final stage of the joint test of the payload prototype system, all developers should continue to maintain a rigorous and meticulous working attitude and complete the joint test of the prototype according to the quality requirements to ensure the smooth delivery of the payload equipment and the successful completion of the engineering task."
The satellite payload varies with different space missions. At present, it is mainly instruments for scientific exploration and equipment for scientific experiments. The payload of Chang 'e-1 satellite will include microwave detector subsystem, space environment detection subsystem and payload data management subsystem.
It is understood that the microwave detector subsystem will mainly estimate and evaluate the thickness of lunar soil, which is the first time in the world to detect the lunar surface by passive microwave remote sensing. The space environment detection subsystem consists of three devices, such as solar high-energy particle detector, which will detect the space environment parameters of the earth, the moon and the near moon.
Chang 'e-1 was launched in 2007, and then it explored around the moon for a year.
After long-term preparation and demonstration in 10 year, China's lunar exploration project was formally established in 1 month in 2004, which was called "Chang 'e Project" in history. At present, the project mainly carries out lunar exploration, three-dimensional image analysis of the moon, global content and distribution survey of useful elements and material types of the moon, lunar soil thickness detection and space environment detection of the earth and the moon.
satellite launching
After launch, Chang 'e-1 satellite will be put into geosynchronous elliptical orbit, with the shortest distance from the ground of 200 kilometers and the longest distance of 565,438+0,000 kilometers. The lunar exploration satellite will orbit this orbit for 1.6 hours, and then accelerate into a larger elliptical orbit. The shortest distance from the ground is 500 kilometers, and the longest distance is 1.28 million kilometers. Since then, the exploration satellite has been accelerating and began to "rush" to the moon. After about 1 14 hours of flight, when it is about to reach the moon, it will slow down by controlling the rocket's reverse booster. After being "captured" by the gravity of the moon, it became a satellite orbiting the moon, and finally flew around the moon in the polar lunar orbit at a height of 200 kilometers from the surface of the moon, and carried out work such as shooting three-dimensional images.
It takes a total of 1 14 hours for a satellite to fly to the moon, and distance to the moon is close to 384,400 kilometers. In the past, the satellite launched by China was about 35,800 kilometers above the ground, which was almost 10 times.
Countdown to Chang 'e-1 launch
36 hours: Some systems perform the final "physical examination".
12 hours: enter the pre-launch function check state.
8 hours: Enter the launch process, and all systems are ready for assistance.
7 hours: inject liquid oxygen.
5.5 hours: filling liquid hydrogen.
2 hours: Enter the pre-launch system. The ground began to power up the system, and at the same time, various passwords began to be issued.
40 minutes: The revolving platform of Tower 3 begins to unfold.
15 minutes: the last batch of personnel are evacuated.
90 seconds: power on. The power supply supplies power to the battery inside the system from the ground.
60 seconds: the orange cable swing rod extending from the back of the tower to the front tower is set out at this time, ready to ignite and launch the rocket.
40 seconds: Commander 0 1 begins to report the countdown.
30 seconds: pull. It used to be the exclusive command of the launch system. Although the related system is no longer in use, the program is still in use today.
10 second: ignition countdown.
0 seconds: ignition.
magazine
20071October 24th, 18: 05 and 04.602 seconds successfully launched!
18: 07 rocket primary and secondary separation
18: 09 The fairing separates the rocket from the atmosphere.
18: 10 rocket two-stage separation
18: 65438+
18: 25 the satellite entered the initial earth orbit.
18: 26 secondary ignition of three-stage rocket
18: 28 Secondary shutdown of three-stage rocket engine
18: 29, the satellite-ground separation satellite entered the super-geosynchronous orbit with perigee of 205km and apogee of 50930km and period of 16h.
18: 36 The satellite accusation was transferred to Beijing Space Control Center.
Satellite solar panels open.
65438+1October 24th 19: 00, confirm the launch is successful!
1October 25th 17: 55 to complete the first orbit change! After the command was issued 130 seconds, the perigee altitude of the satellite was raised from about 200 km to about 600 km, and the orbit change was a complete success. This orbit change shows that the propulsion system of Chang 'e-1 satellite works normally, and it also lays the foundation for the next three perigee orbit changes. After the Chang 'e-1 satellite orbits in an elliptical orbit for one and a half times with a period of about 16 hours, the orbit is changed at the second apogee.
1At 6: 44 on October 26th, Wangyuan No.3 reported that Chang 'e-1 satellite successfully implemented the second orbit change! This is the first perigee orbit change of the satellite.
Chang 'e-1 satellite will enter a 24-hour periodic orbit after the second orbit change. The apogee height has increased from more than 50,000 kilometers to more than 70,000 kilometers.
On October 29th, 65438/kloc-0, the perigee orbit was changed for the second time, and the apogee height of the satellite was increased from more than 70,000 kilometers to120,000 kilometers, setting a new record for TT&C, the farthest space in China. Enter the earth's 48-hour periodic orbit. At 0 18:00 on October 29th, Beijing time, news came from the survey ship Wangyuan No.3 that the satellite was successfully put into orbit for the third time!
10,31,17: 28, Chang' e-1 satellite successfully carried out the third perigee orbit change, successfully entered the earth-moon transfer orbit and began to run to the moon. The apogee height of the satellite was increased from1.2000 km to 370000 km, and it entered the earth-moon transfer orbit of 1. 1.4 hours. This is also the fourth orbit change after the satellite was put into orbit. 17 Beijing time 15, Chang' e-1 satellite received instructions, and the engine shut down normally after 784 seconds of operation. The calculation of various measurement data by Beijing Flight Control Center shows that the satellite orbit transfer is successful! Successfully entered the earth-moon transfer orbit from the orbit around the earth.
165438+1in the early morning of October 2 10: 33, Chang 'e-1 satellite successfully implemented the first mid-orbit correction. At 10: 25, Chang 'e-1 satellite successfully ignited two small thrust engines on board according to the instructions, and the satellite flight trajectory was successfully corrected. 10: 33, the engine is turned off, and the first orbit correction of the satellite is completed. (Later cancelled)
1October 511105, the main engine of Chang 'e-1 satellite was ignited, and the first braking began in recent months. Braking in recent months will last for 22 minutes. 1 1 37, the main engine of Chang' e-1 satellite was turned off, and the first braking in recent months ended. Arriving at the place 420 kilometers away from the moon, the first near-moon braking entered the lunar orbit of 12 hours.
165438+1October 6, the second near-month braking entered the orbit, with a cycle of 3.5 hours, 200 kilometers near the moon point and 1700 kilometers far from the moon point, running for three times.
165438+1At 8: 24 on October 7, the third braking in recent months began, and this braking in recent months will last for 10 minute. At 8: 34, the third braking in recent months was successfully completed. The satellite entered the polar moon orbit with a period of 127 minutes and a height of 200 kilometers and began to work, sending back 30 songs to the ground.
165438+1On October 26th, China National Space Administration officially released the first moon image sent back by Chang 'e-1 satellite. This image of the lunar surface is located at 83 degrees east longitude to 57 degrees east longitude and 70 degrees south latitude to 54 degrees south latitude. This map is about 280 kilometers wide and 460 kilometers long.
Change tracks
meaning
On 24th 18: 29, after the successful separation of the satellite and the arrow, the Chang 'e-1 satellite entered the super-geosynchronous orbit satellite with perigee of 205km and apogee of 50930km, and the period of 16h. After "running" once and a half in this orbit, it is expected to make the first orbit change on the afternoon of 25th. After the orbit change, the perigee of the satellite orbit will be increased to about 600 kilometers from the earth. After the satellite is separated from the launch vehicle, it needs four orbital changes to gradually accelerate to the entry speed of the earth-moon transfer orbit. Each perigee acceleration takes only a few minutes, so it is necessary to send instructions to the satellite in a short time, and the satellite engine must respond accurately, otherwise the satellite may fly in other directions.
location
On 25th 17: 55, Beijing Aerospace Control Center successfully implemented the first orbit transfer control for Chang 'e-1 satellite. This orbit change was carried out when the satellite was running to apogee, and the next three orbit changes were all carried out at perigee. Why did you choose apogee for the first orbit change?
Jaco, from Beijing Institute of Tracking Communication Technology, is the chief designer of TT&C system of lunar exploration project, and participated in the overall design of TT&C communication scheme of Chang 'e-1 satellite. He said that satellite orbit change control is usually carried out at perigee and apogee, which can save the fuel carried by satellites to the maximum extent. The first orbit change of Chang 'e-1 satellite was carried out at apogee, in order to improve the orbit height of perigee.
"Only by changing the orbit at apogee can the orbit height at perigee be improved. "Jaco said," Similarly, to change the height of apogee, it is necessary to implement orbit change at perigee. After we raise the perigee altitude of the satellite for the first orbit change, it will increase the tracking time of the survey ship arranged near perigee, which is beneficial to monitor the orbit change process. Because the higher the satellite is off the ground, the longer the tracking control time of the monitoring station and the ship will be, which will lay a solid foundation for the three perigee orbit changes in the future. "
Jaco said that according to the measurement and control plan, Chang 'e-1 satellite will undergo its first perigee orbit change on1October 26th. After the orbit change, the satellite will enter an orbit with an apogee of 7 1400 km and a period of 24 hours. After the second perigee orbit change, the satellite will enter the orbit around the earth with an apogee of 12 1700 km and a period of 48 hours. During the third perigee orbit change, the satellite will enter the earth-moon transfer orbit and start a five-day trip to the moon.
According to the first law of Kepler's three laws of planetary motion: the orbits of all planets are elliptical, and the sun is located at a focal point of the ellipse. In the polar coordinates with the sun S as the pole and the perihelion direction SP as the polar axis, the trajectory of the planet relative to the sun is an ellipse PP1P2P'1p', and PSP‘= 2a represents the long diameter of the ellipse. This law also applies to satellite systems. Since it is an elliptical orbit, of course, there are places closest and farthest from the earth. Therefore, the farthest flying object in elliptical orbit (from the earth) is apogee, and the nearest is perigee.
Away from the earth
After the launch, Chang 'e-1 satellite will circle the earth five times in five days. The first stage is three turns, each turn 16 hours, the second stage is one turn in 24 hours, and the third stage is one turn in 48 hours.
About one day after the rocket put the satellite into orbit, the command was injected into the ground, and the satellite's main engine was ignited to change orbit, and the perigee rose to about 600 kilometers, so that the speed of the satellite was relatively reduced when it passed over the measurement and control station, which was convenient for subsequent control. The second, third and fourth ignitions are used to change the orbit so that the satellite can accelerate continuously: the purpose of these three orbital changes is to accelerate. Every time the orbit changes, the speed of the satellite will increase a little. After three times of accumulation, the satellite will accelerate to the minimum speed above 65,438+00.965 and 438+06 km/s to enter the earth-moon transfer orbit and fly to the moon.
Ten joint points
65438+1At 6: 48: 05 on October 24th, the Chang 'e-1 satellite was successfully launched by the Long March 3A carrier rocket in Xichang, which is known as the "hometown of the moon's daughters", and Chang 'e began its journey to the moon.
In the long journey of Chang 'e-1 satellite flying to the moon 380,000 kilometers away, a series of highly complicated and high-risk actions are needed.
"If the key links from satellite launch to final data analysis can be successfully completed, then China's first lunar exploration will be a complete success." Luan Enjie, commander-in-chief of China's lunar exploration project, said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency.
So, what do these 10 joints refer to?
Joint point one: launch
It was the Long March 3A carrier rocket known as the "gold medal rocket" that sent the Chang 'e-1 satellite into space.
Throughout the history of human lunar exploration, in the lunar exploration activities of the United States and the Soviet Union in the 20th century, the failure of exploration caused by the failure of launch vehicles accounted for a large proportion. Therefore, the high reliability of launch vehicle is a necessary prerequisite to ensure the success of lunar exploration.
This launch is the15th launch of the Long March 3A carrier rocket. So far, the launch success rate of this type of rocket is 100%. Previously, the Long March 3A carrier rocket and the widely used Dongfanghong-3 satellite platform had been "married" many times, and each time it was a complete success. It is appropriate to use such a "Hercules" to lift the Chang 'e-1 satellite developed on the platform of Dongfanghong-3 satellite.
Of the three existing space launch sites in China, only xichang satellite launch center has the ability to launch the Long March 3A and other high-thrust rockets. It has low latitude, high altitude, pleasant climate and convenient transportation, and is an ideal place to launch various geosynchronous orbit satellites.
Connection point 2: Enter orbit
Whether the satellite can enter the scheduled orbit accurately is an important symbol to judge whether the launch is successful or not.
When the Long March 3A carrier rocket launched Chang 'e-1 satellite, it first sent the satellite into low-earth orbit through the first ignition of the first stage, the second stage and the third stage, and then glided in low-earth orbit for a period of time.
At 1249 seconds after the rocket took off, the third stage rocket ignited for the second time; 1373 seconds, the secondary ignition engine of the three-stage rocket is turned off. In the first 1473 second, the star and arrow separated successfully. Chang 'e-1 satellite entered a large elliptical orbit with a perigee of about 200 kilometers, an apogee of about 5 1000 kilometers and an operating time of 16 hours, and became a satellite orbiting the earth.
Joint point three: orbit change
Chang 'e-1 satellite flew in orbit for one and a half weeks within 16 hours. On the afternoon of 10/25, the command was injected into the ground, and the attitude adjustment engine on the satellite began to ignite. About 4 minutes later, the main engine with thrust of 490 Newton ignited to change the orbit, raising the perigee of the satellite orbit to about 600 kilometers from the earth.
On the afternoon of October 26th, 65438/kloc-0, when the satellite reached perigee again, the main engine of the satellite was started again, and the huge thrust made the satellite rise to the 24-hour orbit.
After three laps in the 24-hour orbit, the main engine on the satellite was ignited for the third time, and the second perigee orbit change was carried out, and Chang 'e-1 satellite entered the 48-hour orbit. This moment occurred at about 10 on October 29th.
These orbit changes are to accelerate the satellite through the engine on the satellite. Theoretically, it is possible to realize orbit transfer once, but in order to make full use of fuel and facilitate ground control, scientists gradually decompose orbit transfer.
Joint point 4: Run to the moon
After seven days of "warm-up" in three elliptical orbits, Chang 'e-1 satellite will officially fly to the moon.
On June 365438+1October 3 1 day, when the satellite reached perigee again, the main engine was turned on, and the speed of the satellite increased to above 10.95438+06 km/s in just a few minutes, and it entered the earth-moon transfer orbit, and the overflight from the earth to the moon really began.
There are three advantages for Chang 'e-1 satellite to fly to the moon in this way: first, it can ensure that the gravity loss is controlled below 5%; Second, arranging multiple perigee maneuvers in the same area is conducive to ground monitoring; Third, a 24-hour orbit can be arranged, which can easily solve the problem of delayed launch date.
Joint point five: correction
Chang 'e-1 satellite needs to fly in the earth-moon transfer orbit for about 1 14 hours, that is, the distance from the earth orbit to the moon orbit.
In the history of human lunar exploration activities, there have been many accidents in which the detector failed to capture the moon and got lost among the stars. Most of these accidents were caused by inaccurate attitude and speed control of satellites during flight. If the speed error of the perigee of the Earth-Moon transfer orbit is 65,438+0m/s or the altitude error is 65,438+0km, the position error of several Qian Qian meters will be generated when the satellite flies near the moon.
In the process of high-speed flight, Chang 'e-1 satellite must carry out midway orbit correction under ground command. Generally speaking, it needs to be revised at least twice, the first time within one day of entering the earth-moon transfer orbit, and the second time within one day before reaching the moon. These instructions were issued by the Space Flight Control Center in Beijing.
Joint point 6: braking
165438+1around October 5, when the Chang 'e-1 satellite reaches a position 200 kilometers away from the moon, it needs to slow down and brake, that is, "brake". Only in this way can it be captured by the gravity of the moon and become a satellite flying around the moon.
This is an important step in flying around the moon: if the "brake" is late, the satellite will hit the moon; If the "brake" is early, it will float into space. The success of "braking" depends on whether the satellite's position and velocity vector are correct at that time. After many rechecks and recalculations, scientists in China have broken through this technical problem.
Joint point seven: around the moon
The first braking of Chang 'e-1 satellite in recent months will be carried out at1October 51125, and it will be transferred from the earth-moon orbit to12-hour lunar orbit. From this moment on, Chang 'e-1 satellite became a real moon-orbiting satellite.
165438+1around October 6, Chang' e-1 satellite was braked for the second time in recent months, and its speed was further reduced. The satellite entered a 3.5-hour orbit and ran in this orbit seven times.
165438+ or so1October 7, Chang 'e-1 satellite braked for the third time in recent months and entered the polar orbit of the moon 127 minutes. This is the orbit of a satellite orbiting the moon. This orbit is circular, 200 kilometers from the surface of the moon.
At this time, Chang 'e-1 satellite will send back to the ground 30 songs voted by the public.
Joint point eight: detection
After the establishment of the lunar orbit, the "eight weapons" carried by Chang 'e-1 satellite will begin to show their talents and carry out intense and busy work to complete the four scientific goals.
If there are no accidents, the CCD stereo camera carried by the satellite can send back the first photo of the moon at the end of 1 1, which is an important symbol of the success of circling the moon.
Interferometric imaging spectrometer, laser altimeter and CCD stereo camera will jointly accomplish the first scientific goal, that is, to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface; Gamma-ray spectrometer and X-ray spectrometer will work together to analyze the content and distribution of useful elements and substance types on the surface of the moon.
The microwave detector applied to lunar exploration for the first time will detect the thickness of lunar soil and the amount of helium -3 resources; The space environment detection system consisting of solar high-energy particle detector and solar wind ion detector will detect the "Earth-Moon" space environment within the range of 40,000 to 400,000 kilometers by continuously capturing protons, electrons and ions.
Joint 9: Transmission
According to the popular saying of scientists, I bought a "one-way ticket" for Chang 'e this time. Then, how can the Chang 'e-1 satellite, which is gone forever, transmit the detection data back to Earth from 380,000 kilometers away?
There are two transmitting antennas carried by Chang 'e-1 satellite: one is a directional antenna, which always faces the receiving antenna on the earth; One is an omni-directional antenna, that is, an antenna with no fixed direction.
The huge spatial attenuation and time delay greatly increase the technical difficulty of receiving lunar exploration data on the ground. For this purpose, the ground application system specially built two large-aperture antennas called radio telescopes: one in Miyun, Beijing, with an antenna aperture of 50 meters; One is in Kunming, Yunnan, with a diameter of 40 meters.
Two large-aperture antennas are like a pair of huge eyes, always paying attention to every move of Chang 'e-1 satellite and collecting all the information launched by the satellite.
Common ground 10: research
The data obtained by Chang 'e-1 satellite through numerous difficulties and obstacles is very precious. Whether we can make full use of these data will determine the value of lunar exploration activities.
The data transmitted to the ground will be sent to the ground application system headquarters in Beijing for preprocessing. The ground application system will organize more scientific and technical personnel to further study and process the preprocessed data and get the latest research results or scientific discoveries.
The National Space Administration announced that many data obtained by Chang 'e-1 satellite will be completely made public for scientists all over the world to study and share. Chang 'e, a native of China, will make his own contribution to the space industry of mankind.
Reactions from all walks of life
Although it was 48 years, 9 months and 22 days later than the world's first lunar exploration satellite-the former Soviet Union's "Moon 1", the lunar exploration project that opened a new chapter in China's space deep space exploration era still received extensive attention from the international community. After the launch of the "Chang 'e-1" lunar exploration satellite, foreign media immediately commented on it.
AP: China took the first step on the moon.
After xichang satellite launch center announced the successful separation of the satellite and the arrow, the Associated Press immediately released the report that "China successfully launched a lunar exploration satellite": "China successfully launched the first lunar exploration satellite, taking the first step of the ambitious 10 year plan, that is, sending the lander to the moon and returning to Earth. China's national television broadcast the picture of the rocket taking off ... "
Reuters: "Chang 'e" prepares for the moon landing plan.
British Reuters published a commentary on 24th, saying that China launched the first lunar exploration satellite-"Chang 'e-1" with space dream, scientific and technological progress and patriotic enthusiasm. According to the article, the "Chang 'e-1" project around the moon is the first space exploration activity in China, which is to prepare for the lunar rover in 20 10 and the subsequent moon landing plan.
AFP: This marks the promotion of China's global status.
Agence France-Presse published an article on the 24th, saying that China launched a lunar exploration satellite for the first time, which marked the promotion of China's global status. Rene Ostlinke, a spokesperson for the European Space Agency, said that the lunar exploration competition is gradually unfolding, and the United States is also preparing to restart the lunar exploration program with the goal of establishing a permanent lunar base for Mars exploration.
Vietnam News Agency: A Milestone in the History of China's Space Exploration
Yuetong News Agency published an article on the 24th, saying: "China has taken the first step of a three-stage lunar exploration program, which is a new milestone in the history of China's space exploration ..."
Chosun Ilbo: Realizing the Millennium Dream of South Korean People
On 24th, Wu Tai Jin, the chief commentator of Chosun Ilbo, wrote an article titled "Chang 'e-1 Realizing China's Millennium Dream", saying: "China launches a lunar exploration satellite to realize the Millennium dream, and the whole country is boiling for it. And we can only watch quietly. "
Indian army studies China's lunar exploration.
65438+1From 23 to 28 October, the Indian Army and Navy held a joint commander meeting in New Delhi. The meeting coincided with the launch of China's Chang 'e-1 lunar exploration satellite. Therefore, China's lunar exploration project and the overall strength of space have become hot topics for these senior generals, which further stimulated the enthusiasm of Indian armed forces to build a "celestial army".
According to The Times of India1October 23rd 10, after the Indian Air Force announced the establishment of the Space Command last year, the Indian Army and Navy also took this year's Commander's Meeting to launch their own "celestial army" considerations and set up "space teams" at their respective headquarters.
A senior officer of the Indian army revealed that at present, the Indian army, navy and air force are actively discussing the tactics, tactics and strategic applications of space, because the decision makers of the Indian armed forces believe that if they leave the "space resources", there is no need to fight in the future, because "modern military has a serious dependence on various technologies and systems in space."
What makes the Indian armed forces feel very urgent is that the space test conducted by China in June 5438+ 10 was like a bolt from the blue for India, and the lunar exploration project was ahead of India. In contrast, India has no long-term specific plans for space, so the commanders of the three armed forces feel "urgent."
India's Ministry of National Defense recently threw out the "2020 National Defense Space Outlook". This strategic guidance document emphasizes that by 20 12 years ago, the Indian military will devote itself to developing space intelligence, reconnaissance, detection, communication and navigation. In order to achieve this goal, India had to complete more than 1000 related scientific research projects and launch several military spy satellites. Even if the above goals are achieved, India is far from achieving the goals of timely military communication, reconnaissance information transmission, missile early warning, satellite signal guidance of precision bombs and interference with enemy networks.
China's lunar exploration program.
Three stages
Ouyang Ziyuan, chief scientist of China's lunar exploration project and academician of China Academy of Sciences, said that Chang 'e-1 is the farthest satellite launched by China, with an average distance of 380,000 kilometers from the Earth. Prior to this, the farthest satellite launched by China was 40,000 kilometers above the ground.