Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is now Kaifeng, also known as Tokyo, and Bianliang, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, was already a large city with a population of over one million at that time. In addition, rural towns (also known as "caoshi") gradually developed. In these towns, commerce is prosperous and shops are extremely developed. According to "Dream of Tokyo", in the Northern Song Dynasty, outside the Donghuamen in the capital city of Tokyo, the market was the most prosperous ... Everything about diet, fashionable flowers and fruits, fish, shrimps, turtles and crabs, preserved quail and rabbits, treasures and treasures, and clothes was nothing more than a wonder in the world. If its taste is tens of points, guests will have one or twenty flavors of wine, and they will have it at their request. When he was old, fruits, melons and vegetables were newly listed, and eggplant (a kind of gourd, edible when tender) and so on, and each pair of them could be as straight as 3 thousand to 5 thousand, and the disputes among the cabinets took it at an expensive price. It was really a prosperous scene. In addition, thousands of pigs are driven into the meat market in the city every day to be slaughtered, and thousands of tons of fish are consumed every day. At this time, the night market is also more prosperous, often until the third night, the market transactions, often tens of millions. There is also the "Wasi" as a storytelling entertainment venue, which can accommodate thousands of people. Many well-known storytelling and historical stories are spread to thousands of households here through the wonderful interpretation of storytelling artists. The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a famous painter in the Northern Song Dynasty, has spread to this day, which provides powerful and vivid evidence for understanding the prosperity of Bianjing shops at that time.
Bianjing, the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty, is a metropolis with a population of over one million, with more than 6,4 shops in the city. Bianjing Central Street is called Imperial Street, with a width of 2 steps and royal corridors on both sides of the road. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty changed the old rules that residents in Zhou, Qin, Han and Tang dynasties were not allowed to open the door to the street or engage in business activities outside the designated market, and allowed citizens to set up shops and shops in the Imperial Gallery and do business along the street. In order to enliven economic and cultural life, the curfew was relaxed, and the city gate was closed late and opened early. On the Imperial Street, an army patrol shop is set up every 2 to 3 steps, and the corner patrol in the shop maintains traffic order during the day and diverts people and vehicles; Guard the official and commercial houses at night to prevent theft and fire and prevent accidents. This is probably the earliest patrol in history.
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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = During the Song Dynasty, the West Lake was dredged many times, especially a large-scale dredging project for the West Lake during the reign of Emperor Zongyuan You (185-193), when Su Shi was the governor of Hangzhou. In this project, a large amount of dredged mud was piled up into a five-mile-long embankment from south to north, and six stone bridges were built on it to circulate the lake. This is the famous "Su Causeway". While dredging the West Lake, Su Shi built a sluice weir between the canal and the West Lake, so that the canal was exclusively affected by the lake, isolated from the river tide and ensured the smooth water transportation. At the same time, six wells, which uses tile pipes instead of bamboo pipes to draw lake water into the urban area, has improved the water supply conditions of urban residents.
after the song dynasty's southward crossing, its capital was established in Hangzhou, and it was renamed Lin' an prefecture. Hangzhou has since become the national political, economic and cultural center of the Southern Song Dynasty.
from the 28th year of Shaoxing (1158), the government of the Southern Song Dynasty expanded Miyagi and its southeast outer cities on the basis of the capital of Wuyue.
1. Expansion of the Palace Que of the City Wall
(1) Miyagi, also known as "Ouchi" or "Imperial City", is located at the foot of the Phoenix Mountain, starting from Fengshanmen in the north, reaching the Qiantang River in the south, stopping at Houchaomen in the east, reaching Wansongling in the west, and the city is about Jiuhuali, which is a reconstruction of wuyue's "Zicheng". Miyagi has a gate on all sides. The south gate is changed from wuyue Tongyue Gate to Lili Gate, and the north gate is changed from Wuyue Gate to Hening Gate. In addition, Donghua Gate and Xihua Gate are added. Li's main entrance is the gate of the palace, with triple doors, each of which is "all nailed with gold, painted with carved bricks, covered with copper tiles, carved with dragons and phoenixes flying in the shape of bricks, majestic and dazzling". There is also a royal building on the door, and there are red forks on both sides of the door, which is heavily guarded. There are also three doors in the north of Heningmen, which are similar in magnificence.
there are "3 halls, 33 rooms, 13 pavilions, 4 fasting halls, 7 floors, 6 terraces and 19 pavilions" in Miyagi. Opposite the main entrance of Li is the grand and magnificent Wende Hall, commonly known as the Golden Throne Hall, which is the tallest building in the Forbidden City. The temple base made of white marble is as high as twenty feet. The temple is about ten feet high. It is in the middle of a platform about six to seven feet high. It is equipped with a golden throne of Qi Diao Dragon, flanked by dragons and gold pillars. The ceiling in the middle of the throne is engraved with golden dragon algae wells, and the spherical Xuanyuan mirror hangs upside down. The whole decoration shows the supreme authority of the feudal emperor, and it is the place where the emperor held major ceremonies.
Behind the Wende Hall is the Hanging Arch Hall. There are five rooms and twelve frames in the hall, which are six feet long and eight feet wide. It is the place where the emperor "inner court" meets his ministers to discuss state affairs daily. Behind the vertical arch hall is the imperial palace where the emperor, empresses and princes live and live, and there are palaces such as Funing Hall and Qinzheng Hall where the emperor goes to bed and has meals. In addition to these magnificent palaces, there is also an imperial garden-Houyuan, which is exclusively for the royal family in Miyagi. There are artificial small West Lake, rockery and flying springs, pavilions and pavilions in the garden, which are beautifully constructed to imitate the scenery of the West Lake.
(2) The outer city is also called "Luocheng". Basically, it is the scale of Xifu City in wuyue, but it is slightly expanded in the southeast and slightly contracted in the northwest, and it has become a magnificent city with an inner span of Wu Shan, a north to Wulinmen, a southeast to Qiantang River and a west to West Lake. The city wall is three feet high and more than ten feet wide. * * * There are thirteen city gates: Dongqimen, starting from Genshanmen in the north (now on the west bank of Donghe River in the southwest of Genshanmen), Dongqingmen (a famous vegetable city gate, now at the south entrance of Dongqing Lane), Chongxinmen (a recommended bridge gate, now at the north entrance of Chengtou Lane), Xinkaimen (a famous grass bridge gate, now at the north entrance of Bamboo Chair Lane in Wangjiangmen), and Baoanmen (. West Gate 4, starting from Qianhumen (now Qingbomen South Yunju Mountain), Qingbomen (now the address), Fengyumen (now Chongjinmen) and Qiantang Gate (now the west exit of Jiaochang Road); There is Jiahuimen in the south (now Nanxing Bridge North); There is Yuhang Gate (now Wulin Gate) in the north. In addition, there are five watergates, such as North Watergate, South Watergate, Security Watergate, Tianzong Watergate and Yuhang Watergate.
The Genshan Gate, Dongqing Gate and Bianmen among the thirteen gates are built with earthen jars, and all the other gates are built with towers, especially the Jiahuimen Gate, which is the crown of all the gates, and the imperial cars pass in and out through this gate every year when the emperor "sacrifices to heaven in the southern suburbs" (winter solstice). Outside the city, there is a moat with a width of ten feet, also known as Chenghao (today's Donghe). Willows are planted on the river bank, and people are forbidden to travel.
2. unprecedented prosperity of Lin' an city
Lin' an city has an imperial street, also known as Tianjie, which runs through the north and south and is paved with stone slabs. It starts from Zhongzheng Bridge in the north and ends at Zhengyangmen (Fengshanmen) in the south, with a length of more than 13,5 feet. The center of the street is an imperial road dedicated to the emperor, and both sides are rivers made of bricks and stones. Lotus is planted in the river, and peaches, plums, pears and apricots are planted on the shore. It is picturesque between spring and summer. Outside the river is a corridor for citizens to walk. This layout of the streets also shows the feudal emperors' self-respect.
There are more than 8 squares inside and outside Luocheng, but the walls of the squares have already been demolished, and the square system exists in name only. The government has divided the squares into thirteen compartments to strengthen the control of the citizens. With the development of commodity economy, large-scale workshops have been established in handicraft industries such as shipbuilding, ceramics, textile, printing and paper making in Lin 'an. Professional fairs and businesses are all over the city, "from the main street and all the lanes, the size of the shops are covered with seats, even the doors are all over" (1), there are also shops on both sides of Tianjie, "no one doesn't buy or sell" (2), due to the destruction of the square system and the market system and the relaxation of the night ban, there has also been a night market in the city, "buying and selling are going on day and night, and the number of tourists is starting to thin; When five drums chime, those who sell the morning market will open a shop again. ". In the canal north of the city, the boats from the river and the Huaihe River meet each other and stay up all night. The Jianggan area in the south of the city, which travels to and from Taizhou, Wenzhou, Fuzhou, Quanzhou and other countries sailing to Japan, Korea and Nanyang, is crowded with ships and masts, and Lin 'an has developed into the largest commercial city in China.
During the period of Xiaozong Trunk Road in the early Southern Song Dynasty (1165-1173), the population of Lin 'an was "261,692 households with a population of 552,57" (4). By the end of the Southern Song Dynasty (1265-1274), it had increased to "391,259 households with a population of 1,247,6" (5). Hangzhou City "has been in business for more than 2 years, with a prosperous registered permanent residence and ten times as many merchants and traders as before" .6. The city's service industries, such as tea houses, wine shops and food shops, are all over the streets. There are as many as 2 places for citizens' entertainment, both inside and outside the city. There are 13 "Goulan" in Beiwa, the largest place in the south of Zhongqianqiao today, which perform various zaju, acrobatics, sumo wrestling, puppet shows, storytelling, history telling, etc. day and night.
Lin 'an in the Southern Song Dynasty was also the national cultural center. Engraving printing industry is the highest in China, and Hangzhou engraving books have become the essence of Song edition books in China. Taixue, the highest institution of learning in the Southern Song Dynasty, is located near Jijiaqiao, with the largest scale. Together with martial arts and religious studies, it is called "three studies" In addition, there are specialized schools in mathematics, calligraphy and medicine, as well as Lin 'an government school and county schools in Qiantang and Renhe counties. Under these schools, there are a large number of "township schools, family schools, libraries, book clubs, one or two in every lane, and the sound of strings is often heard". It can be seen that its education is popular.
after dredging and renovation since the Tang and Song Dynasties, the West Lake reached its peak in the Southern Song Dynasty. The so-called "Ten Scenes of West Lake", such as Su Causeway Chunxiao, Quyuan Fenghe, Pinghu Qiuyue, Broken Bridge Canxue, Liulang Wenying, Huagang Fish Watching, Leifeng Sunset, Twin Peaks Inserting Clouds, Nanping Night Bell and Santan Moon Printing, were formed at this time. In order to satisfy their extravagant enjoyment, the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty successively built royal gardens such as Jujing, Zhenzhu, Nanping, Jifang, Yanxiang and Yuhu, which were spread all over and around the West Lake. It was precisely because "Liu Fei (the emperor drove) stayed in the lake and became increasingly colorful; Houses are connected, without reducing the city. There is a poem that says,' I don't know where to find an isolated mountain', and its prosperity can be imagined.