cost of graduate study = (graduate tuition+annual per capita consumption+annual salary of undergraduates) ×3=(1+72+12)×3= about 9 yuan
Formula 2: payback period >; Cost of graduate study/(graduate salary-undergraduate salary) +3 years
> 9,/1,5 = 8 years
Opportunity cost of graduate school
Individuals' choice of formal school study or part-time study can be analyzed according to two time periods.
in the first stage, before the individual reaches the working age, that is to say, the direct cost and opportunity cost of learning during this period are very small or zero. Its main manifestations are: first, before working age, according to relevant laws and regulations, such as labor law, individuals are not allowed to engage in or are not suitable for economic activities that obtain economic benefits; Second, the nine-year compulsory education makes the direct cost of studying at school during this period very low. However, the benefits of learning are great, which is mainly manifested in that individuals can systematically and comprehensively understand and master basic skills and basic theoretical knowledge such as listening, speaking, reading and writing through school study. This is the basis for improving one's thinking ability and systematic analysis ability, and a necessary condition for getting a better salary in the future. Therefore, it is rational for individuals to choose to study at school because the benefits of studying during this period outweigh the costs, and this period is also the best time for individuals to study at school.
in the second stage, individuals reach working age, which means that individuals can get economic benefits through the contribution of labor, and with the increase of work experience, the economic benefits are also increasing. During this period, individuals choose to continue their studies, such as studying at school or studying part-time, which means that they will give up their economic benefits, thus increasing the opportunity cost of learning. During this period, the personal learning cost will include the direct cost and opportunity cost of learning. When considering the income, it is more important for individuals to consider the future income changes and compensate the learning cost in the next few years. If the cost is greater than the income, they will not give up their jobs and choose to continue their studies, otherwise they will choose to continue their studies. For example, if someone's salary is 3, yuan each, and he continues to study for two years, the direct learning cost is 3, yuan, that is, his learning cost = direct cost+opportunity cost = 3,+3, * 24 = 12, yuan. If his salary after learning is not higher than 3, yuan per month or only a little higher than 3,2 yuan, then a rational individual will not choose to give up his job because of learning. Moreover, it will take a long time to compensate for the cost, and the cost is greater than the income.
For me, my opportunity cost is 33,+3, * 36 = 141,, 141,/36 = 3,9, that is to say, we (the last three-year graduate students) should earn at least 39, a month within three years after graduation. Hehe, God bless me!
another interpretation of the rate of return from graduate school
I came across the first issue of College Students in 26, and an article entitled "The rate of return from graduate school is as high as 1.57 million" caught my attention. The paper "Cost-Benefit Analysis of Self-funded Postgraduates —— Based on the Empirical Research of Some Universities in Beijing" written by five students from China Renmin University won the special prize of "Challenge Cup" and was widely praised and affirmed. The paper points out that if students who choose to work in the western region before graduate school work in the eastern region after graduation, not only the rate of return reaches 34.9%, but also the total discounted net income is as high as 1.57 million.
Although I have heard countless statements about the importance of postgraduate entrance examination, such a serious research conclusion still surprised me. Is there really such a big difference between going to graduate school and not going to graduate school? How on earth was such an accurate figure calculated in this paper? The trend of postgraduate entrance examination is increasingly turbulent, and the phenomenon of blind postgraduate entrance examination is increasingly prominent. Under this background, what kind of influence will such a research report have?
I didn't see the full text of this paper, and I don't know much about the research background of these five students who finished this paper, and I have no graduate experience. However, I think this does not prevent me from raising two questions based on the information provided by this article in the magazine: First, to what extent is this "empirical study" empirical? Second, is this 1.57 million really the income from graduate school?
These five students distributed 9 questionnaires in nine universities in Beijing, and finally recovered 77 valid questionnaires. Even if the design of the questionnaire is perfect, and regardless of whether the number of 77 valid questionnaires has reached the level of fully reflecting the facts, there are still two questions that we need to consider: can the survey done in colleges and universities reflect the social situation? Can the survey done in Beijing reflect the national situation?
when we talk about the benefits of graduate school, we definitely mean the benefits we can get when we leave campus and enter the society after finishing graduate school. Therefore, to investigate how much income graduate students have, the object of investigation should be people who have finished graduate studies and joined the work, not students who are still studying at school. Students in school generally have no social work experience, even if some graduate students have worked for a period of time, they have no work experience after graduation. Therefore, due to the limitations of their own experience and objective environment, these students' understanding is likely to deviate from reality, and the investigation made against them lacks credibility and persuasiveness.
A friend of mine can find a job with a monthly salary of 2, yuan when he graduates from undergraduate courses, but he chose to study as a graduate student, because he thinks graduate students will definitely earn more than 8, yuan a month. However, when he went to look for a job as a graduate student for three years, the highest monthly salary that all employers could offer him was only 2,5 yuan. If someone asked him to fill out a questionnaire while he was studying, I'm afraid what he found out was just a beautiful utopia in the heart of a passionate young man.
Although Beijing has concentrated the most powerful higher education resources in China and its economic development level is also very high, it does not mean that the talent market in Beijing represents the national talent market, and the employers in Beijing represent the national employers. As far as I know, Beijing attaches great importance to academic qualifications. No matter when government agencies and institutions recruit civil servants, or when state-owned enterprises, private enterprises and even foreign companies recruit employees, master students often have quite obvious advantages compared with undergraduates. However, in Shanghai, this advantage may be much weaker, and in Guangdong, this advantage may become minimal or even gone. Therefore, it is inevitable to analyze the whole country with the survey results in Beijing.
let's talk about the figure of "1.57 million". The paper points out that a person who works in the western region can get a profit of 1.57 million yuan if he goes to work in the eastern region after graduate school. Even if this proposition is true, what does it mean? This 1.57 million is not so much the income brought by graduate students as the income brought by the gap between the rich and the poor in the east and the west. Let's make a comparison between Xi 'an and Shanghai. In Xi 'an, a professional manager may earn only 3, yuan a month, and even if he doesn't go to graduate school and holds the same position in Shanghai, his monthly salary is likely to reach 6,5 yuan or more. If the year-end bonus and other factors are taken into account, the annual salary is at least 45, yuan higher. According to the 35-year career, the total is just 1.57 million yuan higher.
Some people may say: If this person doesn't attend graduate school, he can't change from a professional manager in Xi 'an to a professional manager in Shanghai, and there is no chance for this income difference based on regional differences. In fact, it may be based on this thinking that many people in the western region take the postgraduate exam and think that graduate school is the only way to develop in the eastern region. I don't deny that graduate school is indeed one of the ways from the west to the east, but it is definitely not the only way, and it is definitely not the best way. I have seen groups of people coming to Shenzhen directly after working in the Mainland for a period of time, but they didn't go to graduate school. I myself am a clear proof. On the contrary, some of my colleagues who worked in Changsha in those days wanted to develop in the coastal areas after graduate school, but they repeatedly ran into a wall. Although employers won't resent their master's degrees, they can't be indifferent to their lack of work experience.
Besides, even if this 1.57 million is really the income from graduate study, as long as it is based on the income gap between the east and the west, it will become unconvincing. In Xi 'an, you only need 4, yuan to buy a three-bedroom house, with a down payment of 2% and a 2-year mortgage. The principal and interest are 6, yuan. I'm afraid a three-bedroom house in Shanghai needs 1.4 million yuan, and the principal and interest need 1.85 million yuan, 1.25 million yuan more than that in Xi 'an. If we consider the cost of living other than buying a house, I'm afraid it's far more than 1.57 million.
In the book "What to Read in University", I used a chapter to discuss whether it is necessary for college students to study for graduate students, and also made a rough calculation on the investment return rate of graduate students. I divide the cost of postgraduate study into three parts: the direct cost of postgraduate study, the direct cost of postgraduate study and the indirect cost of postgraduate study. The direct cost of the postgraduate entrance examination includes the cost of buying books and materials and attending remedial classes, which is about 5,2 yuan. The direct cost of graduate school includes tuition and fees, book fees, etc. After three years, it will be 36,6 yuan. The so-called indirect loss of graduate school refers to the reasonable expected income that should be earned but not gained during graduate school. If you don't go to graduate school and go to work directly after graduation, assuming that the average monthly salary in the first year is 1,8 yuan, the average monthly salary in the second year is 2,5 yuan, and the average monthly salary in the third year is 3,5 yuan, the income in three years is 93,6 yuan. Together with the above two expenses, * * * comes to 135,4 yuan. If a graduate student's monthly salary is higher than that of an undergraduate student with three years' working experience by 1 yuan, and this gap has been maintained since then, it will take 11 years for the master to earn back the cost of his graduate study.
regarding the output and income of graduate students, I put forward a concept: the logic of postgraduate entrance examination. Many people feel that they can't find an ideal job when they graduate from undergraduate courses, but they will win in two or three years after getting a master's degree. This kind of thinking makes a typical metaphysical mistake, and looks at the problem from a fixed point of view. According to the viewpoint of Marxist political economy, the total demand for money in the market is certain. The less money is issued, the more valuable the unit money is, and the more it is issued, the less valuable the unit money is, which is called "inflation". If the market demand for talents is equal to the market demand for money, then China has obviously experienced inflation in recent years, and it is still expanding. In recent years, the enrollment scale of graduate students has increased by 26.9% annually on average. Everyone is only equivalent to paper money with a constant face value. With the continuous inflation, the "purchasing power" of every college student will inevitably decline. The enrollment expansion rate of graduate students is 26.9%, which means that the depreciation rate of master's degree is 26.9%. Therefore, a master's degree after three years may not be much different from the current bachelor's degree. In fact, there is not much difference between the current postgraduate education and the undergraduate education a few years ago.
In p>22, when our classmates graduated from undergraduate courses, their monthly salary was basically between 1,5 yuan and 2,5 yuan, and some outstanding undergraduates could earn more than 3,5 yuan as soon as they graduated. Three years later, many of my classmates have graduated from graduate school, and their employment situation does not seem to be much better than when they graduated from undergraduate courses three years ago. Most of them have a monthly salary of about 2, yuan, and even some students have spent a lot of effort to find jobs with a monthly salary of only 1,5 yuan. The average salary of graduates of some majors will be higher than that of others, but it is only a slight increase compared with the level when they graduated from undergraduate courses two or three years ago.
A friend tried to find a job when he graduated from college. After several interviews, he was hired by a company in Guangzhou with a monthly salary of 2,5 yuan. It was a very good job at that time, but he chose to study as a graduate student. He hoped to find a job with a monthly salary of more than 5, yuan when he got his master's degree three years later. However, it backfired. It took him several twists and turns to find a job, and the monthly salary was only 2, yuan.
Graduate students are more popular than you when you graduate from undergraduate courses, and they should be more popular than undergraduate students who graduated this year. However, this comparison is aimed at recent graduates. If you go to graduate school, you will become a graduate student after three years, but if you don't go to graduate school, you will become an undergraduate with three years' work experience at that time. For most employers, an undergraduate with three years' work experience is definitely more attractive than a graduate with no work experience, which is especially obvious in non-technical fields such as marketing and public relations.
According to a person in charge of the Computer College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, the undergraduate students who graduated from their college three years ago had a monthly salary of more than 5, yuan when they went to Shenzhen Huawei Company, but three years later, the graduate students who graduated recently had a monthly salary of 4, yuan when they went to Huawei. At this time, most of the students who graduated with them at the same time three years ago but directly entered Huawei have become technical backbones, and their monthly income has basically exceeded 1,.
according to a salary report published by chinahr. com, the annual salary of people with three years' working experience is 13,786 yuan higher than that of people without working experience, that is, the monthly salary is about 1,15 yuan higher. As far as I know, in Changsha, Nanchang, Chengdu and other mainland cities, three years' work experience may really only make the salary rise around 1 yuan, but in Shenzhen, Guangzhou, Shanghai and other places, three years' work experience can definitely bring greater changes. Fresh graduates may not get very high salaries in these coastal cities. Many fresh graduates have a monthly salary of less than 2, yuan when they first came to Shenzhen, but after working for one year, they can generally reach 3, yuan. After working for three years, there should be no problem with a monthly salary of 4, yuan, unless the person's quality is too poor or he is not enterprising. In Shenzhen, a city suitable for starting a business, three years of work experience is enough for an ordinary working class to grow into a self-employed business owner.
and after three years of graduate study, will the income level be so much higher than that after graduation? In recent years, Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Jinan and other places have successively announced the guiding price of labor wages to rationally adjust the salary level of the talent market. Shanghai announced in 23 that the average monthly salary of fresh graduates is 3, yuan for doctors, 2,5 yuan for masters, 1,9 yuan for undergraduates, 1,4 yuan for junior colleges and 1,1 yuan for technical secondary schools. Judging from this set of figures, the average monthly salary of master students is only higher than that of undergraduates in 6 yuan, which is equivalent to the increase of wages in 2 yuan in one year.
Generally speaking, education and income are indeed in direct proportion, but education and qualifications (work experience) often affect the income level comprehensively. If the earning that a job seeker can get from the employer is E, the education background of the job seeker is E1, and the work experience is.