Since the last century, people's understanding has gone beyond the macro scope, so that the spatial effect as a physical background has gradually appeared, such as the fluctuation of any object.
In addition, the discovery of Planck constant H shows that our universe is quantized. Another discovery is also important. Rutherford bombarded atoms with electrons and unexpectedly found that only a very small amount of electrons were reflected back. This shows that the mass of atoms is concentrated in a small area, and the volume of atoms is formed by the high-speed movement of electrons.
In a word, the universe is made up of quantum, space is not empty, and matter is not real. Therefore, we get an organic quantum landscape:
Discrete ground state quantum forms space, and excited quantum becomes photon, which belongs to energy category. The closed system composed of high-energy quantum is matter.
Therefore, all physical phenomena in the universe can be attributed to the asymmetric collision of space quantum. For example, high-speed and accelerated motion and the existence of microscopic particles will cause asymmetric collisions of space quantum, so that the speed of the object is limited by space, the object has inertia, and the microscopic particles have significant fluctuations.
Gravity is no exception, it is also caused by the asymmetric collision of quantum. As a closed system, the closeness of the material is less than 1, which will radiate heat energy to make the space quantum gain energy. Because high-energy quantum will reduce the compactness of matter, the quantum collision inside and outside two objects is asymmetric, and the resulting space pressure difference is gravity.
The above-mentioned gravitational mechanism requires that the stressed object has two characteristics, one is volume, and the other is heat dissipation. For a closed material system, obviously these two conditions are satisfied. Therefore, any substance will attract each other, which is called gravity.
Photon is a special case, in essence, it is just a discrete quantum. Although the angular momentum of quantum is Planck constant h and greater than zero, it shows that quantum has mass and volume. But the mass of quantum is very small, and the thermal energy radiated by quantum is far less than that radiated by matter as a closed system, and they belong to different levels. Therefore, as far as gravity is concerned, quantum radiation can be ignored.
Therefore, as an excitation quantum, photons can only feel the asymmetric collision between space quantum and its volume. In other words, photons are not attractive to photons or matter, but matter can attract photons. If the energy of photons increases, the equivalent volume of photons will increase, which can be expressed by the dynamic mass of photons.
As for black holes, because of their huge density, the motion and repulsion of matter are far from resisting the attraction of gravity. They will gather together indefinitely and squeeze each other, thus disintegrating the closed system and being reduced to discrete quantum. Therefore, a black hole is a huge closed system composed of high-energy quanta, which belongs to the same level as electrons and protons.
To sum up, photons will be attracted by black holes and fall into them. However, once they enter the black hole, there is no gravity between photons, and there is only elastic collision between them, which changes from gravity to repulsion. This is why the black hole will eventually end its strange life in a huge explosion.
First of all, let's discuss: does light have quality? Einstein's mass-energy equation E=mc? Tell us: there is actually energy in quality, and there is actually mass in energy. They are two sides of the same thing.
The essence of light should be considered as "photon" with wave-particle duality. Light has energy, so it also has mass, but its mass should be the square of its energy divided by the speed of light, that is, m = e/c 2. We also call this "mass" dynamic mass.
Therefore, light is not massless, it has moving mass, but the rest mass is 0.
So why can black holes attract light? This starts with the evolution of black holes: when a star ages, its thermonuclear reaction has exhausted the fuel in the center, and the energy generated in the center is about to run out. In this way, it no longer has enough strength to bear the huge weight of the shell. Therefore, under the heavy pressure of the outer shell, the inner core begins to collapse, and matter will March relentlessly to the center until it finally forms a star with almost infinite volume and density. When its radius shrinks to a certain extent (it must be smaller than schwarzschild radius), the space-time distortion caused by mass makes it impossible for even light to shoot out-a "black hole" is born.
The black hole is almost infinitely small in volume and infinite in density, which makes it have huge mass, so its gravity is extremely strong, which makes the escape speed in the horizon greater than the speed of light. So it distorts a certain range of space, and when the space is curved, the light can only move along the curved space. It's like there is a road in front of you. If the road suddenly turns, you can only drive along the curved road, and the lights are the same. After the road ahead is curved, it will also be curved.
So to put it simply: it is not the black hole that attracts light, but the light enters the black hole along the distorted space of the black hole. A black hole is a celestial body in the curvature of spacetime. It is too big for light to escape from its horizon.
Conclusion: At 2 19, April, Beijing time, the first human black hole photo appeared.
The black hole is located in the center of a huge elliptical galaxy M87 in Virgo, 55 million light years away from the Earth, and its mass is about 6.5 billion times that of the sun. Its core area has a shadow and a crescent-shaped halo around it.
Light has no mass but energy, and a black hole is a celestial body lacking energy, so it can naturally absorb the energy of light. Black holes are cosmic pits left by the Big Bang and celestial bodies lacking energy.
Without static mass, light will not be affected by gravity. But according to Einstein's general theory of relativity, space-time in the gravitational field is no longer flat, but curved. Einstein has long predicted that when light passes through a star like the sun, it will deflect, and Eddington and others have verified the prediction of relativity through astronomical observation. For a celestial body with large mass and strong gravity like a black hole, it will cause strong space-time bending, which will cause light to escape because of the space-time bending.
A black hole is a celestial body with extremely high density. Its huge mass and strong gravity make its surface escape faster than the speed of light, and everything including light can't escape. According to the theory of relativity, when a massive celestial body collapses, the space-time on its surface will bend. Once it collapses to the density of a black hole, the black hole is equivalent to the singularity of space-time, and the space-time on the surface of the black hole has been bent, and even light cannot escape.
People also call the interface around a black hole whose escape speed is equal to the speed of light the horizon. Radiation such as matter and light can only enter the black hole from outside the horizon, but cannot escape from the horizon. Therefore, the horizon of the black hole is the dividing line, and the matter and information inside the black hole cannot be transmitted to the outside. In addition to Hawking's prediction of black hole radiation, black holes are such a guy who only eats and doesn't spit.
This is a very valuable question. This problem needs to pay attention to two issues: one is the nature of light, and the other is the problem that black holes affect the propagation of light.
First of all, regarding the nature of light, at present we think that light has wave-particle duality, that is to say, light is both a wave and a particle. There is no conflict between the two. Speaking of this, I want to talk about a physicist who looks not very famous, but in fact I admire him very much-De Broglie. As a physics lover who became a monk halfway because of his hobby, he found that matter has volatility, thus unifying matter and field and becoming the founder of wave mechanics. De Broglie's discovery unified matter and wave, that is to say, light is both particle and wave. The position of a single photon is accidental, but once the number of particles is large, it will obey certain statistical laws. At this point, we have to discuss whether light has quality, because it is directly related to the discussion of the next question.
At present, the mainstream view is that photons have no mass. Once a particle has even a little mass, its speed will not reach the speed of light, because when it approaches the speed of light infinitely, its mass will become infinite, and if it accelerates again, it will need infinite energy. Therefore, only photons without mass can reach the highest speed of the universe-the speed of light. But photons carry energy. According to the energy carried by photons, there is a formula to calculate the mass of photons. The greater the energy carried, the greater the mass. Therefore, we say that photons have no rest mass, only moving mass. We can't capture a photon and make it stand still. Photons must always travel at the speed of light.
How does a black hole affect the propagation of light? Is it because photons have mass that they are actively pulled into black holes? Personally, I don't think it should be like this. According to the theory of relativity, gravity is actually a manifestation of curvature of spacetime, that is to say, the space around a massive object itself is not flat, and light always travels along the shortest distance it thinks. In this way, the light is bent after the space is bent. When the space is greatly curved, the shortest distance of light propagation is inside the black hole, so light cannot escape from the black hole.
Finally, to say something beside the point, I didn't turn my head. What's wrong with this easy conclusion based on the physics formula of senior high school? I think something is wrong, but I can't figure out what the problem is. The formula is as follows: mv? r=GMm r？ M is the mass of the surrounding objects and can be omitted. In other words, it has nothing to do with the quality of the surrounding objects. Can this be used as an explanation for this problem? Are strong gravity, microscopic and high-speed states not applicable? Something seems to be wrong. I appreciate your help.
Light has a dynamic mass, while all substances are dynamic (moving) but relatively static. Light is not relatively static, this is its characteristic-constant speed.
According to Newton's law of universal gravitation, gravity has no effect on particles with zero mass, so gravity will not affect light. In fact, according to Newton's law of universal gravitation, black holes should not exist. No matter how strong gravity is, light can always escape. However, Newton's law of universal gravitation only holds in some cases, when the speed of particles is much slower than the speed of light and the gravity is weak. When studying the working principle of black holes, we need to consider the more general law of gravity, which is Einstein's general theory of relativity.
According to general relativity, gravity is not a force! This is the distortion of time and space. Any massive object will distort the space-time around it. The greater the mass, the more serious the distortion of time and space (above). Gravity affects anything with energy. The source of gravity in general relativity is called stress-energy tensor, which includes energy density, momentum density, energy flux, momentum flux (including shear stress and pressure) and so on. Although light has no rest mass, it still has energy, so it will be affected by gravity in general relativity. Because E=mc2, mass contributes a lot of energy-therefore, objects with mass have a strong gravitational field, and other terms can be ignored, which is why Newton's law of gravity is so effective.
Therefore, when light passes through the distorted space-time around a massive object, it looks curved, but in fact, only the space-time around the massive object is distorted, and the light still propagates in a straight line in this curved space-time. Light still takes the shortest path, although it looks a little curved, which seems to affect the movement of light. A black hole bends space into a point, so light actually enters the black hole along a "straight line".
The observation of gravitational lens effect in the above picture verifies the correctness of Einstein's general theory of relativity.
To sum up, Newton thought that an object would move in a straight line without other forces; Einstein added, yes, but in a curved space, straight lines are not straight lines.
This problem can't be explained by Newton's gravity alone, only Einstein's theory of relativity can explain it perfectly.
Method 1: Although photons have no static mass, they have dynamic mass. According to the famous Einstein equation of mass and energy: E=MC? Because a photon has energy, it should have mass, and this mass is called dynamic mass.
Since light has mass, it can certainly be attracted by black holes, but this explanation is actually not perfect, because strictly speaking, this so-called moving mass is just a concept equivalent to mass, which can be said to be just an imaginary mass.
Because the speed of light must remain constant, photons must have no mass. In order to solve this problem, Einstein put forward the concept of moving mass, which has the same physical value as static mass.
Equivalent but not after all, such an explanation inevitably gives people a confused concept and is suspected of opportunism.
Method 2: The space-time view of general relativity has no gravity, only distorted space-time. General relativity uses more intuitive spatial geometric changes to express gravity. In Einstein's view, there is no gravity at all. The so-called gravity is actually the distortion of time and space by massive celestial bodies.
Both celestial bodies and light move in time and space. When space-time is distorted, their trajectories will naturally change. In fact, they are all moving along a "uniform straight line", or exactly according to the geodesic (also called geodetic line) of space.
The earth revolves around the sun because the mass of the sun distorts the space around it, and the geodesic line of the earth just distorts into a circle, which is the earth's orbit.
The huge mass of black holes distorts space-time more seriously. In its schwarzschild radius, that is, in the event horizon, all geodesics are twisted to the central singularity and extend infinitely, so the light is infinitely "downward" (here "downward" refers to the fourth dimension perpendicular to the three dimensions), which looks like the light is absorbed by the black hole.
In fact, light enters by itself, just like the earth goes around the sun by itself.
This perfectly explains why light without mass is absorbed by black holes.
To sum up, matter tells spacetime how to bend, spacetime tells matter how to move, while black holes represent the limit of spacetime bending and light represents the limit of matter movement.
Matter can't escape the bondage of time and space after all.
The most rigorous language for discussing black holes is "space". It is very convenient and intuitive to discuss black holes with "gravity", but it is easy to fall into the same logic as this problem.
Looking at a black hole in the language of space, the light will not be absorbed by the black hole, but the light itself will not move outward.
The light will move along the extreme value of geodesic length. The so-called geodesic is a generalization of "straight line". In a plane space, such as a flat desktop, the shortest distance between two points is a straight line. Therefore, in a flat space, light propagates in a straight line in a uniform medium.
But it's different in a twisted space. To give a common example, if you look at the plane route in the northern hemisphere, from China to the United States, it always goes north first and then south. Many people don't understand why.
In fact, this route is the most time-saving at this time.
The space of the map is actually distorted, and this curved route is the geodesic line on the map.
Black holes can also distort space-time, and when the light is distorted, the air motion will still follow the geodesic. The problem is that the geodesic line in the black hole horizon does not intersect with the outside, so light cannot escape from the black hole.
This problem can be discussed in two parts. First of all, it is about the origin of black holes. Black holes were first proposed by British geographer John Mitchell in 1783. At that time, he put forward a point: if a planet has the same mass as the sun and a diameter of only 3,000 kilometers, there will be great gravity in a specific range of this planet, and even light can hardly escape.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Einstein's general theory of relativity believed that the essence of gravity was that super-massive stars caused the space-time around them to bend, and the greater the mass, the greater the curvature. Relativity proves the existence of black holes.
British physicist Eddington is a big fan of Einstein. During the total solar eclipse, he found that huge stars can deflect light, and so can black holes. In stars, because the mass of the sun is not very large, the deformation of space-time is also very slight, and it can only be observed when it is very close to the sun. Compared with sunlight, the light of distant stars is very weak, and only when the total solar eclipse occurs and the sun's light is completely blocked can the deflection of the light of nearby stars be observed.
The above theories and experiments prove that black holes can really absorb light, and they can't escape.
Secondly, many people know physics very well. They think that since light has no static mass, how can it be absorbed by a black hole? Don't you only absorb substances with quality?
Then we should start with the essence of light, what is the composition of light in history, from the wave theory in Newton's time to the particle theory later, and then to the wave-particle duality recognized at present. It is said that mingguang is not that simple.
In addition, there is an understanding of what is static mass and moving mass, or Einstein's theory of relativity. There is really nowhere to hide here! The mass of matter at rest is static mass, and the mass at motion is moving mass. However, under the macro condition of low speed, the difference between static mass and moving mass is very small and can be ignored. But taking high speed as an example, the closer to the speed of light, the greater the mass will become. At this time, the moving mass will be much larger than the static mass.
Light is an electromagnetic wave and is also composed of photons, each of which has energy. According to Cupid's equation of mass and energy, the mass of each photon can be obtained. Although this mass is extremely small, it also applies to Einstein's general theory of relativity. When a black hole devours light, it is equivalent to consuming energy, and the mass of the black hole will also become larger.
In other words, photons can be quickly captured by the black hole in its horizon.
Through the above two points, we can fully understand why photons without static mass will be absorbed by black holes.