Feeding techniques of meat dogs ⅰ. Construction of cages
Dogs should be kept in kennels. Generally, there are three dogs in a kennel. Dog cages are generally made of galvanized iron wire. 12 or 14 iron wire is used for cage bottom, and the mesh of cage eye is 4 cm? 4 centimeters. The construction of a kennel should be built in a place with convenient water, electricity and transportation, far away from residential areas, sunny nest wind and good drainage. The construction scope and equipment should be determined according to the scale of aquaculture. Large dog farms must have shed rooms, cage rooms, feed processing rooms, cold storage, dry feed warehouses, veterinary rooms, technical rooms and preliminary leather processing rooms. However, a kennel or yard only needs a cage and a small room. The kennel is used for sun protection and rain protection, which can be made from local materials according to local conditions. Conditional kennels can use triangle iron, cement piers and asbestos tiles, which are expensive but durable. Cages should be conducive to cleanliness and the management of dogs and breeders should be convenient. The kennel should be kept clean and dry, cleaned frequently and disinfected regularly. Keep dogs clean during the hair changing season from March to May and from September to September165438+1October every year.
In order to ensure the safe and quiet environment of the kennel, a fence with a height of 2.5-3m should be built around the kennel, a lime pool for disinfection should be set at the gate, and the surrounding and yard should be afforested to beautify the environment.
Second, feeding management
1, pay attention to cleanliness and hygiene
The kennel must be cleaned every day and the feces must be removed at any time. Must be cleaned and disinfected once a month, and thoroughly disinfected twice a year in the spring and autumn rainy season. For sick dogs, thoroughly remove bedding, burn it centrally or bury it deeply. When the weather is warm, open the doors and windows of the kennel and ventilate in the sun.
2. Maintain proper temperature and humidity.
The standard temperature of kennels in winter is 13 ~ 15. C, summer 15 ~ 17? C. If the ambient temperature is too low, it will consume too much energy, affect the growth and development, and it is easy to freeze puppies to death. If the temperature is too high, the dog's appetite will decrease, its growth will be slow, and even it will cause heatstroke. In view of the characteristics that adult dogs are neither hot nor cold, puppies are neither hot nor cold. For puppies, it is mainly to keep warm, and for adult dogs, it is mainly to prevent heatstroke and cool down. Pay attention to maintaining air circulation, avoid direct sunlight, and carry out mechanical forced ventilation when necessary. Keep the humidity in the kennel at 50? 60%。 The humidity is too high, it is easy to get heatstroke in summer, and winter is conducive to bacterial reproduction and colds. The humidity is too low, and the dust in the kennel increases, which is harmful to the respiratory tract.
3. Tableware should be disinfected regularly.
It can be boiled, soaked in 0. 1% bromogeramine for 20 minutes, or soaked in 2 ~ 4% caustic soda water, and finally rinsed with clean water. After each meal, the tableware should be cleaned and the remaining food should be thrown away.
4. Train the dog to urinate in a fixed place, keep the kennel clean and sanitary, and reduce the occurrence of diseases.
5. Wash and trim your toenails frequently.
Brushing the dog's body is beneficial to the dog's health, promoting blood circulation of the skin and preventing parasites on the body surface. Trimming toenails can prevent scratching the skin and causing local infection. Adult dogs should be pruned once a month, and nursing puppies should be pruned frequently.
Step 6 Exercise properly
Proper exercise can promote metabolism, increase appetite, strengthen physique, improve male dog's sexual desire and sperm vitality, promote the blood circulation of pregnant bitch's fetus, and ensure the health of mother and fetus. For fattening dogs, we should reduce exercise, promote growth and speed up slaughter.
Prevention and treatment of diseases in meat dogs ⅰ. Rabies
Rabies, commonly known as mad dog disease, is an acute infectious disease of people and animals caused by rabies virus, with high mortality. Rabies mainly exists in cerebrospinal fluid, salivary glands and saliva of sick dogs. It can be infected through skin and mucous membrane injury, or through oral cavity and respiratory infection, mainly invading the nervous system.
(1) symptoms
All kinds of animals and people are susceptible and popular. The incubation period is 10~ 16 days, but it may be extended to several months. The main manifestations of sick meat dogs are violence and depression (paralysis). The main symptoms of violent cases are irritability, anorexia, mania, attack or self-biting. A lot of salivation, sometimes hiding, and finally trembling and paralysis, died within 3~4 days. Depressed patients showed temporary excitement, followed by ataxia, paralysis, mandibular ptosis, and finally died of general failure and respiratory paralysis.
(2) Prevention and control
Once the sick dog has clinical symptoms, the treatment is ineffective, and the result of disease development ends in death. In order to prevent rabies in meat dogs, vaccination should be carried out regularly. The doses of inactivated vaccine and attenuated vaccine can be: 3 ml for dogs under 4 kg and 5 ml for dogs over 4 kg; The dose of attenuated vaccine is: subcutaneous or intramuscular injection 1 ml for each dog regardless of size. Kill the suspicious dog immediately. Strengthen quarantine. Unvaccinated dogs must be observed in isolation for 3 months before entering the kennel.
Second, pseudorabies.
Pseudorabies is an acute infectious disease caused by pseudorabies virus. Sick pigs are the source of infection for all kinds of animals. Meat dogs can be infected after eating sick pork or dead mice, not only through digestion, but also through respiratory tract and skin wounds.
(1) symptoms
The course of disease after the onset of meat dogs is often ultra-acute, mostly 1~2 days, and the mortality rate reaches 100%. Some symptoms of this disease are similar to rabies: sick dogs are extremely uneasy, often barking for no reason, and have no response to barking; His eyes were frightened; The virus invaded the site and itched badly. At first, it will lick the skin wound, and then scratch the itchy place. Later, it gradually eroded and the surrounding area became red and swollen. Although some dogs don't have severe itching, they feel pain somewhere and moan and howl. Some have nervous symptoms such as excitement and jumping, and then turn into paralysis, with dysphagia, salivation, slow reflex, dyspnea, loss of appetite or failure, obvious thirst, and want to drink water shortly before dying.
(2) Prevention and control
At present, there is no specific treatment for the disease, and the preventive measures are mainly to improve environmental sanitation, eliminate rats and prohibit feeding sick pork to dogs. Use? Pseudorabies attenuated vaccine? 0.2ml； intramuscular injection in dogs over 4 months old; 0.5 ml for dogs over one year old, 3 weeks later 1 time, dose 1 ml, which has preventive effect on this disease.
Third, canine distemper
Canine distemper is a highly contagious acute infectious disease caused by canine distemper virus. 55 days after the dog was infected, the virus was discharged from its urine, polluting air, feed, water, places and utensils, causing direct or indirect contact infection. After infection, adult dogs are often recessive and puppies are often dominant, and the incubation period is 3-7 days.
(1) symptoms
The sick dog showed bipolar fever, rhinitis, severe digestive tract disorder and respiratory inflammation. In a few cases, encephalitis will occur. The temperature of the sick dog is biphasic fever, showing symptoms and so on. In a few cases, encephalitis will occur. The dog's body temperature is biphasic fever, that is, the initial body temperature is as high as 40℃, and it drops to normal after 1~2 days. After 2~3 days, the body temperature rises again. After the second warming, it lasts for a long time, and respiratory symptoms appear at the same time, such as cough, listlessness, food waste, rhinitis, serous mucus outflow, dyspnea, vomiting, severe diarrhea, feces mixed with mucus or blood, etc. Some sick dogs have nervous system symptoms, such as paroxysmal spasm, ataxia, rotation, shock or coma, hind limb paralysis and so on. The course of disease is 2~ 12 days, and the mortality rate is 30%~80%.
(2) Prevention and control
Strengthen nutrition for sick dogs and treat them with immune serum or convalescent serum at the same time. Puppies aged 3~6 months can be injected intramuscularly, 5~7 ml each time; Adult dogs should be increased as appropriate. Each course of treatment is 2~3 times with an interval of 1~2 days. If there is no such serum, you can inject 3~5 ml of horse serum and use antibacterial drugs to control secondary infection.
Healthy dogs can be vaccinated against canine distemper. Puppies were vaccinated for the first time at 6~8 weeks old and for the second time at 10~ 12 weeks old.
In addition, use 3% caustic soda solution or 10% formalin to thoroughly disinfect kennels and sports grounds.
Four. Canine infectious hepatitis
Canine infectious hepatitis is an acute septic infectious disease caused by canine infectious hepatitis virus, which mainly affects puppies under/kloc-0 and often causes acute necrotizing hepatitis in sick dogs. The disease is often mixed with canine distemper in clinic, which makes the condition more complicated and serious. The incidence of the disease is 40%~70%, and the mortality rate is about 20%.
(1) symptoms
The initial symptoms of sick dogs are very similar to canine distemper, such as depression, loss of appetite, increased thirst, and even binge drinking with both forelimbs immersed in water, which is the characteristic symptom of the disease. The temperature of the sick dog rose above 40℃ for 4~6 days. Vomiting and diarrhea are common. If there is blood in vomit and feces, most of them have a bad prognosis. Most sick dogs suffer from xiphoid cartilage pain. 7~ 10 days after the acute symptoms disappeared, the cornea of some sick dogs became cloudy and white or even blue-white pannus appeared, which was called "hepatitis blue eye" and disappeared after a few days. The gum of the sick dog has bleeding spots. Although this disease is called hepatitis, jaundice rarely occurs. If there is no secondary infection, it often returns to normal within a few days.
(2) Prevention and control
Sick dogs should be isolated as soon as possible. At the initial fever stage, sick dogs can be treated with high immune serum or adult dog serum to inhibit the spread of the virus, 1 time per day and 10~30 ml each time. When the condition is mild, intravenous fluid infusion or blood transfusion can be used to help rehabilitation; Intravenous injection of 50% glucose solution 20 ~ 40ml, vitamin C 250ml or adenosine triphosphate (ATP) every day for 3~5 days. For sick dogs, limit drinking water and feed 1 times of 5% glucose saline every 2~3 hours. Antibiotics can prevent secondary bacterial infection.
Preventive injection was given to healthy dogs, 3 times for dogs aged 30-39 days and 2 times for dogs aged over 90 days. Every time the interval is 2~4 weeks. Dosage for each injection: 2ml； of pentavaccine (rabies, canine distemper, parainfluenza, infectious hepatitis and parvovirus); The combined vaccine (canine hepatitis and enteritis) is 1 ml, and the immune period is 1 year.
Five, canine parvovirus disease
The disease is an acute infectious disease caused by canine parvovirus, and puppies are susceptible. Sometimes the infection rate can be as high as 100%, and the mortality rate is 10%~50%, and it spreads rapidly in susceptible dogs. After dogs were infected, the virus propagated on intestinal epithelial cells and myocardial cells, causing enteritis and myocarditis. Enteritis type mostly occurs in adult dogs over 2 years old; Myocarditis generally occurs in puppies under 3 months old.
(1) symptoms
1. The incubation period of enteritis is 7~ 14 days. The H1N1 flu vomits first and then diarrhea, and the feces are yellow or grayish yellow, containing a lot of mucus and pseudomembranes. Two to three days after the sick dog became ill, the feces were tomato juice-like, mixed with bloodshot and had a special smell. The sick dog was depressed, lost appetite, his body temperature rose above 40℃, and his thirst increased. In some sick dogs, the body temperature is lower than normal temperature in the later stage, and the mucosa is pale, and the tail and hind abdomen are often polluted by feces. In severe cases, the anus is relaxed and open.
2. Dogs with myocarditis usually have no obvious symptoms, but suddenly feel difficulty breathing, or their body temperature rises, and often die of acute heart failure when they are stressed or excited.
(2) Prevention and control
(1) Timely rehydration for the rescue of sick dogs, with Ringer's solution or Ringer's lactate solution as the main solution and antibiotics to prevent secondary infection; Vitamin preparations can also be supplemented.
(2) enema with 10% Yunnan Baiyao suspension.
(3) Anti-parvovirus hyperimmune serum can be injected at the initial stage of the disease.
(4) Puppies can be injected with parvovirus vaccine from 42 days after birth, 10 days later and then 1 time.
Six, leptospirosis
Leptospirosis, also known as infectious jaundice, is an infectious disease caused by hemorrhagic jaundice and canine typhoid leptospirosis, and it is a common infectious disease in dogs. It is often sporadic and epidemic, and the mortality rate of old dogs is higher than that of young dogs.
(1) symptoms
Sick dogs are characterized by fever, jaundice and hemoglobinuria. The incubation period of jaundice is 10~20 days. The sick dog has short-term fever, loss of appetite and vomiting at the beginning, followed by jaundice, yellow staining of golden mucosa and skin, orange or light brown urine, short course of disease and quick death; Typhoid fever is often a chronic process, characterized by rising body temperature, loss of appetite, common bloody diarrhea, and intractable vomiting. Uremic spasm occurs in the later stage of the disease, and blood urea is obviously increased.
(2) Prevention and control
Early treatment with antibiotics has a good effect. Penicillin is 8000~ 10000 units per kilogram of body weight every day, and the recovery rate can reach 85.2%. If streptomycin is used, the effect is better, 40 mg per kilogram of body weight every day for 3~5 days. Secondly, there are vitamins.
Glucose and cardiotonic diuretics. The prevention of the disease is to inject leptospira multivalent vaccine, the first subcutaneous injection of 1~2 ml, and the second injection of 2~3 ml after 7 days, which can receive good immune effect. Seven, dog ascariasis
The disease is caused by ascaris canis and Ascaris lionaceus parasitizing in the small intestine and stomach of dogs, which mainly harms 1~3 months old puppies and affects their growth and development. Dogs will die if they are seriously infected.
(1) symptoms
The sick dog is getting thinner and the mucosa is pale. Loss of appetite, vomiting, indigestion, dull fur, diarrhea first and constipation later. Occasionally there are neurological symptoms. The puppy's abdomen is swollen and develops slowly.
(2) Prevention and control
Check the deworming regularly, with monthly check/kloc-0 for puppies and quarterly check/kloc-0 for adult dogs. When a sick dog is found, it will repel insects.
The treatment for this disease can be chlorobutane. Chlorobutane is a new anti-ascaris drug, which can be given in different doses according to the weight of dogs. Dogs weighing less than 2.5 kg, 1 ml; Dogs weighing 2.5~4.5 kg, 2 ml; Dogs weighing 4.5~9 kg, 3 ml;
Dogs weighing 9 ~ 18kg, dogs weighing more than 18kg, 5ml. Levamisole hydrochloride was taken orally twice, 10 mg/kg body weight; Piperazine citron (insect repellent), 100mg/kg body weight, oral; Thiopyrimidine (pesticide), per kilogram
Weight 5~ 10 mg, taken orally; When isosorbide mandelate is used, the dosage of puppies is per kilogram of body weight 1 ml, and the dosage of large dogs can be higher; 0.2-0.4g per kilogram of body weight.
Preventive work should be done at ordinary times, and the puppies after birth should be deworming as soon as possible, and deworming should be carried out regularly every spring and autumn rainy season.
Eight, dog hookworm disease
The disease is caused by the infection of hookworm in dogs, hookworm in Brazil, duodenum, hookworm in narrow head and hookworm in America, and it is one of the most common nematode diseases in dogs.
(1) symptoms
A large number of larvae invaded the skin, and the sick dog's skin was red, swollen and itchy, and later it was nauseous and vomited. From day 10, the same intestinal dysfunction as oral infection appeared. After the onset, the sick dog has anemia, weakness, emaciation, wilting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, a large number of bloody stools with foul mucus, and occasionally skin edema. Sick dogs often have poor appetite and digestive system disorders. Sick puppies are often stunted, with rough fur and sometimes itchy skin, which is called hookworm itching. Puppies born within 3 weeks will develop severe anemia after infection, leading to coma and death.
(2) Prevention and control
The treatment of this disease is the same as that of canine ascariasis. The most effective treatment is to make sick dogs fast 12~ 16 hours, then take carbon tetrachloride once, 0.5 g or 0.3 ml per dry gram of body weight, and then feed it for 2~3 hours. In addition, 0.22 ml of butamidazole hydrochloride can be injected subcutaneously per kilogram of body weight; Note that the dosage of each injection point should not exceed 3 ml; This product is forbidden to be used with benzamidine hydrochloride; It is forbidden to carry sick dogs infected with canine filariasis; Female dogs are prohibited within 3 weeks before pregnancy and during pregnancy, and puppies are prohibited within 8 weeks. You can also use mebendazole, per kilogram of body weight 10 ml, twice a day for two consecutive days; Thiopyrimidine, 5~ 10 ml per kilogram of body weight.
When the sick dog has severe anemia, it needs symptomatic treatment, oral or injection of iron-containing tonic or blood transfusion.
Nine, gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis is mostly caused by improper feeding and management, eating spoiled food or chemicals by mistake, fatigue and malnutrition, which makes gastrointestinal dysfunction, or the abuse of antibiotics disturbs the normal flora in the intestine. Infectious diseases, parasitic diseases and other medical diseases may also lead to gastroenteritis.
(1) symptoms
If the sick dog is mainly gastritis, vomiting is the main symptom, thirsty and gluttonous, but often vomiting after drinking water; If the gastric mucosa is extensively damaged, vomit is often mixed with blood. If the sick dog is mainly enteritis, diarrhea is the main symptom. Sometimes when the body temperature rises and the intestinal mucosa is seriously damaged, the feces are brown and the mucosa is cyanotic. If diarrhea is severely dehydrated, the condition will further deteriorate, and the sick dog's limbs will be cold, and finally he will die of convulsions. When sick dogs are in chronic gastroenteritis, they generally have no other characteristics except repeated diarrhea and weight loss.
(2) Prevention and control
(1) The sick dogs are mainly gastritis, and the dehydrated dogs should be supplemented with Ringer's solution, combined with antibiotics, vitamin B 1 and vitamin C; If the sick dog is mainly enteritis with dehydration, glucose and normal saline should be supplemented, combined with vitamin B 1 and vitamin C.
(2) If the sick dog has symptoms of gastritis, take pepsin orally; Give tannic acid or bismuth subcarbonate to patients with enteritis symptoms.
(3) Vitamin B1was injected into the skin when the sick dog developed gastritis symptoms; If you have enteritis symptoms, inject andrographis paniculata injection at Houhai point; When the symptoms of toxic gastroenteritis appear, detoxification can be the main method; If mad dog is caused by infectious and parasitic diseases, it is mainly to treat the primary disease.
Dog acariasis
This disease is also called dog scabies, commonly known as "otter skin dog disease", which mostly occurs in winter and is common in dogs with poor skin hygiene conditions. The pathogen of this disease is dog scabies mite or dog ear tinea mite.
(1) symptoms
The sick puppies have serious symptoms, which first occur in the nose, cheeks, ears and armpits, and then spread to the whole body. At the beginning of the disease, the dog's skin turns red with small red nodules, and then blisters; After the bubbles burst, thick yellow oily exudate flowed out, and the exudate dried to form scaly skin without scabbing. The affected part is itchy, and the sick dog often scratches the affected part with its paws or rubs on the ground and various objects, thus causing serious hair loss.
When tinea auricula parasitizes the dog's external ear, it causes a lot of ear fat secretion and lymph overflow, which often leads to secondary suppuration; There is itching, the sick dog keeps shaking his head, scratching his ears, chirping, rubbing his ears with utensils, and even causing bleeding in the external auditory canal; Advanced lesions may spread to the forehead and the back of the ear shell.
(2) Prevention and control
Wash the affected part of the sick dog with soapy water to remove dirt and scab, and then apply the following drugs: deltamethrin (5% deltamethrin EC) with a concentration of 50x10 (-6); Bamiyan phosphate (seypidin), the concentration is125 x10 (-6); Diazin (Diyanong, Mijing), the concentration is 2000 ~ 4000 x10 (-6); Dimethyl ether, using concentration of 250x 10(-6).
When treating tinea pedis, paraffin oil should be dripped into the ear and gently massaged to dissolve and eliminate the scab in the ear. Then apply it locally with oil added with acaricide (such as realgar 10g, sulfur 10g, soybean oil 100ml), boil soybean oil, add ground realgar and sulfur, and let the temperature wait.
You can also use ivermectin or mirex injection, the dosage is 0.2 ml per dry gram of body weight, subcutaneous injection, injection every 10 day/time, and continuous injection for 2~3 times.