Jurchen (or Ligustrum lucidum and Nvzhi) in Liao, Jin and Song Dynasties, also known as Jurchen clan, originated in Su Shen more than 3,000 years ago, and was called Lou in Han and Jin Dynasties, Buji in Southern and Northern Dynasties (pronounced Moji) and Blackwater in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
"Jurchen" was divided into three parts in the early Ming Dynasty: Jianzhou Jurchen, Haixi Jurchen and Barbarian Jurchen. Later, it was divided into four parts: Jianzhou, Changbai, Donghai and Hulun. According to the degree of being close to China's culture and activity area, and the degree of having more China people, people in the south are mature women and less China people, while people in the north are virgins.
After the Qing Dynasty, a part of "Nuzhen" merged with other ethnic groups and was called "Manchuria", which was later called Manchu.
The Jin Dynasty was founded by jurchen. In 1 1 15, the leader of Jurchen unified the tribes of Jurchen, captured the capital of northern Liaoning in a short time, and entered Beijing. Then they invaded most of the land of Han people in Song Dynasty and established puppet regimes such as Qi and Chu. Later, according to the habits of the Han people, a country called Jin was established. Jurchen named the Jin Dynasty (Jin, Jurchen language Anchu Lake is equivalent to later Manchu love letter-Jin, Jin) after their hometown Anchu Lake River.
The Liao Dynasty was founded by Lu Ye Abaoji, a Khitan. In northern China, it was first called Qidan, and was renamed Liao in 947 (938).
Qidan nationality originated from Xianbei Rouran Department, a descendant of Donghu people. Qidan, translated into Chinese, is also called Jida, Begging for Tower, Begging for Answer, Sucking for Giving, etc. It takes the word "Khitan" as the title of the country, symbolizing the indomitable will and indestructible national spirit of the Khitan people. Historical documents first recorded that Qidan began in 389 AD, but it was destroyed by the Northern Wei Dynasty of Xianbei Tuoba. Among them, Beirouran retreated to the outer Xing 'an Mountains and became the ancestor of the Mongols, Shiwei. Nan Rouran lives in the area south of Xilamulun River and north of Laoha River in Inner Mongolia, and lives a nomadic and fishing and hunting clan social life in the form of a group of teachers. At this time, the names of the eight tribes were Siwandan, Hedahe, Fufuyu, Yuling, Piji, Li, Tuliuyu and Rilian. In the turbulent war years, the ministries joined forces to form the Qidan nationality. In 907, the Khitan established political power and became a powerful force in northern China. In 9 16, Lu Ye Abaoji, the leader of the Khitan nationality, established the Khitan State. In 947, Emperor Taizong Ye Ludeguang changed his country name to Liao, and Liao became the unified regime in northern China. The kingdom of Qidan is powerful, with its territory stretching from the sea in the east to quicksand in the west, the Great Wall in the south and the desert in the north. 1 125, Liao was destroyed by Jin, and then the Khitan gradually merged.
Historians can only speculate that the fate of millions of Khitans can be roughly divided into three types:
First, the Khitans living in the ancestral land of Khitan gradually forgot their ethnic origin and merged with other ethnic groups.
Second, after the demise of the Western Liao Dynasty, most of the Khitans in the northern desert moved westward to Kerman, Iran, and were completely Islamized.
Third, after the outbreak of the Jin-Meng War, some Khitans who "vowed not to eat golden millet" took refuge in Mongolia. They followed the Mongolian army to the west and spread to all parts of the country.
According to textual research, the present Daur people may be descendants of the Qidan people. In addition, among the families with genealogy in southwest China, according to genealogical records, the descendants of Khitan who stayed with the expedition of Mongolian army have been integrated with the local residents. Daur, A, Mang and Jiang are all descendants of Qidan. Yunnan "I" is like the Uighurs in Taoyuan County, Hunan Province. They are all officers and men of different nationalities in the Yuan Dynasty. They settled in the local area and preserved the memory of the original nation.
Xixia, a dynasty, refers to the feudal regime established by the Tangut in western China from 1038 to 1227 in China history. The name of Xixia regime is "Daxia", because in the Song Dynasty, Song people called it "Xixia".
The Tangut is one of the northern minorities in ancient China, belonging to the Western Qiang nationality, so it is called "Tangut Qiang". According to records, the Qiang nationality originated from "giving support" or "analyzing support", that is, the Yellow River area in the southeast of Qinghai Province today. During the Han Dynasty, a large number of Qiang people migrated to Longhe and Guanzhong areas. At this time, Dangxiang lived the life of a primitive nomadic tribe and knew nothing about crops and plants. They took tribes as dividing units and surnames as tribal names, and gradually formed eight famous Tangut branches, of which Tuoba was the most powerful. In addition, there are black Tangut, Snow Mountain Tangut and other tribes.
It is also said that Tuoba is descended from Xianbei, and Li Yuanhao, the founding monarch of Xixia, claimed to be descended from Xianbei.
In the fourth year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty (584), more than a thousand Tangut Qiang people returned to Sui and the early Tang Dynasty (6 18 ~ 626). In the ninth year of Zhenguan in Tang Dynasty (635), he appointed the tribal leader who joined the clan as the secretariat, and took Tuoba Chi as the prefect of Xirong Prefecture, giving him the surname Li, which was controlled by Songzhou Prefecture. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, Tuoba Sigong, the leader of the Tangut Xiaping Department, took part in the military action to suppress the peasant uprising army in Huang Chao. In the Tang dynasty, it was a difficult army, Tuoba Sigong was our time, Xia Guogong was knighted, and then Li. After the Five Dynasties, the Tangut Tuoba Department gradually developed and strengthened its own strength by taking advantage of the wars between the buffer regions and the change of dynasties. By the last Zhou Dynasty, the local separatist forces with Zhou Xia as the center had formed.
In the early Song Dynasty, the military power of Fanfan Town was cut, which caused Li's dissatisfaction. Although they obeyed Song's orders at first, the contradiction between them became more and more serious. 1032, Li Yuanhao, son of Li Deming, succeeded Xia Guogong and began to actively prepare to leave the Song Dynasty. He abandoned Li's surname first and called himself his surname. In the second year, in the name of avoiding his father's taboo, he changed the name of Ming Dow in the Song Dynasty to show his way. Start Xixia's own year number. In the following years, he built palaces, set up civil and military classes, stipulated the service of officials and civilians, established the military system, established the name of the army, and created his own national language (Xixia language). 1038, 10, 1 1, Li Yuanhao proclaimed himself emperor and made him a hero.
In A.D. 1227, Mongolia destroyed Xixia, and the Tangut became one of the Mongols, Yuan people and Semu people. The Mongolian translation of the Tangut is Tang Wu (translated into Tang Wu style or Tanghu style in the Secret History of the Yuan Dynasty), so it was used to refer to the Tangut people and the Xixia established by them in the Yuan Dynasty. Because the territory of Xixia is mainly to the west of the Yellow River, which is called Hexi in China literature, it is translated from Mongolian and used as a joint application, so Raster's Collection of Historical Manuscripts is called "the five-body area of Tang Dynasty that Mongolians call joint application". The Hexi people mentioned by Yuan people generally refer to all the Xixia adherents, not the Tangut, so Hexi is divided into "Fanhexi" and "Hanhexi". Volume 29 of the New Yuan History says: "The old Qiang people were regarded as" Fan Hexi "and no one was trapped as" Han Hexi ". Some scholars believe that a new ethnic community has been formed during the nearly two hundred years of Xixia rule. In the Yuan Dynasty, Tang Wu people, Hexi people and Xixia people were used to refer to this ethnic community, but the name Tangut was no longer recorded. [3 1] I disagree with this statement. The Tangut became extinct only because the Mongols renamed it Tang Wu. Although both Tang Wu and Hexi can be used to refer to Xixia, Tang Wu people are different from Hexi people and Xixia people when referring to Xixia adherents. Due to the great differences in the ethnic names of the Tangut in different historical periods, this paper still uses its original name as Tangut, referring to Tang Wu people in the Yuan Dynasty as Tangut adherents, and descendants of the Tangut after the Yuan Dynasty as Tangut adherents.
After the subjugation of Xixia, the Tangut people lost their common living area and had to live together with other ethnic groups, thus gradually being assimilated by Han, Tibetan, Mongolian and other ethnic groups. Since the beginning of this century, scholars have discussed the Tangut descendants after Xixia's national subjugation in many aspects, from which we can see how this nation experienced national integration and eventually went to extinction.
(1) Tangut adherents in Xixia: Bai Bin and Shi Jinbo believe that the Yugur people, who are now distributed in the middle of Hexi Corridor in Gansu and at the northern foot of Qilian Mountain, may be a new people's community composed of Tangut, Uighur and Mongolia. In addition, some scholars have pointed out that in Diebu area in southern Gansu, there is a nationality whose language and customs are different from those of the surrounding nationalities, so it is suspected that they are descendants of the Tangut people or the original residents of Xianbei Tuguhun.
(2) Muya people in Sichuan: In the 1920s, an Englishman, S.N.Walfenden, went to Xikang for a field survey. According to the linguistic features of some local residents, he thinks they may be descendants of the Tangut who migrated to Hekang, Sichuan after the demise of Xixia. During the period of 1944, Mr. Deng Shaoqin of Sichuan University made a historical investigation of Xikang area at the invitation of Xikang Provincial Local Records Museum. He heard the legend of "Sibr" from the residents around Muya (that is, the King of the West Wu, whose Tibetan word "Jia" means "Wang"), saying that the King of the West Wu was once the king of the Northern Han Dynasty, and the place where he lived was called "Muya". Later, he moved south to establish a new country, so he also called this place Muya. According to this clue, Mr. Deng Shaoqin combined local cultural relics and historical documents to write a book "Wang Kao of Xiwu in Muya Township of Xikang". [36] He thinks that the Western Wu is the opposite of the Western Xia. [37] The King of the Western Wu (namely the King of Xixia) was a small border regime established here after the death of the Xixia royal family, compared with the Western Liao founded by Yelushi after the death of Liao. He also pointed out that the word "Muya" in Tibetan comes from Mu Na, Nuna and Minak in Chinese documents in Song and Yuan Dynasties, which originally meant Xingqing, the capital of Xixia, and the Tangut adherents brought this name to Chuankang area after they went south. From then on, people know that Muya people are descendants of the Tangut.
(3) Anhui Tangut Heritage: The excavation of Anhui Tangut Heritage mainly revolves around the investigation of Yu Que and his descendants. Yu Kan, a native of the Tang Dynasty in Yuan Dynasty, lived in Wuwei. His father Sarah Zangbu was an official in Luzhou (now Hefei, Anhui), so he settled in Luzhou. Yu que was born in the imperial examination, and served as the governor of Anqing at the end of the yuan dynasty, which made him famous for later generations.
198 1 year, Shi Jinbo and Wu Fengyun went to Anhui to investigate the descendants of Yu according to the clues obtained from local chronicles. According to their investigation results and two genealogies of Yu family, it can be clearly seen that Yu que has continued the inheritance relationship of the 27 th century since the end of Yuan Dynasty. The survey results show that there are about 5000 Yu descendants in Hefei and Anqing, Anhui Province. Today, it has all been sinicized, and only a few educated old people know that they are descendants of the Tangut. [40] This survey provides a typical example for studying the history of the integration and evolution of the Tangut people living in the mainland and the Han nationality.
(4) Xixia's legacy in Henan
According to the documents of Yuan Dynasty, there were a considerable number of Tangut adherents who moved to Henan at that time. 1985, Ren Chongyue and Mu Chaoqing went to Puyang to inspect the descendants of the Tangut. According to the clues provided by the inscription of Tang Wugong, a captain of a military and civilian household, found in Yangshibalang Village, Liutun Township, east of Puyang City, Henan Province, they used Yang's genealogy data and Yang's deeds to research the inscription, and learned that there were more than ten natural persons living in Liutun Township, Puyang City. Yang's ancestor Tang Wutai lived in Xiliangzhou (now Wuwei City, Gansu Province). At the end of Xixia, he joined Mongolia and served in the army for many years. After that, his son settled in Puyang and changed his surname to Yang, which spread to the 28th century. [42] Although Yang's descendants live together, because they have lived in the Central Plains for a long time, their language and customs are no different from those of the Han nationality. The nationalities they declare today are all Han, but privately they call themselves Mongolians. I think maybe their ancestors once claimed to be Mongols in the Yuan Dynasty.
In addition, in recent years, Ren Chongyue inferred that there should be a Tangut descendant in Xunxian county today, according to the records in Volume 33 of Yuan Wucheng's Wu Wenzheng Gong Ji, the epitaph of Wei Junbo, a great scholar in Huachi, Zhou Xun, and the epitaph of Hanyang House, a doctor of Zhong Yi, unearthed in Xunxian county, Henan province in 1974, but there is no trace from the local data of Xunxian county, so it is estimated that it has been completely localized. [43]
(5) The Tangut Heritage in Hebei Province
1962, two stone buildings in Xixia language of Ming Dynasty were unearthed in Han Zhuang, Baoding, Hebei. In the 1970s, researchers of Xixia history interpreted Xixia characters on classic buildings, and learned that it was a victorious building built by descendants of a group of Tangut people for the dead monks in Xingshan Temple in the 15th year of Hongzhi in Ming Dynasty (1502). More than 80 Xixia names are engraved on the two buildings. [44] In the past, it was generally believed that the lower limit of the use of Xixia characters was the end of Yuan Dynasty, but the stone carving of Xixia characters on the wall of Duta in Juyongguan Street, which was completed by Zheng Zheng in five years (1345), was considered as the latest Xixia characters. In the early 1930s, Mr. Chen Yinque saw Ganzhuer, a Tibetan script called Wanli of the Ming Dynasty, with Xixia characters on it occasionally, so he speculated that there were "people who could read its characters" at that time. [45] The Xixia Jing Lou unearthed in Han Zhuang, Baoding, proves that as late as the middle of the Ming Dynasty, descendants of Tangut people lived together in Hebei and continued to use their own language.
(6) Xixia's heritage in Qinghai
When Xixia perished, Li Huan, the last emperor, was killed by Mongolian troops, and there was no news of Xixia royal family from then on. From 65438 to 0995, Li Tusi, a descendant of Li Tusi in Hehuang, Qinghai Province, proposed that Li Tusi was a direct descendant of the Xixia royal family based on ten genealogical data from Qianlong to the Republic of China, and claimed that the population of Li Tusi living in Hehuang today was more than100000. [46] This statement has been recognized by some experts in Xixia history, who believe that this has unveiled the mystery of the disappearance of Xixia royal family.
After studying this problem a little, I think the above conclusion is very doubtful. First of all, the so-called descendants of more than 100,000 Li people in Hehuang area refer to the Tu people who were originally under the jurisdiction of Li Tusi (1982 was counted as150,000). At present, it is generally believed that the national origin of Tu nationality comes from Xianbei branch and has nothing to do with Tangut. [47] However, the national origin of toast and toast are two different things. As for the origin of Tusi Li, there have been two different versions of Tuo and Li Dangxiang since the Ming Dynasty. The earliest extant Li family tree [48] is called Descendants Tuo. Later, some genealogies simply combined these two versions into one: after the national subjugation of Tuo in the later Tang Dynasty, Li Dangxiang continued. I think the record that Li Tusi came from Shatuo Li should be more credible. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, some Shatuo people moved to Hexi. During the reign of Xixia, they enjoyed a high political status. At that time, people called him "Xiao Li" and "different from the surname of Xixia". [49] Later generations may be mistaken for Tangut royal Li because he is a follower of Xixia, but there is no reliable evidence to prove that Li Shangge was attached as the son of Li Jue, the last emperor of Xixia. This problem is complicated and worth discussing in another article.
Some of the above problems of Xixia descendants have not been confirmed, and even those who can be confirmed as Xixia descendants have been completely assimilated by other ethnic groups, so that we can only identify them through genealogical data today. Only the Mayans are an exception, because their environment is relatively closed and their national characteristics (such as language) have not completely disappeared. Muya people have special value in studying the process of national evolution and national integration, and should be one of the main directions of Xixia history researchers in the future.