1. Physical geography of Japan: Located on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean, it is an arc island country extending from northeast to southwest. It is separated from China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia by the East China Sea, the Yellow Sea, the Korean Strait and the Sea of Japan. The land area is 377,88 square kilometers, including Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu and more than 6,8 other small islands. The territorial sea covers an area of 31, square kilometers. There is a territorial dispute with Russia over the "four northern islands" (the Russian side named "South Kuril Islands") and with South Korea over the territorial dispute over Zhudao (the Korean side named "Dokdo"). Mountains and hills account for 71% of the total area. There are more than 16 volcanoes in China, of which more than 5 are active volcanoes, which are famous earthquake areas in the world. Mount Fuji is the highest mountain in China, with an altitude of 3,776 meters. Hot springs are all over the country. The river flow in the territory is short, and the longest Shinano River is about 367 kilometers long. The largest lake is Lake Biwa, with an area of 672.8 square kilometers. Because it is surrounded by the ocean, it has a temperate maritime monsoon climate, which is mild and humid all year round, with no severe cold in winter and no heat in summer. There are many typhoons in summer and autumn, and rainy in June. The average temperature in January is-6℃ in the north and 16℃ in the south; In July, it was 17℃ in the north and 28℃ in the south. The annual precipitation is 7-3,5mm, and the highest is more than 4,mm.

2. Location of India: ① Most of them are located at 1? ? 2N——3? ? 2N, mainly located in the tropics. ② Land and sea location: south of Eurasia, north of Indian Ocean, east of Bay of Bengal and west of Arabian Sea.

topography: it is divided into three parts, namely, Himalayas in the north, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south.

Major rivers: The Ganges River originates in the Himalayas and flows into the Bay of Bengal from northwest to southeast.

climate: tropical monsoon climate is dominant, with high temperature all year round, and a year is divided into obvious dry season and rainy season. From June to September every year, the southwest monsoon prevails and there is a lot of precipitation, which is the rainy season. From October to May of the following year, the northeast monsoon prevails, and it is dry season with little rain. There are frequent floods and droughts in India, which are mainly caused by the instability of the southwest monsoon (a weak southwest monsoon, which comes late and leaves early, forms a drought; On the contrary, it will form a flood. 3. North Korea is located on the east coast of the Eurasian continent in the mid-latitude region of the northern hemisphere; The terrain is mainly mountainous; The northern part is temperate monsoon climate, with high temperature and rainy summer, cold and little rain in winter, and the southern part is subtropical monsoon climate, with high temperature and rainy summer and mild and little rain in winter; There are many rivers, short flow and rich runoff, and the flood season is in summer. There are ice period in the northern rivers in winter and no ice period in the southern rivers. The vegetation is mainly temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest. Compared with the rivers on the east and west sides of the island, the river on the east side finally flows into the Sea of Japan, and the river on the west side finally flows into the Yellow Sea; The east side of the island is located on the windward slope of the southeast monsoon, and the precipitation is rainy on the west side of the island, so the river runoff on the east side of the island is more than that on the west side. The west side is more obviously influenced by the winter wind, which is located on the windward slope of the northwest monsoon. In winter, ice period is longer and starts earlier. Britain is an island country surrounded by the sea and located in the North Atlantic near the northern coast of Europe.

The English Channel in the south and the North Sea in the east separate it from the rest of Europe. The English Channel, which flows through France and Britain, is quite narrow. The narrowest place is called Dover Strait, which is only 33 kilometers wide.

for centuries, Britain has been slowly tilting, rising slowly in the northwest and falling slowly in the southeast. The northern and western parts of Britain are mainly highlands. This rise has formed a prominent beach-like mountain flat in western Scotland, which has made the main farmland, settlements, industrial areas and access roads sad. 5. Germany is located in the middle of Europe, bordering nine countries: Denmark in the north, Holland in the west, Belgium, Luxembourg and France in the south, Switzerland and Austria in the south, and the Czech Republic and Poland in the east. The land area is 357, square kilometers, the straight-line distance between Kainan and North is 876 kilometers, the straight-line distance between Kainan and East is 64 kilometers, and the total length of the initial border line is 3,758 kilometers. In Europe, the total population of Germany is about 82 million after that of Russia. ò

The terrain of Germany is changeable, with rolling mountains, deleted plateaus, condensed hills, beautiful lakesides, knives and vast plains. The topography of Germany can be divided into five regions with different characteristics: the northern German lowlands, the middle mountain uplift, the middle mountain trapezoid in the southwest, the southern Alps frontier and the Bavarian Alps. Don't

The northern lowlands are characterized by hilly coastal high-dry land and scattered lakes between clay platforms and grasslands, mud-deleted marshes and yellow land extending southward in front of the uplift zone of medium mountains. The middle mountain uplift divides Germany into two parts: north and south. The trapezoidal zone of the middle mountain range in southwest China includes the upper Rhine lowland and its marginal mountains. The front of the southern Alps includes the Bavarian plateau in Schwaben, hills and lakes in the south, the Liu gravel plain, the Bavarian hilly area and the Danube depression. Delete the Alps in Bavaria, including the Alps in Algard, the Alps in Bavaria, and the Alps in Berchtesgaden. Delete the picturesque lakes scattered in these mountainous areas. Germany is located in the cool westerlies between the continental climate in the east of the Atlantic River, and it is rare for the temperature in Kay to fluctuate greatly. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year. In summer, the average temperature in the lowlands of northern Germany is about 18 degrees, and it is about 2 degrees in the mountains in the south of cool. In winter, the average temperature in the lowlands of northern Germany is about 1.5 degrees, while it is about MINUS 6 degrees in the mountains in the south. 6. France France is located in the west of Europe, with a unique geographical position and an unusually rich natural and cultural heritage.

area: the area is 551,62 square kilometers (including Corsica). France is bordered by the sea on three sides and is the largest country in western Europe.

location: located in the western part of Europe, bordering Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco, facing Britain across the Strait of La Mans in the northwest, and bordering the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France.

topography: high in the southeast and low in the northwest, open to the Atlantic ocean. The eastern part is the Alps and Jura mountains; The south-central part is the central plateau; There are Pyrenees mountains on the southwest border; The southwest area between the central plateau and the Pyrenees is the aquitaine Basin. The northern part is the Paris basin; The northwest is Amauri Hill. The plain accounts for two thirds of the total area.

Mountains: Alps, Pyrenees, Jura Mountains, etc. Mont Blanc on the French-Italian border is 4,81 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in Western Europe.

rivers: mainly Loire (11km), Rhone (812km), Seine (776km) and Marne (525km). Night view of the Seine River Corsica on the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The total length of the border line is 5695 kilometers, of which the coastline is 27 kilometers, the land line is 28 kilometers, and the inland river line is 195 kilometers.

climate: the western part has a temperate maritime climate, the southern part has a Mediterranean climate, and the central and eastern parts have a temperate continental climate. The average precipitation increases from 6 mm to over 1 mm from northwest to southeast, and reaches over 15 mm in mountainous areas. Monthly average temperature: 4-7℃ in the west and south and 1-3℃ in the east and north in January; In July, the temperature is 16-18℃ in the north and west, and 21-24℃ in the south and east. Most of them have mild climate and beautiful environment, so it is a suitable place to live.

minerals: iron, coal and bauxite are abundant, as well as lead, zinc, uranium and potassium salt. The forest coverage rate is 26.4%.

Coast: The French C? te d 'Azur is a famous coastal scenic spot. 7. The United States is located in the south of North America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west, Canada in the north and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico in the south. The whole territory can be divided into five geographical areas from east to west: the southeast coastal plain is divided into two parts: the Atlantic coastal plain and the Mexican coastal plain. This area is below 2 meters above sea level, and most of it is formed by alluvial rivers, especially the Mississippi River Delta, which is the largest delta in the world with black soil and fertile soil. There are some marshes near the estuary. Located in this geographical area, Florida Peninsula is the largest peninsula in the United States. The Appalachian Mountains are located on the west side of the Atlantic coastal plain, basically parallel to the coast, with a length of more than 2,3 kilometers and an elevation of 1,-1,5 meters. They are composed of several parallel mountains. The inland plain is an inverted triangle, starting from the long border between the United States and Canada in the north and reaching the Rio Grande in the Atlantic coastal plain in the south. The western mountain range consists of two mountains in the west, the Rocky Mountains in the east, the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade Mountains in the west. The product of the old fold movement. Mount Whitney in the Sierra Nevada is 4,418 meters above sea level, which is the highest point in the continental United States. Mount Rainier in the Cascade Mountains is 4,392 meters above sea level, second only to Mount Whitney. The western mountain plateau is composed of Colorado Plateau, Wyoming Plateau, Columbia Plateau and Grand Canyon, which is the most complicated geological structure in the western United States. Located in the northwest of Arizona, the Grand Canyon is composed of a series of winding and intricate canyons and deep valleys. It is a rare natural landscape in the world with magnificent momentum and steep rock walls. There are many rivers and lakes in the United States, and the water system is complex. Generally speaking, it can be divided into three major water systems: all the rivers that flow into the Atlantic Ocean to the east of the Rocky Mountains are called Atlantic water systems, mainly the Mississippi River, the Connecticut River and the Hudson River. Among them, the Mississippi River is 62 kilometers long, ranking third in the world. Every river that flows into the Pacific Ocean is called the Pacific water system. Mainly the Colorado River, Columbia River, yukon river and so on. Great lakes in central and eastern North America. Including Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario, with a total area of 245, square kilometers, it is the largest fresh water body in the world and is known as the "Mediterranean Sea in North America". Among them, Lake Michigan belongs to the United States, and the other four lakes are owned by the United States and Canada. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world, and its area ranks second in the world after Caspian Sea. The climate of the United States is temperate and subtropical in most areas, and only the southern tip of Florida Peninsula is tropical. Alaska is located between 6 and 7 degrees north latitude and belongs to the cold climate zone in the Arctic Circle. Hawaii is located in the south of the Tropic of Cancer and belongs to a tropical climate zone. However, due to the vast territory and complex terrain of the United States, the climate varies greatly from place to place. It can be roughly divided into five climate zones: the temperate climate zone along the northeast coast. Affected by the Labrador cold current and the cold air in the north, this area is cold in winter, with an average temperature of about -6℃ in January, mild and rainy in summer, and an average temperature of about 16℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is about 1 mm. Southeast subtropical climate zone. Affected by the Gulf Stream, the climate is warm and humid, with an average temperature of 96℃ in January, 24 ~ 27℃ in July and an average annual precipitation of 15mm. The continental climate zone of the central plain. This region is characterized by continental climate, with cold winters, an average temperature of around -14℃ in January and hot summers, with an average temperature of 27 ~ 32℃ in July. The average annual precipitation is 1 ~ 15mm. Dry climate zone in western plateau. The inland climate in this region has a large temperature difference in the plateau last year, and the annual temperature difference in the Colorado Plateau is as high as 25℃. The average annual precipitation is below 5 mm, and the precipitation in the plateau desert area is less than 25 mm. The maritime climate zone along the Pacific coast. This area is warm in winter and cool in summer, with abundant rainfall. The average temperature in January is above 4℃, and the average temperature in July is around 2 ~ 22℃. The average annual precipitation is about 15mm. The United States is rich in agricultural, mineral and forest resources, which plays a decisive role in the world. The geographical location, climatic conditions and topographical structure of the United States are unique. The agricultural land (cultivated land and grazing land) in the United States is about 43 million hectares, accounting for about 1% of all agricultural land on the earth. With abundant rainfall and fertile soil, the grain output accounts for 1/5 of the world's total output, and the output of major agricultural and livestock products such as wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton and meat ranks first in the world. The United States is rich in mineral resources, and its output of iron ore, coal, natural gas, lead, zinc, silver, uranium, molybdenum and zirconium ranks among the top in the world, but strategic resources such as titanium, manganese, tin, cobalt, chromium and nickel mainly depend on imports. The total coal reserves are 3,599.6 billion tons, the total oil reserves are more than 24 billion tons, and the natural gas reserves are 5,63.4 billion cubic meters. The United States has 1.8 billion hectares of forest, accounting for about 31.5% of the country's total land area. The main tree species are American pine, yellow pine, white pine and oak. 8. Canada Canada is located in the northern half of North America in the western hemisphere. With an area of 9,976,139 square kilometers, it is the second largest country in the world. It is more than 7, kilometers from St. John's St. John's in the east to Victoria in the west. It takes seven hours to fly by plane and seven days to drive around the clock on the highway. The United States is the only country connected with Canada on land, and the border between them is more than 5,5 kilometers long. Canada has the Atlantic Ocean in the east, the Pacific Ocean in the west and the Arctic Ocean in the north. Canada has five geographical regions, namely, the eastern Atlantic, the central region, the grassland region, the west coast region and the northern region. The eastern region is dominated by fisheries, agriculture, forests and mining. Ontario and Quebec in central China are the most densely populated areas, accounting for three-quarters of Canada's manufacturing industry. The grassland areas include Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. The land here is flat and fertile and rich in energy resources. The western area is British Columbia (British Columbia), a famous mountain and forest area, which is rich in wood, fruit, marine fishery and other resources. The northern region consists of Yukon and Northwest territories. Its total area accounts for one third of Canada, and it is rich in oil, natural gas, gold, lead and zinc. 9. Location of Mexico: Mexico is located on the main road connecting North and South, adjacent to the United States, Guatemala and Belize, with the Gulf of Mexico in the east and the Pacific Ocean in the west.

topographical features: Mexico is shaped like a bull's horn and bends from northwest to southeast, with a national area of about 2 million western kilometers. The terrain fluctuates greatly. The Madre Mountains are layered on the central plateau, and the highest peak, Eje Volcano, is 396 meters high. According to geographical features, the whole country can be roughly divided into six regions: the central plateau, the west, the Pacific coast, the Gulf of Mexico, the southwest and the north. In terms of geographical location of America,

. Area: with a total area of 1,958,24 square kilometers, the territory is the 13th largest country in the world. The whole territory is mountainous, and the capital, Mexico City, is located in the central highlands, with an altitude of 2,24 meters.