theme
Zhangzhou belonged to Fujian and Vietnam in ancient times, and it has a long history of taking rice as its staple food. The traditional three meals a day for residents in this area are rice. Eat a grain of rice at noon and rice in the morning and evening. Many people eat less for breakfast and more for lunch. The porridge for breakfast is thinner than that for dinner, with only side dishes. Have a dry lunch with rich dishes.
Once upon a time, dry rice in Zhangzhou was cooked with a tripod (round bottom pot), while farmers fished out some dry rice with a bamboo "rice fence" for the main labor force to eat when cooking porridge. Fishermen and blacksmiths are used to eating thick porridge, which is called "strike while the iron is hot." Farmers often cook rice in straw bags and eat it when they go out. This is called "cooking".
Sweet potato used to be the most important supplementary food in Zhangzhou, and Zhangzhou people often called it "sweet potato". There are many ways to eat sweet potatoes in Zhangzhou. Fresh sweet potatoes can be roasted, boiled or steamed, but people will leave them for a while, which is especially sweet. The starch washed from sweet potato is called "sweet potato powder", which can be used to make various foods and thicken when cooking; It can also be shredded or sliced and dried and stored for later use. They are called "sweet potato stick" or "sweet potato persimmon (pe5)" respectively. Eat sweet potatoes, sweet potato strips and rice porridge. In the past, many coastal areas used to use sweet potato as the main grain, which was called "eating sweet potato with sea fish". Dried sweet potatoes in the market are steamed with yellow skin and red pulp, which are sweet and delicious and expensive.
Cassava used to be one of the miscellaneous grains in Zhangzhou, and Zhangzhou people called it "Tree Pueraria" and "Tree Potato". Pueraria lobata contains cyanosides, which can only be detoxified by long-term cooking. It cannot be eaten raw. Most kudzu vine is used to clean starch, which is called "tree Ge Fen". However, the quality of Ge Fen is not as good as sweet potato powder. In the past, it was mostly used to make maltose, bean jelly, or as a filler for making noodles.
Zhangzhou residents sometimes cook rice, such as mustard rice, cabbage rice, pumpkin rice, taro rice, duck rice, pork rice and cowpea rice, as well as taro porridge, fish porridge, duck porridge, oyster sauce porridge, clam porridge and salty porridge (mixed porridge). Both japonica rice and glutinous rice can be used as the main ingredients of bibimbap.
Besides rice, there are noodles, noodles, rice noodles, bean sticks and so on. Most noodles in Zhangzhou are yellow with edible alkali. Cooked noodles are sold in the market, which is called "raw noodles". When they are rolled into pancakes, they are called "noodles". When they are caught into a ball the size of a fist, they are called "model faces". After a small amount of edible oil is mixed, they pile together irregularly, which is called "oil surface". There are also uncooked, dried and sold noodles, which are called "dried noodles" or "noodle balls". Noodles are made of flour, salt and other auxiliary materials. After drying, roll it into small bundles and cook it in boiling water for a minute or two before eating, which is convenient and easy to digest. Rice noodles and bean sticks are complementary foods.
In the past, sweet potatoes and taro could be used as staple foods. People in Zhangzhou like to eat sweet potatoes while they are hot, while taro is eaten when it is cold. As the saying goes: "Sweet potatoes burn, taro is cold." When people scrape raw taro skin, in order to avoid being bitten by taro milk, they should take a bite of taro before scraping and say, "I bite you, taro, you bite me." "
prepared food
In the past, Zhang Ren always attached importance to seafood and game. "partridge in the mountain, mackerel in the sea" is the top grade on the table, and roe actually refers to muntjac. People in Zhangzhou are used to eating pork, especially pig offal, and women will eat more pig liver and kidney in the next month. Zhang custom attaches importance to turtles and turtles, and believes that clearing the heart and nourishing yin can lead to longevity. Others like to eat snakes, frogs and so on. , thinking that pure heart and detoxification.
There are many kinds of condiments in this area, including wine, vinegar, spicy, sauce, onion, ginger and garlic. Cooking pays attention to the heat, most of the soup is stewed, and I like to add Chinese medicine such as Lycium barbarum, Codonopsis pilosula, Angelica sinensis and Astragalus. Seasonally speaking, winter is still very strong and summer is very light.
People in Zhangzhou like to eat pickles, and every household in rural areas makes pickles by themselves. Most of them are pickled with mustard (pickled vegetables) and pickled with radish (dried radish) in winter for annual consumption. Pickles in Xiao Yun and Zhao 'an are especially high-grade. The longer they are stored, the more fragrant they are. Moreover, they also have the effects of promoting digestion and strengthening the spleen and stomach. Zhangzhou people also cook bamboo shoots and let them ferment into sour bamboo shoots. When cooking fresh fish, it is delicious and odorless with sour bamboo shoots, which is loved by all ages.
Dietary taboo
As the saying goes in Zhangzhou, "Don't disturb others when they are eating, and don't talk when they are eating, so as not to offend the rice god.
After folk tonic, people should not eat radish, cabbage and tea, thinking that these cool foods will offset the tonic effect. When you have an abscess, avoid eating "muddy" food, such as fish, shrimp, taro and dog meat. Old people generally avoid eating beef, because cows help farming, and people who eat beef are unlucky. Zhangzhou folks believe that persimmons and wine, persimmons and crabs, persimmons and sweet potatoes, sweet potatoes and pomegranates, sweet potatoes and bananas, hairy crabs and.
Citrus, hairy crabs and eggplant, celery and turtle, celery and cucumber, cucumber and peanuts, eel and red dates, dog meat and mung beans, mutton and pumpkin are all compatible foods, and eating them together is harmful to health.
It is taboo to transfer bottles and spill wine at a banquet. Standing or undressing while eating, and walking while eating are all taboos, that is, the way of eating must be taboo.
When eating, the dishes on the table must be even, not odd, especially taboo to eat three dishes, thinking that only condemned prisoners eat three dishes before execution.
When eating, don't sprinkle rice grains or leave them in the rice bowl. It is generally believed that spoiling food will be punished by God. Especially when you are a guest, you should measure your food intake, otherwise leaving leftovers is tantamount to ruining food and humiliating the host. This is an extension of people's worship of the Valley God, and it can be said that it is pure and vulgar to publicize the old saying that "a porridge and a meal are hard to come by".
Don't lie prone on the dining table when eating, and avoid changing seats, especially for girls. If you think so, you may remarry in the future. Don't sit on the threshold to eat, don't lie still or take a bath or drink tea immediately after meals. Don't look in the mirror when eating, lest you stutter in the future. Chewing is not allowed while eating. People usually think that pigs and dogs make noises when they eat.
In addition, it is forbidden to insert chopsticks vertically into rice when eating, because people who sacrifice their lives will do so. Don't ring the spoon when eating, and don't hold the bottom of the bowl with your palm or the edge of the bowl with your hand, lest you be laughed at as "begging for food." Don't turn the bowl upside down after meals, only after taking the medicine. When washing dishes, don't poke chopsticks neatly on the stove, thinking that you are playing the role of the chef. Avoid using chopsticks of different colors or lengths. Avoid eating with chopsticks alone, so as not to be widowed after marriage. Don't break chopsticks, point at people with chopsticks or bite them with your mouth. After eating, chopsticks should be put on the table. When eating, it is considered unlucky to drop chopsticks on the ground, so you should not bend down to pick them up. You should use another pair, and say "chopsticks drop" and homonym "happiness" to explain them.
Drinks
Tea Story is a book written by Cai Xiang, the former provincial judge of Zhangzhou shogunate in the Northern Song Dynasty, which specializes in the art of fighting tea. Among them, the processing, tools and methods of fighting tea are mentioned.
People in Zhangzhou like drinking tea. Since ancient times, "Zhang and Quan belong to each other, and the custom is still kungfu tea. Exquisite utensils, the pot is as small as a walnut, called a pot, and the cup is extremely small, called a cup of dust. Tea is very important to Wuyi people ... if you drink it, you must sip it for a long time, otherwise you will laugh at it. "
There is a custom of fighting tea in Zhangzhou, which some people think began in Cai Xiang. The Qianlong edition of Longxi County Records records: "Fighting tea from May to May. You must use the pot of VIP, the cup of Ruochen, the furnace of Dazhuang, the fan of Kansai and the long bamboo basket. The place where tea is cooked is based on mountains and supplemented by fire. Sanchahe is the top water, followed by Huimin Spring, Longyao Shiquan and Yuquan.
In the hinterland, there are many people who are addicted to it, and the tea age is thousands of years. "
Drinking tea is more as a leisure way, which is called "eating a small cup of tea". It is characterized by a thick and small cup, careful dumping and gentle sipping, and slow tasting. Drinking tea is also a way to entertain guests. Zeng Xixuan's "Making Tea" describes the scene of welcoming guests with tea: "Loose houses and clear days are eternal, and guests take care of themselves. Water can fetch water, and tea is cooked by friends. Fei Jing is open today, and Hua Jing welcomes it at this time. Sip the dragon together and participate in it in the name of sparrow's tongue. The words in the ears are thin and the nose feels fragrant. Liu Yu passed three classics and Lu Tong cleaned seven bowls. The bamboo stove is boiling, and the dream of fire is still there. There is a reason for drinking more, and poetry and books are full of spleen. "
When guests enter the room, the host will greet them with tea. If you have something to say, you should drink two cups of tea first. The host will invite you to tea, and the guests can't help drinking tea. When making tea, first boil the teapot and teacup with boiling water. Boiling water should be poured into the teapot to stir the tea leaves until the water overflows the spout. Scrape the foam impurities from the mouth of the teapot with the lid and throw them away. Cover the pot and pour boiling water on the pot, so that the inside and outside of the teapot are thoroughly heated. Pour the water out of the teapot quickly, which is called washing tea. As the saying goes, "feet are covered on your head (feet stink), and the teapot is used twice", and water should be used for the second time before drinking. Pour the tea liquid into a small cup to avoid foaming the tea liquid. There are several small handles on the plate, which need to be poured back and forth until it is seven or eight minutes full. This is the so-called "Guan Gong Tour City", so that the color of tea in each cup is the same. The last few drops of strong tea should also be dripped into each cup, which is called "Han Xin Point Soldiers" to ensure that the color, fragrance and taste of the tea in each cup are exactly the same. When serving tea, the cup should not be full. Let the guests taste it slowly as a sign of respect.
After pouring tea, the host can't eat the first cup. He should hold tea in both hands and serve tea to the guests in the order of generations. Guests must also take tea with both hands, fully appreciate the fragrance of tea before swallowing it, and "light the bottom of the cup" to the host after drinking it to show their kindness and praise for the host's tea art. If a small cup of tea is used to entertain guests, the host will extend his hand to invite him to tea after making tea. The guest will first reach out and return the gift, then hold a cup of tea, and then the host will hold a cup of tea. When the host added tea, the guests put their hands on the side of the cup, and some even tapped the table with their fingers to express their gratitude. After each drink, the owner must rinse the small teacup, and then brew it before drinking.
"Zhangzhou Fuzhi" says: "The place where tea is cooked should be based on water." Traditional tea ceremony pays the most attention to water quality, and you should draw the best spring water at all costs when drinking tea. Now every household uses door-to-door water delivery, and the water quality can't be elegant. It is entirely based on the quality of tea. Local residents are used to drinking oolong tea, mainly including Tieguanyin, Huang Dan, Narcissus, Baiyachilan and other brands, and rarely drink black tea, green tea and scented tea. In the past, it was better to burn tea with green oak hard charcoal.
People in Zhangzhou emphasize that tea should be brewed strongly. As the saying goes, "tea tastes strong, and some people will marry the old." They think that "weak tea, dim fire (lights) and loose smoke (inferior tobacco bags) are all bad omens." When pouring tea, don't point the spout at others, because it is similar to pouring wine on the ground during sacrifice, so the spout is like a sacrifice. After the tea leaves are brewed, it is not allowed to stay overnight before drinking. It is generally believed that "tea is separated" is toxic.
In the past, some families used big teapots to make tea, and put them in containers made of straw to keep warm for the whole family to drink all day. This container is called "tea cave".
In the past, there were stalls selling big bowls of tea on country roads and Shiliting. There is also a tea kiosk on the street, which provides free tea for manual workers, and it is called "serving tea".
The tea drinking custom in Taiwan Province Province is similar to that in Zhangzhou. It also advocates kungfu tea and attaches importance to the quality and taste of tea sets.
Wine Zhangzhou called drinking "drinking", Song Dynasty called "Man wine" and Yuan Dynasty called "She wine". Festivals, weddings and funerals, childbirth, welcoming guests, farewell dinner, farming, mourning and hospitality are all inseparable from wine. There are also writers' drinking order and forms of persuasion, such as dice, lottery and boxing. Even if there is an old grudge, it can be eliminated by "drinking". Slightly different, when toasting, the glass is only eight minutes full, which shows that there is room for others. As the saying goes, "seven points for tea and eight points for wine".
Zeng Xixuan's "Opening an urn and Encountering Xie Tao" describes the pleasure of drinking by the old intellectuals in Zhangzhou: "Hutong brings wine, so open the urn first today. Suddenly I saw Tao Qian coming, and I came to Xie Tiao. Ignore the foreign guests and put the cup in your hand. I am happy to dance, and poetry is accompanied by laughter. Yin is close to the sun, and the wine saint is urged. Bamboo leaves are new floating ants and grapes are old. Drink all the golden lanterns, and get drunk and destroy Yushan. How many heart-to-heart banquets have you had? "
In the old days, people who loved to drink in Zhangzhou always prepared one or two jars of homemade rice wine or litchi wine. After pregnancy, women brew glutinous rice wine with red yeast at home for confinement. The brewing method is the same as that of white rice wine. Sweet potato wine, sugarcane wine, etc. They are also brewed in rural areas, or used for self-drinking, or used for filling cows in winter to keep out the cold, so they are commonly known as "cow wine". The folk custom of brewing in Taiwan Province Province is no different from Zhangzhou.
Cold drinks in summer, the traditional drinks for people in Zhangzhou to quench their thirst in summer are jelly made of jelly boiled by stone flowers. After the production is completed, it should be immersed in well water for cooling, or put on the roof overnight to "freeze dew" and then eaten. There is also a kind of "frozen", also called "Mulian" and "Ghost Steamed Bread", which is called "frozen" or "love fish" in Zhangzhou dialect. Pectin is washed out from fermented grains, cut into small pieces after freezing, sweetened with sugar or honey, cool and delicious, and has many medical and health care functions.
In summer, urban and rural residents in Zhangzhou often use herbs, vanilla extract, Bidens bipinnata, reed rhizome, green bamboo heart, wild grapes and Newton grass to stir-fry herbal tea to relieve summer heat.
In summer, people in Zhangzhou often drink mung bean soup to clear away heat and detoxify, and they must eat mung bean soup to clear away heat and relieve summer heat in summer. There are two ways to eat mung beans: one is to wash mung beans, put them in a cup, cover the cup with boiling water, and open the lid to drink soup later; The second is to add sugar to eat mung beans after boiling, and put a porcelain spoon in the pot when cooking, which is considered to solve the "bean ghost" (boiled mung beans).
The traditional cold drink in Zhangzhou has passed the test of history. It has no side effects and has many functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials. It's really good and cheap.
smoke
Zhangzhou dialect calls "smoking" as "eating cigarettes", and the history of smoking and planting cigarettes in Zhangzhou is the earliest in China. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, businessmen from Yuegang, Zhangzhou, went to Japan and Southeast Asia for trade, and studied smoking and tobacco cultivation in the Philippines ruled by Spain. By the time of Kanggan in Qing Dynasty, the tobacco in Zhangzhou was "there was no seed underground, and no one could eat it".
In the old days, people in Zhangzhou smoked with "cooked smoked blow" (dry cigarette bag) made of thin bamboo tubes or wild citrus branches, while others smoked with "water smoked blow" (hookah) made of copper. The tar condensed in the smoke pipe is called "fumigation cream", which is used by the people to treat nameless swelling and poisonous insect bites. Folk believe that snakes and other poisonous insects are afraid of "smoking and blowing" and "smoking and blowing frost", so the elderly always smoke and blow their hands, and even knock their heads with "smoking and blowing" when teaching the younger generation. Helping the local dialect "old goods blow their heads with cigarettes" is equivalent to "teaching their elders".
During the Republic of China, people began to smoke cigarettes or machine-made cigarettes. Since then, hookahs and long pipes have gradually disappeared, and smokers in urban and rural areas smoke more trumpet cigarettes.
Smokers in Zhangzhou have always had the habit of respecting cigarettes. In the past, before offering a cigarette, you should wipe the mouth of the cigarette bag with your palm, then put in tobacco and light it and hand it to the guests. Avoid passing cigarette butts directly to each other.
In the old customs, you can't light three cigarettes with matches, because in traditional Chinese characters, the word "disaster" means the next word "fire". Section 2 Clothing Zhangzhou is located in the subtropical zone. In ancient times, indigenous people would tattoo their hair and wear "emblem clothes" (clothes made of kudzu fiber). Until 1950s, cloth made of banana and pueraria fiber was still used as clothes. After the Han Dynasty, immigrants from the Central Plains gradually moved to Fujian, and fabrics such as hemp, silk and cotton (African cotton) also spread to southern Fujian. Zhangzhou in the Tang Dynasty was "a five-year-old silkworm, which wuyue could not reach". In the early Song Dynasty, Zhangzhou had 20,000 pieces of tribute cloth. The textile industry developed synchronously with the Central Plains, and the clothes of Zhangzhou residents were gradually aligned with the Central Plains. During the Northern Song Dynasty, "Jibei" (cotton, kapok and Asian cotton) from India was widely planted in Zhangzhou, where the clothes of residents were no different from those of the most developed areas. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the prosperity of overseas trade in Zhangzhou Yuegang led to the costume of Zhangzhou people "surpassing customization", "people are rich in clothes and embroidering" and even "embroidering pearls", which was more gorgeous than that of officials. In the Qing Dynasty, clothes in Zhangzhou were still luxurious. "Those who talk big and fight over their heads will change clothes several times between the last seats on the day when their uncles and aunts pay their wives." Some people spend all their financial resources on clothes, so that there is a saying in Zhangzhou: "I am afraid of falling?" (cesspit), not afraid of burning (house). "
Dress
Ordinary men wear robes, double-breasted jackets or large-breasted jackets, mostly made of cotton and linen coarse cloth, with wide sleeves and large front from left to right. Manual workers often wear bunts, fold them back and forth with a wide cloth, sew a cloth bag in front, which is called "bag boy", and sew five pairs of cloth buttons in front. Add a cotton vest and a "cotton fur" to the right lapel in winter. Men wear "naked towel pants" with deep hips and wide legs, no pockets and placket, regardless of front and back, and add four or five inches of coarse cloth waistband. When wearing them, fold the pants tightly, tie them around the waist with various belts, or directly twist the waistband instead of the waistband. Some use long cloth bags to tie their trousers, and silver dollars and copper coins can be put in the cloth bags, which is called "Pant Head Dragon".
Farmers wear shorts to work in rice fields in summer, so they are called "water pants". Men's clothes are mainly blue, gray and cyan, while the elderly wear black. The clothes of coastal fishermen have been dyed with Dioscorea cirrhosa juice or litchi tree juice, which is resistant to seawater immersion and brown, which is different from others. Fishermen in Taiwan Province Province also wear the same clothes.
Women wear cheongsam or high-necked, right-breasted and large-breasted clothes (commonly known as "large-breasted shirts") or short-sleeved shirts with corsets inside. The hem of a big shirt is bent, which is longer than the knee. The buttons are nailed to the right chest. The hem and cuffs are embroidered, and some are inlaid with wide lace. Women wear long skirts or trousers. The word "skirt" comes from the word "group", and there are many groups. At that time, the width of cloth and silk was very narrow, and skirts were usually made of multiple pieces of cloth and silk, so they could be dragged on the floor. In the past, women in Zhangzhou had to wear long skirts when they got married, became mothers or went out to worship gods. Pants have no placket and buttons, and their legs are very big, which are no different from those worn by men except that they are embroidered at the cuffs and are ankle-long. When a woman gets married, she wears a red coat and a black skirt or a red skirt, usually in blue, blue and black. Women who bind their feet wear "white feet" (anklet and foot cloth) as well as "knee siak7 pants", that is, the white cloth is sewn into a cylinder, half a foot high, with flowers embroidered at the bottom and the upper part covered in the trouser legs. Its purpose is to set off feet and show embroidery skills.
During the Republic of China, men wore robes, mandarin jackets and Bunyo double-breasted jackets. Some people also wore suits, work clothes, student clothes, Chinese tunic suits or industrial uniforms. Men's coats usually have a chest pocket sewn in the upper left corner, so that pens can be inserted or small objects can be placed. Women wear short coats, jackets, student clothes or improved cheongsam with long skirts or short skirts. Rural men and women still wear "towel pants", and some urban residents wear "dress pants" with front. Wealthy people don't wear homespun, but velvet, satin and so on. Upper-class women also wear dresses. Boys wear boys' uniforms, while girls wear blue shirts with black skirts.
Special clothes Traditional baby clothes are called "monk shirts". The front of this kind of clothes is inclined, and both sides of the armpit are decorated with cloth belts to tie the waist. The cuffs and hem are not sewn to prevent the baby from wearing delicate skin, which also means that the baby grows fast. The baby's "sound sam5-3mua 1" is a sleeveless cotton cloak, and the fabric is red silk or printed fabric with red background. A rabbit-ear hood is attached to the cloak. In the past, I also liked to take a baby's belly, made of red cloth, and embroidered a ten thousand words with gold thread to protect the baby's navel. "navel" and "wealth" in Zhangzhou dialect are homonyms, and protecting navel also means protecting wealth. There is also a "flower handkerchief" made of black and white plaid cloth. There are two kinds of squares, big squares and small squares with "?" Embroidered in the middle. The custom is that this handkerchief can ward off evil spirits. When people go out with babies in their arms, they often cover them with flower handkerchiefs.
During the Republic of China, people in Zhangzhou liked to wear "Xiangyun yarn" in summer, also called "Wen Xiang yarn". This kind of cloth is breathable and breathable, which makes it particularly cool to wear. Its color is mostly black, called "oil silk", which will fade to dark brown when worn for a long time. Xiangyun yarn is expensive, which is not affordable for poor families.
In the old society, farmers often wore hemp fiber in rainy days, commonly known as "brown hemp fiber". The whole body is made of brown and sleeveless, which can cover the chest and back. -The back is longer than the hips; The kind with a short back and a brown skirt that can move freely without getting wet.
People shouldn't wear anti-clothes, because only when they put on a tap7 shirt (shroud) for the deceased will the clothes be put on filial piety first. Wearing white trousers or shoes is also taboo, because it will be associated with mourning. Young women are not allowed to wear all-black clothes, especially when visiting relatives and friends. It is considered unlucky to wear white and blue clothes during the New Year in China. When washing clothes, men's clothes must be placed on women's clothes, and people are forbidden to walk under hanging women's clothes, especially women's underwear. Don't dry clothes in the open air at night or at the end of bamboo poles. It is generally believed that clothes can't be directly put on the body after being taken off the bamboo pole after drying, so as not to become a "bamboo fence ghost". They can be folded first and then "folded" and untied. It is forbidden to wear or trample on clothes. People should avoid mending the clothes they wear. It is thought that this will make the wearer framed in the future. The number of buttons on the coat should be odd (positive), and buttons must be buckled when dressing.
Section III There are many kinds and forms of residential buildings in Zhangzhou, but they are all the products of the combination of neutral, simple, implicit and deep national spirit, locality and regionality.
Brick-and-tile houses The old-style large-scale houses in Zhangzhou are called "big mistakes". Generally, there are three entrances, three front halls and three back halls, each separated by an embankment (a courtyard paved with bricks or slates), with lanes on both sides, and two or three rooms with two bedrooms and one living room on both sides. Some big houses have courtyards in front (commonly known as "dikes"). Front hall, steps, patio, gate, wall base, etc. Paved with smooth stone strips, the surrounding walls are mixed with bricks and stones to form various auspicious patterns. More is a quadrangle structure, with upper and lower halls, left and right wings, left and right wings (called "door guards"), patios, side corridors, back halls, gates and so on. The roof truss adopts three structures: bucket-piercing type, beam-lifting type and load-bearing wall type, and the roof is mostly arc dovetail ridge with hanging mountains. Most of the doorframes, window frames and banners on the front of the main hall are inlaid with hard polished bluestone. There are flowers and trees, rockeries, pavilions and gardens in the courtyard or backyard. Most of these two houses were built by wealthy families in urban and rural areas. In rural areas, there are many three-in-one rooms with one hall, two rooms and one ridge, with wings on the left and right, which can be used for people or as kitchens and storage rooms. If there is a large population, the hatchback will be extended to connect the left and right rooms, and the hall will be integrated with four rooms. In rural areas, the extensive use of farmland houses is a bright spot, so I would rather reduce clothes and diet to build a house than live in a shabby house with no worries about food and clothing. However, there are still many poor families with short and small houses in urban and rural areas. In rural areas, there are more "earth corner buildings" (houses built with earth walls).
The lattice number of the window lattice must also be odd. If the house falls down several times, the house that falls down in the back is definitely higher than the house that falls down in the front, and the whole house is lower in the front and higher in the back, which means that future generations are more developed than the previous generation. If two houses are in tandem, it is also taboo that the front house is higher than the back house. It is generally believed that this will block the "feng shui" of people behind and easily cause disputes. If the house in front needs height again, the craftsman will advise the owner to lower the baseline of the house.
Houses like narrow front and wide back (commonly known as "cloth bags") and avoid narrow front and narrow back ("buckets"). When building a pair of left and right houses, pay attention to make the outer part contain three points. Even if a "bamboo forest" is built, the back wall should be wider than the front. The former will gather wealth and the latter will disperse it.
There is often a "hidden lattice" outside the gate of Zhangzhou folk houses. In fact, it is a big bamboo screen, which is made of thick bamboo skin and supported by bamboo tubes. A thick bamboo tube is fixed on the lintel as a slide, and the bamboo screen can be pushed left and right on this slide to cover or expose the gate. The "mask" is both sunshade and ventilation, which can block the peeping outside without affecting the look and feel from the inside out. As Zhangzhou people moved to Taiwan Province Province, this kind of bamboo screen also crossed the Strait eastward, and it didn't become popular in some places in Taiwan Province Province until 1960s and 1970s.
Interior layout
In traditional architecture, the ancestral hall is in the upper and lower halls, the elders are above, the younger generation is below, and the men are left and the women are right, which reflects the filial piety to the elders and the differences between men and women. The main hall is where parents live, offer sacrifices and receive guests. Zhu's "Family Gifts" said: "Anyone who has a guest is afraid to sit in the main hall (there is a guest sitting in the academy, and there is no academy in the next hall), and he is afraid to go down the eastern steps and be a teacher." There are strict restrictions on the use of houses.
In the former hall, the front hall was a place where gods and parents received guests, facing the patio. It is spacious and bright, with a rectangular table on the front (called "several tables") and Guanyin or other gods, vases, clocks and watches in the middle. Statues or celebrity calligraphy and painting are hung on the wall behind the "counting tables" on both sides. There is a square table in front of the table and plush chairs on both sides to receive guests. There is a shrine in the middle of the back hall, where the ancestors' gods are placed. There are also "several tables" in front of the shrine, where incense burners are placed to worship the ancestors, and square tables and benches are placed in front of the tables. The square table is used to place sacrifices during sacrifices and can also be used as a dining table at ordinary times. There is a beautifully embroidered "table skirt" in front of the Eight Immortals dining table of the rich family, which is usually hung on holidays.
In the old bedroom, there were cloth curtains or bamboo curtains hanging on the bedroom door, including beds, cupboards, cabinets, tables, chairs, washstands and so on. There is a rectangular stool in front of the bed, commonly known as "foot chair", which is used to take off shoes and get on the bed. The bed of a large house is very elegant, with a wooden ceiling to keep out dust, a carved lintel in front, a "wind screen" on three sides, and a row of horizontal drawers on the wind screen at the back, on which small boxes can be placed. Hanging on the bed, bedside table at both ends. There are many taboos in the placement of the bed: the bed should not be facing the door and mirror; Don't point the cabinet at the bed; The bed is not placed in the center of the room, the skylight is avoided above the bed, and there is no window behind the bedside; The bed should be placed parallel to the beam and eaves. It is generally believed that the bed "lifting the beam" (beam) will cause poverty and ominous signs. If it is really impossible to avoid carrying the pole, a pole should be placed on the bracket above the bed to "pick" the beam. At the auspicious moment of wedding or bed moving, after putting the bed board in place, you should worship your in-laws, seek health and sleep. Most of the cabinets in the bedroom are used to store clothes. There are often dressing tables on the tables, and there are framed mirrors on the more elegant washstands.
Kitchen "stove foot" (kitchen)
It is also an important part of the house. In the past, the kitchen was usually located behind the hall or in a "protective cover" to prevent outsiders from seeing it as soon as they entered the room. There are water tanks, rice tanks, etc. In the kitchen, but the stove is the most important thing. The direction of the furnace mouth is exquisite, and the furnace mouth should not face east. As the saying goes, the stove mouth is empty to the east. People standing in front of the stove should scoop rice in the opposite direction to the gate to avoid leaking money.
The toilet is called "shit?" Or "boy?" . In the past, only the rich in the town had the talent to build toilets. Generally, a small room is built in the corner of the back garden or back dike, and a large side slot is buried in the room. A shelf was built above the water tank, and a squat position was set on it for convenience. There is a big hole in the wall next to the cylinder, so that feces can be dug out of the wall. There is usually a back door or side door next to the toilet, which is specially designed for servants and farmers digging manure. Most people only put two earthenware pots with lids in remote corners of their homes, one for urine and the other for feces. Usually, only wooden toilets with lids are convenient to use. Toilets are mostly in the bedroom. Leave a "urine bucket lane" at the head of the bed, cover it with a curtain, print or embroider it. A big closet is used to hide the toilet. The cupboard is as clean as other furniture in the room and can be used as a chair. It is called "the boy in the urinal". Most agricultural products in rural areas have their own toilets, one for convenience and the other for saving fertilizer. Toilets in rural areas are mostly built outdoors. The toilet is built by burying a cylinder with its mouth flush with the ground and putting two wooden pedals on it. There is another kind of "big" in the countryside. Dig a big pit in the wild and build bricks to prevent leakage. Half of the pit is surrounded by a low wall, and there are two stone slabs on it for squatting people, only for men to squat. The other half of the pit is exposed and can be filled with manure, weeds and other things.
Doors also occupy an important position in traditional houses. Doors are divided into main doors, side doors, hall doors, middle doors, side doors and back doors. There are three doors in front of a big mansion. The middle gate is closed all the year round and will only be opened when weddings, funerals and celebrations are held or VIPs are welcomed. Family members usually go in and out through the side doors on both sides of the door, while servants, farmers digging dung and vendors selling vegetables and collecting rags can only go in and out through the side doors or back doors at the back of the house. Old-fashioned doors are huge, with shafts up and down, supported by stone doorframes and lintels, and it is best to make a loud noise when opening. Many gates have been built into gatehouses, which are called "gatehouses". There are eight diagrams hanging above the gate, and sometimes there are portraits of Jiang Taigong. Side doors are either perpendicular to the main door, or screens and walls are set behind the door to block the external view. People generally think that doors are "eyebrows" and windows are "eyes", so windows cannot be set higher than doors.