A rainy night in the south of the Yangtze River

Jiangnan is a small bridge with flowing water, a rainy apricot blossom, and a dream lover of China classical culture. In history, where is Jiangnan? How is it formed? Is it really as weak as I remember?

Jiang Hua wins fire, spring water is blue, lilac alley, misty rain and apricot blossom, Jiangnan, the spiritual home of China literati. For the ancient literati in China, it is their lifelong ideal to help the world, and then retreat to the garden. Jiangnan, which has the most prosperous style of writing, constitutes an important pole of China culture. There are poems and songs, winding paths and secluded places, small bridges and flowing water, and ink and wash pastoral areas.

Tao Hongjing once wrote in "A Letter of Appreciation":? The beauty of mountains and rivers has been talked about since ancient times. The towering peaks of the mountains, the clouds, clear streams clear bottom. The stone walls of both sides are colorful and reflect each other. Green woods, green bamboo clusters, four. Dawn fog will rest, apes and birds will sing; The evening is fading, and the scales are leaping. This is really a fairyland on earth. Since Xie lingyun in the southern dynasty, no one has been able to appreciate the marvelous scenery. ?

what's said here? The fairy capital of desire? , refers to the Jiangnan area. Since ancient times, Jiangnan has been the object of praise by literati. It is picturesque, beautiful and rich, and full of artistic flavor. It is a dream place for people.

But misunderstanding is always accompanied by beautiful imagination. For example, because of the beauty of the scenery and the humanistic atmosphere in the south of the Yangtze River? Weak? Defining and ignoring the bloody side of Jiangnan culture has become people's inherent thinking over time.

Jiangnan is the back garden of China culture, but where is Jiangnan and how did it come into being? Is Jiangnan really so weak?

Jiangnan? The area centered on southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang

As the name implies, Jiangnan refers to the south of the Yangtze River. In a narrow sense, Jiangnan refers to the south bank of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Jiangnan in a broad sense covers the south of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the north of Nanling and Wuyishan, that is, the whole territory of Hunan, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, as well as the areas south of the Yangtze River in Hubei, Anhui and Jiangsu. Some people even include Fujian in this broad category.

about Jiangnan, the earliest record that can be seen at present should be Historical Records? The five emperors' biographies, which mentioned? (Shun) Yao Jian ascended the throne in the sixties. In the thirty-ninth year of the reign of Emperor Jian, he made a inaugural tour in the south and collapsed in the wild of Cangwu. Buried in Jiangnan Jiuyi, it is for Lingling. ?

Jiangnan, as a political division, appeared in the pre-Qin period, which generally refers to the boundary of Chu. Historical Records? Is it in Qin Benji? In the thirty years of Qin Zhaoxiang's reign, Shu defended Ruo Chu and took Wu County, and Jiangnan was the county in central Guizhou. According to the records, Chu belongs to the south of the Yangtze River, which refers to parts of Hunan, southern Hubei and Jiangxi.

in the three kingdoms period, Liu Biao supported his troops and respected himself. Liu Biao Biography said:? Is there a big thief in Jiangnan? Only Jiangxia thieves, Zhang Zhuang and Chen, were stationed in Xiangyang city, indicating that the more they went with Pang Ji, the more they fell, and the south of the Yangtze River was flat. .

Jiangnan Road was set up in Zhenguan period of Tang Dynasty, covering Jiangxi, Hunan and southern Hubei, and Jiangnan Road was set up in Song Dynasty, including Jiangxi and southern Anhui. In the early Qing Dynasty, there was also jiangnan province, which also included Jiangsu and southern Anhui. The scope of the post of Governor of Liangjiang included jiangnan province and Jiangxi provinces.

However, as a cultural concept, the scope of Jiangnan is much smaller. Li Bozhong believes that defining the geographical scope of Jiangnan should not only have geographical integrity in terms of standards, but also be a specific concept in people's minds.

accordingly, the reasonable scope of Jiangnan should include today's southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, that is, Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Zhenjiang, Jiangning, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Taicang Zhili Prefecture later designated by Suzhou Prefecture; The land of eight prefectures and one state is not only unified in internal ecological conditions, but also belongs to Taihu Lake water system, and its economic relations are also very close, and its periphery is clearly separated from its neighboring areas by natural barriers.

from a historical perspective, some people think that Jiangnan should be the southern part of Jiangsu, the whole of Zhejiang and parts of Anhui and Jiangxi, such as Suzhou, Songjiang, Changzhou, Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in the Qing Dynasty, which are the six famous Jiangnan governments, all concentrated in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. Of course, when people mention the famous cities in the south of the Yangtze River, they will also include Jiujiang House in Jiangxi, Ningguo House in Anhui and Huizhou House.

how many times did you move south to create Jiangnan? Sui and Tang dynasties gradually became an economic and cultural center

There were several large-scale migrations to the south in history, most of which were caused by war. For example, after the Yongjia Rebellion (the Xiongnu captured Luoyang in the Western Jin Dynasty), refugees from the Central Plains moved across the river to the south, and so did the Anshi Rebellion (the rebellion in Shi Siming, An Lushan in the middle of the Tang Dynasty). After the shame of Jingkang (the southern invasion of the Northern Song Dynasty by Nuzhen), the southward migration reached its peak, only for more than ten years. Jiang, Zhe, Hu, Xiang, Min, Guang, and Northwest China are full of people? .

The southward migration has enabled the Jiangnan area to acquire a large number of labor and advanced technology, make better use of fertile land and develop its economy. Agriculture has become an important grain producing area, a veritable land of fish and rice, and handicrafts and silk weaving are developing day by day. The famous city Jiankang (now Nanjing) had a population of 1.4 million in the Southern Dynasties, so we can imagine its prosperity. Since then, the economic and cultural center of China has gradually moved southward, from Chang 'an to Suzhou and Hangzhou, especially in the Southern Song Dynasty, Suzhou and Hangzhou enjoyed unprecedented prosperity.

In addition to several migrations to the south, the short Sui Dynasty was also a great opportunity for the development of Jiangnan. After the unification of China in the Sui Dynasty, Jiangnan area, which was once the political core of the Six Dynasties, was deliberately suppressed politically, but being far away from politics brought relative stability, which enabled Jiangnan area to develop during the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

After the Anshi Rebellion, the Central Plains suffered from the war, and the Jiangnan area officially became the economic center. Endowed with the world and Jiangnan in the 19th? And that's the beginning of the Millennium? South-to-North Grain Transfer Project? Pattern. Even if the disaster in the north is severe, there will be no military disaster in Jiangnan for hundreds of years.

the development of economy has promoted the prosperity of culture. Since the beginning of its formation, Jiangnan culture has perfectly integrated the developed economy with beautiful scenery, showing the spirit of beauty everywhere, and it is reflected in various fields such as literature, catering, opera and architectural gardens.

in terms of literature, since the Six Dynasties, there have been countless poets, poets and dramatists in the south of the Yangtze River, with a rich and inherent style of study? I don't know that Dakui is a public instrument in the world, but I regard Wei Keke as my family's relic? The statement. In the Ming dynasty, about a quarter of the champions came from Jiangnan; In the Qing dynasty, this proportion increased to more than half, and it was more common to win the top three.

The glory in the imperial examination was actually related to the overall economic and cultural prosperity in Jiangnan. At that time, Jiangnan had formed a developed urban agglomeration, with many ports and frequent foreign exchanges, and people's horizons were relatively broad. Whether taking the imperial examination or studying, they could get twice the result with half the effort. In addition, such as calligraphy and painting, stone inscriptions, etc., are also the absolute of Jiangnan intellectuals? Strong points? .

however, if only the economy is developed,? World granary? And the strong style of study are not enough to explain the particularity of Jiangnan culture. If you say rich, what did ancient Sichuan have? Land of abundance? It is as developed as Jiangnan. As the birthplace of Confucian culture, Qilu area was equally important in ancient times if we say the style of study and cultural tradition. In fact, there is something more profound in the connotation of Jiangnan culture, that is, the exquisite life represented by Zhang Dai's Dream of Tao 'an and Li Yu's Casual Tales.

Jiangnan gardens are typical of this exquisite life. The natural garden form had already risen as early as the Six Dynasties. Building gardens requires not only financial resources, but also a profound understanding of aesthetics. When the great era is in turmoil, it even needs to carry the literati's mood.

for example, the water painting garden in Rugao county was originally a family business, but it was gradually restored and improved when the famous childe ventured across the border. He built more than ten scenic spots in the garden, such as Miao Yin Xiang Lin, Yi Mo Zhai, Pillow Smoke Pavilion, Hanbyeokdang Pavillion, etc. Chen Weisong, a famous scholar, once wrote in The Water Painting Garden:? Painters, will also, north and south, east and west are all painted in water, and the forest is covered with flowers, if painting is natural. ?

After the Ming Dynasty's death, the disheartened person took the initiative to change the name of Shuihui Garden to Shuihui Temple, where he lived in seclusion, and celebrities came to sing in unison. Those who cross the river to the north and cross the river to the south all return to Rugao? Say it.

In terms of food and tea ceremony, Jiangnan is also famous for its exquisiteness, which embodies aesthetics everywhere and is quite different from the rugged north. Zhang Dai talked about tea, ever? Ladle method, pinch method, move method, scatter method, fan method, stir-fry method, bake method and hide method, just like songluo. He pours it from the spring, but the fragrance is not out. If you boil the spring and throw it into a small pot, the fragrance is too strong. Mixed with jasmine, repeatedly contested, lightly put it with open porcelain, waiting for it to be cold; Wash it with a rolling soup, the color is like a bamboo basket, and the green powder is evenly distributed; It's like a mountain window at the beginning of dawn, and it's transparent. Take the white princess, tend to plain porcelain, really like a hundred stems of plain orchid and snow Tao and diarrhea? The remark.

　? A pot of swing, with smooth talk; Half a couch burning incense, * * * period white drunk? This feeling is not just? Petty bourgeoisie? . As a representative of Jiangnan literati, Zhang Dai once had 17 hobbies, including? Love is prosperous, good house, beautiful maid, good child molester, good fresh clothes, good horses, good lanterns, good fireworks, good pear gardens, good advocacy, good antiques, good flowers and birds, and abuse oranges with tea, books and poems? This in itself is a portrayal of Jiangnan culture.

Li Yu is not only fond of food, but also likes music, gardens, landscapes and calligraphy and painting. So? Every window, bed, clothing, utensils, diet and other systems, learning new ideas, people are delighted with it, so they are moved for a while. ?

most notably, what is the relationship between the exquisite life in Jiangnan and? Pretend to be forced? The word has nothing to do with it, but? The more famous it is, the more natural it is? , is a kind of aesthetics that emphasizes freedom.

the unknown bloody side of Jiangnan? The chivalrous sausage wine makes the moon near Qinhuai

Because of the exquisiteness and aestheticism of Jiangnan culture, many people misunderstand it, thinking that it has only a feminine side, and even comparing it with the northern culture, they think that northerners are masculine and southerners are feminine. This view is superficial and ignores the background of Jiangnan culture.

Jiangnan civilization originated from the Yangtze River civilization, and its first prosperity was wuyue's hegemony in the late Spring and Autumn Period, both of which ranked first? Spring and autumn five tyrants? . First, the king of Wu, Fu Cha and dispatch troops, attacked the state of Yue, and Gou Jian, the king of Yue, became a hostage. After that, he made an effort to destroy Wu, forcing Fu Cha to commit suicide, and then he continued to go north to dominate the Central Plains. During this period, Wu culture and Yue culture merged and gradually built the framework of Jiangnan culture. "Lu Chunqiu" said? Husband and wife Wu Zhi and Yue Ye, are connected with the soil and neighbors, belong to the soil and traffic, have the same customs, and are fluent in words? It is also the situation during this period.

In wuyue's hegemony, there was a bloody war and forbearing revenge. Even Fu Cha committed suicide, there was the tragic death of the monarch, not to mention the story of Zhuan Zhu and his departure. It is not only a history book, but also a foreplay of the bloody side of Jiangnan culture.

Although the culture of Wuyue is inevitably influenced by the culture of the Central Plains, it still shows great independence. For example, after the King of Yue Gou Jian moved his capital to Langya, Confucius went to an audience to promote the Five Emperors and Three Wang Zhidao, but Gou Jian refused Confucius on the grounds of different customs and deliberately kept his own cultural independence. Although Wudi is closer to the north than Yuedi, and influenced by Central Plains culture, it also has certain independence.

After Yongjia Rebellion, many immigrants poured into the south, and then moved to the south, which made China's political and cultural axis move to the south for the first time. Geographer Chen Zhengxiang once thought? Yongjia Rebellion? 、? An Shi rebellion? And? The difficulty of Jing Kang? , yes? Three waves that forced China Cultural Center to move south? . Just at this time, Jiangnan culture had a softer side, but the martial style of wuyue period was not eliminated from the bone marrow of Jiangnan culture.

The bloodiness in Jiangnan culture is not only a brave warrior, but sometimes it is reflected in the literati class. Scholars in the south of the Yangtze River tend to be soft and firm, loyal to their ideals. Although they are romantic and elegant on weekdays, they can show their loyalty and integrity when the country is broken, and they still have the heart to save the day under the bad king. There was one in Gao Shiqi in Qing Dynasty? Yan sentence soul disappears Suiyuan willow, chivalrous intestine wine drinks Qinhuai moon? The poem,? Yan sentence? With? Chivalrous intestines? At the same time, it is a true portrayal of Jiangnan literati.

　? Jiangnan blood? A concentrated outbreak occurred in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. When the Manchu rulers put forward? Keep your hair or your head? When the haircut was ordered, the people in the south of the Yangtze River became the most intense anti-Qing force. Jiangyin's rebellion is the most famous. At that time, the righteous people in Jiangyin fought against the Qing Dynasty and regained their sight, pushing Chen Mingyu, the history of canon, as the head, and Chen Mingyu gave way to Yan Yingyuan, the former history of canon. Yan Yingyuan resolutely led the family children to take over the command. At this time, there are more than 2 local literati and gentry United around him. Therefore, Jiangyin staged a miracle of sticking to his post for 81 days.

The scholar allowed to write such a couplet in the Mid-Autumn Festival when he besieged the city. On the 8 th, he sent loyalty to show the people of the 17 th Dynasty. One hundred thousand people work together to kill the enemy, leaving Daming three hundred miles away? . He told the minds of all the gentry in the south of the Yangtze River at that time.

after jiangyin city was attacked by red artillery, did the Qing army? Slaughter the whole city and seal the knife? . The whole city? Salty is lucky to die first, and no one obeys? There were 172, people who were slaughtered, and only 53 people were not dead. There are also Jiading, Songjiang, Kunshan, Changshu, Liyang, etc. These small towns in the south of the Yangtze River all shed their last drop of blood in the struggle against Qing Dynasty.

There are also these names left in the annals of history: Feng Houdun, Xia Weixin, Zhang Jingshi, Wang Hua, Huang Yuqi, Hou Tongceng, Huang Chunyao, Gong Yongyuan, Tu Xiangmei, Li Yuxin, Zheng Zongyi, Xu Shiqi, Shen Youlong, Xia Yunyi, Xia Wanchun, Chen Zilong, Xu Fuyuan, Zhang Mi, Wang Yongyou and Zhang Mi.

When the mountains and rivers were broken, these Jiangnan people stepped forward. Although their death could not turn the tide, they have written themselves into history together with Jiangnan culture.